1
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Rives D, Peak C, Blenner MA. RNASeq highlights ATF6 pathway regulators for CHO cell engineering with different impacts of ATF6β and WFS1 knockdown on fed-batch production of IgG 1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14141. [PMID: 38898154 PMCID: PMC11187196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Secretion levels required of industrial Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines can challenge endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, and ER stress caused by accumulation of misfolded proteins can be a bottleneck in biomanufacturing. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated to restore homeostasis in response to ER stress, and optimization of the UPR can improve CHO cell production of therapeutic proteins. We compared the fed-batch growth, production characteristics, and transcriptomic response of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) producer to its parental, non-producing host cell line. We conducted differential gene expression analysis using high throughput RNA sequencing (RNASeq) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to study the ER stress response of each cell line during fed-batch culture. The UPR was activated in the IgG1 producer compared to the host cell line and our analysis of differential expression profiles indicated transient upregulation of ATF6α target mRNAs in the IgG1 producer, suggesting two upstream regulators of the ATF6 arm of the UPR, ATF6β and WFS1, are rational engineering targets. Although both ATF6β and WFS1 have been reported to negatively regulate ATF6α, this study shows knockdown of either target elicits different effects in an IgG1-producing CHO cell line. Stable knockdown of ATF6β decreased cell growth without decreasing titer; however, knockdown of WFS1 decreased titer without affecting growth. Relative expression measured by qPCR indicated no direct relationship between ATF6β and WFS1 expression, but upregulation of WFS1 in one pool was correlated with decreased growth and upregulation of ER chaperone mRNAs. While knockdown of WFS1 had negative impacts on UPR activation and product mRNA expression, knockdown of ATF6β improved the UPR specifically later in fed-batch leading to increased overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyllan Rives
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Caroline Peak
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA
| | - Mark A Blenner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, 206 S. Palmetto Blvd., Clemson, SC, 29634-0909, USA.
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA.
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2
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Pierre AS, Gavriel N, Guilbard M, Ogier-Denis E, Chevet E, Delom F, Igbaria A. Modulation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Functions by Localization: The Example of the Anterior Gradient Family. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38411504 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Oxidative folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) introduces disulfide bonds into nascent polypeptides, ensuring proteins' stability and proper functioning. Consequently, this process is critical for maintaining proteome integrity and overall health. The productive folding of thousands of secretory proteins requires stringent quality control measures, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD), which contribute significantly to maintaining ER homeostasis. ER-localized protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) play an essential role in each of these processes, thereby contributing to various aspects of ER homeostasis, including maintaining redox balance, proper protein folding, and signaling from the ER to the nucleus. Recent Advances: Over the years, there have been increasing reports of the (re)localization of PDI family members and other ER-localized proteins to various compartments. A prime example is the anterior gradient (AGR) family of PDI proteins, which have been reported to relocate to the cytosol or the extracellular environment, acquiring gain of functions that intersect with various cellular signaling pathways. Critical Issues: Here, we summarize the functions of PDIs and their gain or loss of functions in non-ER locations. We will focus on the activity, localization, and function of the AGR proteins: AGR1, AGR2, and AGR3. Future Directions: Targeting PDIs in general and AGRs in particular is a promising strategy in different human diseases. Thus, there is a need for innovative strategies and tools aimed at targeting PDIs; those strategies should integrate the specific localization and newly acquired functions of these PDIs rather than solely focusing on their canonical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin S Pierre
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Noa Gavriel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Marianne Guilbard
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
- Thabor Therapeutics, Paris, France
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt Group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1312, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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3
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Morikawa S, Tanabe K, Kaneko N, Hishimura N, Nakamura A. Comprehensive overview of disease models for Wolfram syndrome: toward effective treatments. Mamm Genome 2024; 35:1-12. [PMID: 38351344 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-10028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (OMIM 222300) is a rare autosomal recessive disease with a devastating array of symptoms, including diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, diabetes insipidus, hearing loss, and neurological dysfunction. The discovery of the causative gene, WFS1, has propelled research on this disease. However, a comprehensive understanding of the function of WFS1 remains unknown, making the development of effective treatment a pressing challenge. To bridge these knowledge gaps, disease models for Wolfram syndrome are indispensable, and understanding the characteristics of each model is critical. This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge regarding WFS1 function and offer a comprehensive overview of established disease models for Wolfram syndrome, covering animal models such as mice, rats, flies, and zebrafish, along with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human cellular models. These models replicate key aspects of Wolfram syndrome, contributing to a deeper understanding of its pathogenesis and providing a platform for discovering potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Morikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Tanabe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Haematological Science and Therapeutics, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Naoya Kaneko
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, North 14, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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4
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The analysis of a subset of HLA region associations in type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis suggests the involvement mechanisms other than antigen presentation in the pathogenesis. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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5
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Strachan EL, Mac White-Begg D, Crean J, Reynolds AL, Kennedy BN, O'Sullivan NC. The Role of Mitochondria in Optic Atrophy With Autosomal Inheritance. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:784987. [PMID: 34867178 PMCID: PMC8634724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.784987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic atrophy (OA) with autosomal inheritance is a form of optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive and irreversible loss of vision. In some cases, this is accompanied by additional, typically neurological, extra-ocular symptoms. Underlying the loss of vision is the specific degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) which form the optic nerve. Whilst autosomal OA is genetically heterogenous, all currently identified causative genes appear to be associated with mitochondrial organization and function. However, it is unclear why RGCs are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial aberration. Despite the relatively high prevalence of this disorder, there are currently no approved treatments. Combined with the lack of knowledge concerning the mechanisms through which aberrant mitochondrial function leads to RGC death, there remains a clear need for further research to identify the underlying mechanisms and develop treatments for this condition. This review summarizes the genes known to be causative of autosomal OA and the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by pathogenic mutations. Furthermore, we discuss the suitability of available in vivo models for autosomal OA with regards to both treatment development and furthering the understanding of autosomal OA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin L Strachan
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Delphi Mac White-Begg
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crean
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison L Reynolds
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh C O'Sullivan
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Sharma RB, Landa-Galván HV, Alonso LC. Living Dangerously: Protective and Harmful ER Stress Responses in Pancreatic β-Cells. Diabetes 2021; 70:2431-2443. [PMID: 34711668 PMCID: PMC8564401 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing cause of poor health, psychosocial burden, and economic costs worldwide. The pancreatic β-cell is a cornerstone of metabolic physiology. Insulin deficiency leads to hyperglycemia, which was fatal before the availability of therapeutic insulins; even partial deficiency of insulin leads to diabetes in the context of insulin resistance. Comprising only an estimated 1 g or <1/500th of a percent of the human body mass, pancreatic β-cells of the islets of Langerhans are a vulnerable link in metabolism. Proinsulin production constitutes a major load on β-cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and decompensated ER stress is a cause of β-cell failure and loss in both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D. The unfolded protein response (UPR), the principal ER stress response system, is critical for maintenance of β-cell health. Successful UPR guides expansion of ER protein folding capacity and increased β-cell number through survival pathways and cell replication. However, in some cases the ER stress response can cause collateral β-cell damage and may even contribute to diabetes pathogenesis. Here we review the known beneficial and harmful effects of UPR pathways in pancreatic β-cells. Improved understanding of this stress response tipping point may lead to approaches to maintain β-cell health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Huguet V Landa-Galván
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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7
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Hien LT, Back SH. Establishment of a reporter system for monitoring activation of the ER stress transducer ATF6β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:1-7. [PMID: 33894672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ATF6 has two isoforms, ATF6α and ATF6β, which are ubiquitously expressed type II transmembrane glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). While the regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional roles of ATF6α in response to ER stress have been well-studied, those of its paralogue ATF6β are less understood. Moreover, there is no specific cell-based reporter assay to monitor ATF6β activation. Here, we developed a new cell-based reporter system that can monitor activation of endogenous ATF6β. This system expresses a chimeric protein containing a synthetic transcription factor followed by the transmembrane domain and C-terminal luminal domain of ATF6β. Under ER stress conditions, the chimeric protein was cleaved by regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) to liberate the N-terminal synthetic transcription factor, which induced luciferase expression in the HeLa Luciferase Reporter cell line. This new stable reporter cell line will be an innovative tool to investigate RIP of ATF6β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Hien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea.
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8
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Liu M, Huang Y, Xu X, Li X, Alam M, Arunagiri A, Haataja L, Ding L, Wang S, Itkin-Ansari P, Kaufman RJ, Tsai B, Qi L, Arvan P. Normal and defective pathways in biogenesis and maintenance of the insulin storage pool. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142240. [PMID: 33463547 PMCID: PMC7810482 DOI: 10.1172/jci142240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both basal and glucose-stimulated insulin release occur primarily by insulin secretory granule exocytosis from pancreatic β cells, and both are needed to maintain normoglycemia. Loss of insulin-secreting β cells, accompanied by abnormal glucose tolerance, may involve simple exhaustion of insulin reserves (which, by immunostaining, appears as a loss of β cell identity), or β cell dedifferentiation, or β cell death. While various sensing and signaling defects can result in diminished insulin secretion, somewhat less attention has been paid to diabetes risk caused by insufficiency in the biosynthetic generation and maintenance of the total insulin granule storage pool. This Review offers an overview of insulin biosynthesis, beginning with the preproinsulin mRNA (translation and translocation into the ER), proinsulin folding and export from the ER, and delivery via the Golgi complex to secretory granules for conversion to insulin and ultimate hormone storage. All of these steps are needed for generation and maintenance of the total insulin granule pool, and defects in any of these steps may, weakly or strongly, perturb glycemic control. The foregoing considerations have obvious potential relevance to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and some forms of monogenic diabetes; conceivably, several of these concepts might also have implications for β cell failure in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yumeng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Maroof Alam
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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Bilekova S, Sachs S, Lickert H. Pharmacological Targeting of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 42:85-95. [PMID: 33353789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease with pandemic dimensions and no pharmacological treatment prevents disease progression. Dedifferentiation has been proposed to be a driver of beta-cell dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Regenerative therapies aim to re-establish function in dysfunctional or dedifferentiated beta cells and restore the defective insulin secretion. Unsustainable levels of insulin production, with increased demand at disease onset, strain the beta-cell secretory machinery, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Unresolved chronic ER stress is a major contributor to beta-cell loss of function and identity. Restoring ER homeostasis, enhancing ER-associated degradation of misfolded protein, and boosting chaperoning activity, are emerging therapeutic approaches for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bilekova
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Sachs
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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10
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Li L, Venkataraman L, Chen S, Fu H. Function of WFS1 and WFS2 in the Central Nervous System: Implications for Wolfram Syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:775-783. [PMID: 32949681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
L.P. Li, L. Venkataraman, S. Chen, and H.J. Fu. Function of WFS1 and WFS2 in the Central Nervous System: Implications for Wolfram Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REVXXX-XXX,2020.-Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare monogenetic spectrum disorder characterized by insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic nerve atrophy, hearing loss, progressive neurodegeneration, and a wide spectrum of psychiatric manifestations. Most WS patients belong to Wolfram Syndrome type 1 (WS1) caused by mutations in the Wolfram Syndrome 1 (WFS1/Wolframin) gene, while a small fraction of patients belongs to Wolfram Syndrome type 2 (WS2) caused by pathogenic variants in the CDGSH Iron Sulfur Domain 2 (CISD2/WFS2) gene. Although currently there is no treatment for this life-threatening disease, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of WS have been proposed. Interestingly, Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease, shares some common mechanisms with WS. In this review, we focus on the function of WFS1 and WFS2 in the central nervous system as well as their implications in WS and AD. We also propose three future directions for elucidating the role of WFS1 and WFS2 in WS and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangping Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury, Discovery Themes, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lalitha Venkataraman
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury, Discovery Themes, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury, Discovery Themes, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury, Discovery Themes, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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11
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Sharma RB, Darko C, Alonso LC. Intersection of the ATF6 and XBP1 ER stress pathways in mouse islet cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14164-14177. [PMID: 32788214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Success or failure of pancreatic beta cell adaptation to ER stress is a determinant of diabetes susceptibility. The ATF6 and IRE1/XBP1 pathways are separate ER stress-response effectors important to beta cell health and function. ATF6α. and XBP1 direct overlapping transcriptional responses in some cell types. However, the signaling dynamics and interdependence of ATF6α and XBP1 in pancreatic beta cells have not been explored. To assess pathway-specific signal onset, we performed timed exposures of primary mouse islet cells to ER stressors and measured the early transcriptional response. Comparing the time course of induction of ATF6 and XBP1 targets suggested that the two pathways have similar response dynamics. The role of ATF6α in target induction was assessed by acute knockdown using islet cells from Atf6α flox/flox mice transduced with adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase. Surprisingly, given the mild impact of chronic deletion in mice, acute ATF6α knockdown markedly reduced ATF6-pathway target gene expression under both basal and stressed conditions. Intriguingly, although ATF6α knockdown did not alter Xbp1 splicing dynamics or intensity, it did reduce induction of XBP1 targets. Inhibition of Xbp1 splicing did not decrease induction of ATF6α targets. Taken together, these data suggest that the XBP1 and ATF6 pathways are simultaneously activated in islet cells in response to acute stress and that ATF6α is required for full activation of XBP1 targets, but XBP1 is not required for activation of ATF6α targets. These observations improve understanding of the ER stress transcriptional response in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit B Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA .,Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Darko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA .,Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Li Y, Wang X, Yang B, Wang H, Ma Z, Lu Z, Lu X, Gao B. 3 β-Hydroxysteroid- Δ24 Reductase (DHCR24) Protects Pancreatic β Cells from Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis by Scavenging Excessive Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:3426902. [PMID: 32724824 PMCID: PMC7382746 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3426902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence showing that apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in pancreatic β cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. 3β-Hydroxysteroid-Δ24 Reductase (DHCR24) is a multifunctional enzyme located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has been previously shown to protect neuronal cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. However, the role of DHCR24 in type 2 diabetes is only incompletely understood so far. In the present study, we induced ER stress by tunicamycin (TM) treatment and showed that infection of MIN6 cells with Ad-DHCR24-myc rendered these cells resistant to caspase-3-mediated apoptosis induced by TM, while cells transfected with siRNAs targeting DHCR24 were more sensitive to TM. Western blot analysis showed that TM treatment induced upregulation of Bip protein levels in both cells infected with Ad-LacZ (the control group) and Ad-DHCR24-myc, indicating substantial ER stress. Cells infected with Ad-LacZ exhibited a rapid and strong activation of ATF6 and p38, peaking at 3 h after TM exposure. Conversely, cells infected with Ad-DHCR24-myc showed a higher and more sustained activation of ATF6 and Bip than control cells. DHCR24 overexpression also inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by ER stress and protected cells from apoptosis caused by treatment with both cholesterol and hydrogen peroxide. In summary, these data demonstrate, for the first time, that DHCR24 protects pancreatic β cells from apoptosis induced by ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xude Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Baoyu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Haozhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Zhenzhong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Ziyin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiuli Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science School, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
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13
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Correll RN, Grimes KM, Prasad V, Lynch JM, Khalil H, Molkentin JD. Overlapping and differential functions of ATF6α versus ATF6β in the mouse heart. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2059. [PMID: 30765833 PMCID: PMC6375966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic stress on the mammalian heart results in compensatory hypertrophy and activation of the unfolded protein response through activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) in cardiac myocytes, but the roles of ATF6α or the related transcription factor ATF6β in regulating this hypertrophic response are not well-understood. Here we examined the effects of loss of ATF6α or ATF6β on the cardiac response to pressure overload. Mice gene-deleted for Atf6 or Atf6b were subjected to 2 weeks of transverse aortic constriction, and each showed a significant reduction in hypertrophy with reduced expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated proteins compared with controls. However, with long-term pressure overload both Atf6 and Atf6b null mice showed enhanced decompensation typified by increased heart weight, pulmonary edema and reduced function compared to control mice. Our subsequent studies using cardiac-specific transgenic mice expressing the transcriptionally active N-terminus of ATF6α or ATF6β revealed that these factors control overlapping gene expression networks that include numerous ER protein chaperones and ER associated degradation components. This work reveals previously unappreciated roles for ATF6α and ATF6β in regulating the pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophic response and in controlling the expression of genes that condition the ER during hemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Correll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Kelly M Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Lynch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Hadi Khalil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is critical in protein processing and particularly in ensuring that proteins undergo their correct folding to exert their functionality. What is becoming increasingly clear is that the ER may undergo increasing stress brought about by nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, oxidized lipids, point mutations in secreted proteins, cellular differentiation or significant deviation from metabolic set points, and loss of Ca2+ homeostasis, with detrimental effects on ER-resident calcium-dependent chaperones, alone or in combination. This results in the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is a repair mechanism to limit the formation of newly damaged proteins until ER homeostasis is restored, though may result in increased cell death. ER stress has been shown to be implicated in a variety of diseases. Statins are well-known cholesterol-lowering drugs and have been extensively reported to possess beneficial cholesterol-independent effects in a variety of human diseases. This review focuses on the concept of ER stress, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their relationship to the pathophysiology and, finally, the role of statins in moderating ER stress and UPR.
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15
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Liu M, Weiss MA, Arunagiri A, Yong J, Rege N, Sun J, Haataja L, Kaufman RJ, Arvan P. Biosynthesis, structure, and folding of the insulin precursor protein. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:28-50. [PMID: 30230185 PMCID: PMC6463291 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin synthesis in pancreatic β-cells is initiated as preproinsulin. Prevailing glucose concentrations, which oscillate pre- and postprandially, exert major dynamic variation in preproinsulin biosynthesis. Accompanying upregulated translation of the insulin precursor includes elements of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation apparatus linked to successful orientation of the signal peptide, translocation and signal peptide cleavage of preproinsulin-all of which are necessary to initiate the pathway of proper proinsulin folding. Evolutionary pressures on the primary structure of proinsulin itself have preserved the efficiency of folding ("foldability"), and remarkably, these evolutionary pressures are distinct from those protecting the ultimate biological activity of insulin. Proinsulin foldability is manifest in the ER, in which the local environment is designed to assist in the overall load of proinsulin folding and to favour its disulphide bond formation (while limiting misfolding), all of which is closely tuned to ER stress response pathways that have complex (beneficial, as well as potentially damaging) effects on pancreatic β-cells. Proinsulin misfolding may occur as a consequence of exuberant proinsulin biosynthetic load in the ER, proinsulin coding sequence mutations, or genetic predispositions that lead to an altered ER folding environment. Proinsulin misfolding is a phenotype that is very much linked to deficient insulin production and diabetes, as is seen in a variety of contexts: rodent models bearing proinsulin-misfolding mutants, human patients with Mutant INS-gene-induced Diabetes of Youth (MIDY), animal models and human patients bearing mutations in critical ER resident proteins, and, quite possibly, in more common variety type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China 300052
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Michael A. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202 IN USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44016 OH USA
| | - Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Jing Yong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307 USA
| | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44016 OH USA
| | - Jinhong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China 300052
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307 USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105 MI USA
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16
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Forouhan M, Mori K, Boot-Handford RP. Paradoxical roles of ATF6α and ATF6β in modulating disease severity caused by mutations in collagen X. Matrix Biol 2018; 70:50-71. [PMID: 29522813 PMCID: PMC6090092 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the role of ATF6α in modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR) has been well documented, the function of its paralogue ATF6β is less well understood. Using knockdown in cell culture and gene ablation in mice we have directly compared the roles of ATF6α & β in responding to the increased ER stress induced by mutant forms of type X collagen that cause the ER stress-associated metaphyseal chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS). ATF6α more efficiently deals with the disease-associated ER stress in the absence of ATF6β and conversely, ATF6β is less effective in the absence of ATF6α. Furthermore, disease severity in vivo is increased by ATF6α ablation and decreased by ATF6β ablation. In addition, novel functions for each paralogue are described including an ATF6β-specific role in controlling growth plate chondrocyte proliferation. The clear demonstration of the intimate relationship of the two ATF6 isoforms and how ATF6β can moderate the activity of ATF6α and vice versa is of great significance for understanding the UPR mechanism. The activities of both ATF6 isoforms and their separate roles need consideration when deciding how to target increased ER stress as a means of treating MCDS and other ER stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Forouhan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - K Mori
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - R P Boot-Handford
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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17
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Wang S, Binder P, Fang Q, Wang Z, Xiao W, Liu W, Wang X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the heart: insights into mechanisms and drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1293-1304. [PMID: 28548229 PMCID: PMC5867005 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves several essential cellular functions including protein synthesis, protein folding, protein translocation, calcium homoeostasis and lipid biosynthesis. Physiological or pathological stimuli, which disrupt ER homoeostasis and disturb its functions, lead to an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins, a condition referred to as ER stress. ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response to restore the homoeostasis of ER, through activating transcriptional and translational pathways. However, prolonged ER stress will lead to cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Recent evidence revealed that ER stress is involved in the development and progression of various heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, ischaemic heart diseases and heart failure. Therefore, improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ER stress in heart disease will help to investigate more potential targets for new therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Pablo Binder
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Qiru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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18
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mTOR inhibitors activate PERK signaling and favor viability of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cell lines. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20974-20987. [PMID: 28423496 PMCID: PMC5400559 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) are two signaling pathways frequently activated in cancer cells. The mTOR pathway has been shown to be up-regulated in most gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In contrast, little is known about the UPR status in neoplastic neuroendocrine cells. However, these hormone-producing cells are likely to present distinctive adaptations of this pathway, as other secretory cells. We therefore analyzed the status of the three axes of UPR and their relation to mTOR pathway in two gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NET) cell lines STC-1 and GluTag. At baseline, pharmacological inducers activate the three arms of UPR: PERK, ATF6 and IRE1. Although hypoxia stimulates the PERK, ATF6 and IRE-1 pathways in both cell lines, glucose depletion activates UPR only in STC-1 cell line. Strikingly, P-p70S6K1 increases concomitantly to P-PERK and BiP in response to thapsigargin treatment, glucose depletion or hypoxia. We found that different mTOR inhibitors activate the PERK signaling pathway. To confirm that mTOR inhibition modulates PERK activation, we inhibited PERK and showed that it decreased cell viability when associated to mTOR inhibition, indicating that mTOR drives a PERK-dependent survival pathway. In conclusion, in GI-NET cell lines, UPR signaling is functional and PERK arm is induced by mTOR inhibition. These observations open up new perspectives for therapeutic strategies: the crosstalk between mTOR and UPR might contribute to the resistance to mTOR inhibitors and could be targeted by mTOR and PERK inhibitors in combination therapy.
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19
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Astuti D, Sabir A, Fulton P, Zatyka M, Williams D, Hardy C, Milan G, Favaretto F, Yu-Wai-Man P, Rohayem J, López de Heredia M, Hershey T, Tranebjaerg L, Chen JH, Chaussenot A, Nunes V, Marshall B, McAfferty S, Tillmann V, Maffei P, Paquis-Flucklinger V, Geberhiwot T, Mlynarski W, Parkinson K, Picard V, Bueno GE, Dias R, Arnold A, Richens C, Paisey R, Urano F, Semple R, Sinnott R, Barrett TG. Monogenic diabetes syndromes: Locus-specific databases for Alström, Wolfram, and Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:764-777. [PMID: 28432734 PMCID: PMC5535005 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We developed a variant database for diabetes syndrome genes, using the Leiden Open Variation Database platform, containing observed phenotypes matched to the genetic variations. We populated it with 628 published disease-associated variants (December 2016) for: WFS1 (n = 309), CISD2 (n = 3), ALMS1 (n = 268), and SLC19A2 (n = 48) for Wolfram type 1, Wolfram type 2, Alström, and Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndromes, respectively; and included 23 previously unpublished novel germline variants in WFS1 and 17 variants in ALMS1. We then investigated genotype-phenotype relations for the WFS1 gene. The presence of biallelic loss-of-function variants predicted Wolfram syndrome defined by insulin-dependent diabetes and optic atrophy, with a sensitivity of 79% (95% CI 75%-83%) and specificity of 92% (83%-97%). The presence of minor loss-of-function variants in WFS1 predicted isolated diabetes, isolated deafness, or isolated congenital cataracts without development of the full syndrome (sensitivity 100% [93%-100%]; specificity 78% [73%-82%]). The ability to provide a prognostic prediction based on genotype will lead to improvements in patient care and counseling. The development of the database as a repository for monogenic diabetes gene variants will allow prognostic predictions for other diabetes syndromes as next-generation sequencing expands the repertoire of genotypes and phenotypes. The database is publicly available online at https://lovd.euro-wabb.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Astuti
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ataf Sabir
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Piers Fulton
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malgorzata Zatyka
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Denise Williams
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carol Hardy
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gabriella Milan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Rohayem
- Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, WHO Kollaborationszentrum, EAA, Ausbildungszentrum, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Miguel López de Heredia
- IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3ª Planta, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199, E-08908- L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U-730, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3ª Planta, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199, E-08908-L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Hershey
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lisbeth Tranebjaerg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital/The Kennedy Centre, Glostrup, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annabel Chaussenot
- School of Medicine, IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice, France
| | - Virginia Nunes
- IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3ª Planta, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199, E-08908- L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U-730, Hospital Duran i Reynals, 3ª Planta, Gran Via de L'Hospitalet, 199, E-08908-L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona
| | - Bess Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, One Children's Place, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Pietro Maffei
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Tarekign Geberhiwot
- Department of Metabolism, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Kay Parkinson
- Alström Syndrome Europe, Woodpecker Cottage, Paignton, S. Devon, UK
| | - Virginie Picard
- Association syndrome de Wolfram, Residence Gauguin, Grand-Champ, France
| | - Gema Esteban Bueno
- Unidad de Géstion Clínica de Garrucha, Área de Gestión Sanitaria Norte de Almería, Avd. Dra. Parra, Almería, Spain
| | - Renuka Dias
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Amy Arnold
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Richard Paisey
- Diabetes Research Unit, Horizon Centre, Torbay Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Devon, UK
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert Semple
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Sinnott
- Department of information and computing systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Timothy G Barrett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.,Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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20
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Lindholm D, Korhonen L, Eriksson O, Kõks S. Recent Insights into the Role of Unfolded Protein Response in ER Stress in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:48. [PMID: 28540288 PMCID: PMC5423914 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfolded stress response (UPR) is a conserved cellular pathway involved in protein quality control to maintain homeostasis under different conditions and disease states characterized by cell stress. Although three general schemes of and genes induced by UPR are rather well-established, open questions remain including the precise role of UPR in human diseases and the interactions between different sensor systems during cell stress signaling. Particularly, the issue how the normally adaptive and pro-survival UPR pathway turns into a deleterious process causing sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death requires more studies. UPR is also named a friend with multiple personalities that we need to understand better to fully recognize its role in normal physiology and in disease pathology. UPR interacts with other organelles including mitochondria, and with cell stress signals and degradation pathways such as autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Here we review current concepts and mechanisms of UPR as studied in different cells and model systems and highlight the relevance of UPR and related stress signals in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lindholm
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical ResearchHelsinki, Finland.,Division of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central HospitalHelsinki, Finland
| | - Ove Eriksson
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of TartuTartu, Estonia.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
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21
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Chand S, McKnight AJ, Shabir S, Chan W, McCaughan JA, Maxwell AP, Harper L, Borrows R. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms implicate mTOR signalling in the development of new-onset diabetes after transplantation. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:41-5. [PMID: 27051588 PMCID: PMC4802392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite excellent first year outcomes in kidney transplantation, there remain significant long-term complications related to new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). The purpose of this study was to validate the findings of previous investigations of candidate gene variants in patients undergoing a protocolised, contemporary immunosuppression regimen, using detailed serial biochemical testing to identify NODAT development. Methods One hundred twelve live and deceased donor renal transplant recipients were prospectively followed-up for NODAT onset, biochemical testing at days 7, 90, and 365 after transplantation. Sixty-eight patients were included after exclusion for non-white ethnicity and pre-transplant diabetes. Literature review to identify candidate gene variants was undertaken as described previously. Results Over 25% of patients developed NODAT. In an adjusted model for age, sex, BMI, and BMI change over 12 months, five out of the studied 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with NODAT: rs16936667:PRDM14 OR 10.57;95% CI 1.8–63.0;p = 0.01, rs1801282:PPARG OR 8.5; 95% CI 1.4–52.7; p = 0.02, rs8192678:PPARGC1A OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.08–0.91; p = 0.03, rs2144908:HNF4A OR 7.0; 95% CI 1.1–45.0;p = 0.04 and rs2340721:ATF6 OR 0.21; 95%CI 0.04–1.0; p = 0.05. Conclusion This study represents a replication study of candidate SNPs associated with developing NODAT and implicates mTOR as the central regulator via altered insulin sensitivity, pancreatic β cell, and mitochondrial survival and dysfunction as evidenced by the five SNPs. General significance Highlights the importance of careful biochemical phenotyping with oral glucose tolerance tests to diagnose NODAT in reducing time to diagnosis and missed cases. This alters potential genotype:phenotype association. The replication study generates the hypothesis that mTOR signalling pathway may be involved in NODAT development.
Oral glucose tolerance tests reduce time to NODAT diagnosis and missed cases Biochemical testing changes genotype:phenotype association mTOR signalling pathway may be involved in NODAT development
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Key Words
- ATF6, Activated transcription factor
- BMI, Body mass index
- GWAS, Genome-wide association study
- HLA, Human leucocyte antigen
- HNF4, Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4
- NODAT, New-onset diabetes after transplantation
- New-onset diabetes after transplantation
- PI3, Phospho-inositide 3-kinase
- PPARGC1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha
- PPARy, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- PRDM14, PR domain zinc protein 14
- SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphism
- mTOR
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
- single nucleotide polymorphisms
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chand
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom; Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - A J McKnight
- Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland
| | - S Shabir
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom; Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - W Chan
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - J A McCaughan
- Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland
| | - A P Maxwell
- Regional Nephrology Unit, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, Northern Ireland
| | - L Harper
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom; Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - R Borrows
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom; Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
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22
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Salvadó L, Palomer X, Barroso E, Vázquez-Carrera M. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:438-48. [PMID: 26078196 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the development of insulin resistance and progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Disruption of ER homeostasis leads to ER stress, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). This response is linked to different processes involved in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM, including inflammation, lipid accumulation, insulin biosynthesis, and β-cell apoptosis. Understanding the mechanisms by which disruption of ER homeostasis leads to IR and its progression to T2DM may offer new pharmacological targets for the treatment and prevention of these diseases. Here, we examine ER stress, the UPR, and downstream pathways in insulin sensitive tissues, and in IR, and offer insights towards therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Salvadó
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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