1
|
Garcia-Becerra N, Aguila-Estrada MU, Palafox-Mariscal LA, Hernandez-Flores G, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suarez LF. FOXP3 Isoforms Expression in Cervical Cancer: Evidence about the Cancer-Related Properties of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 in Keratinocytes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020347. [PMID: 36672296 PMCID: PMC9856939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common type of cancer among women; the main predisposing factor is persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV), mainly the 16 or 18 genotypes. Both hr-HPVs are known to manipulate the cellular machinery and the immune system to favor cell transformation. FOXP3, a critical transcription factor involved in the biology of regulatory T cells, has been detected as highly expressed in the tumor cells of CC patients. However, its biological role in CC, particularly in the keratinocytes, remained unclarified. Therefore, this work aimed to uncover the effect of FOXP3 on the biology of the tumoral cells. First, public databases were analyzed to identify the FOXP3 expression levels and the transcribed isoforms in CC and normal tissue samples. The study's findings demonstrated an increased expression of FOXP3 in HPV16+ CC samples. Additionally, the FOXP3Δ2 variant was detected as the most frequent splicing isoform in tumoral cells, with a high differential expression level in metastatic samples. However, the analysis of FOXP3 expression in different CC cell lines, HPV+ and HPV-, suggests no relationship between the presence of HPV and FOXP3 expression. Since the variant FOXP3Δ2Δ7 was found highly expressed in the HPV16+ SiHa cell line, a model with constitutive expression of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 was established to evaluate its role in proliferation, migration, and cell division. Finally, RNAseq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways modulated by FOXP3Δ2Δ7. The exogenous expression of FOXP3Δ2Δ7 promotes cell division, proliferation, and migration. The transcriptomic analyses highlight the upregulation of multiple genes with protumor activities. Moreover, immunological and oncogenic pathways were detected as highly enriched. These data support the hypothesis that FOXP3Δ2Δ7 in epithelial cells induces cancer-related hallmarks and provides information about the molecular events triggered by this isoform, which could be important for developing CC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Garcia-Becerra
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Marco Ulises Aguila-Estrada
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Arturo Palafox-Mariscal
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernandez-Flores
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.A.-L.); (L.F.J.-S.)
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suarez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.A.-L.); (L.F.J.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
DSCAM-AS1 Long Non-Coding RNA Exerts Oncogenic Functions in Endometrial Adenocarcinoma via Activation of a Tumor-Promoting Transcriptome Profile. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071727. [PMID: 35885035 PMCID: PMC9313190 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that lncRNA DSCAM-AS1 acts tumor-promoting in various cancer entities. In breast cancer, DSCAM-AS1 was shown to be the lncRNA being most responsive to induction by estrogen receptor α (ERα). In this study, we examined the function of DSCAM-AS1 in endometrial adenocarcinoma using in silico and different in vitro approaches. Initial analysis of open-source data revealed DSCAM-AS1 overexpression in endometrial cancer (EC) (p < 0.01) and a significant association with shorter overall survival of EC patients (HR = 1.78, p < 0.01). In EC, DSCAM-AS1 was associated with endometrial tumor promotor gene PRL and with expression of ERα and its target genes TFF1 and PGR. Silencing of this lncRNA by RNAi in two EC cell lines was more efficient in ERα-negative HEC-1B cells and reduced their growth and the expression of proliferation activators like NOTCH1, PTK2 and EGR1. DSCAM-AS1 knockdown triggered an anti-tumoral transcriptome response as revealed by Affymetrix microarray analysis, emerging from down-regulation of tumor-promoting genes and induction of tumor-suppressive networks. Finally, several genes regulated upon DSCAM-AS1 silencing in vitro were found to be inversely correlated with this lncRNA in EC tissues. This study clearly suggests an oncogenic function of DSCAM-AS1 in endometrial adenocarcinoma via activation of a tumor-promoting transcriptome profile.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar D, Kashyap MK, Yu Z, Spaanderman I, Villa R, Kipps TJ, La Clair JJ, Burkart MD, Castro JE. Modulation of RNA splicing associated with Wnt signaling pathway using FD-895 and pladienolide B. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2081-2100. [PMID: 35230971 PMCID: PMC8954975 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in RNA splicing are associated with different malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors. The RNA splicing modulators such as FD-895 and pladienolide B have been investigated in different malignancies to target/modulate spliceosome for therapeutic purpose. Different cell lines were screened using an RNA splicing modulator to test in vitro cytotoxicity and the ability to modulate RNA splicing capability via induction of intron retention (using RT-PCR and qPCR). The Cignal Finder Reporter Array evaluated [pathways affected by the splice modulators in HeLa cells. Further, the candidates associated with the pathways were validated at protein level using western blot assay, and gene-gene interaction studies were carried out using GeneMANIA. We show that FD-895 and pladienolide B induces higher apoptosis levels than conventional chemotherapy in different solid tumors. In addition, both agents modulate Wnt signaling pathways and mRNA splicing. Specifically, FD-895 and pladienolide B significantly downregulates Wnt signaling pathway-associated transcripts (GSK3β and LRP5) and both transcript and proteins including LEF1, CCND1, LRP6, and pLRP6 at the transcript, total protein, and protein phosphorylation's levels. These results indicate FD-895 and pladienolide B inhibit Wnt signaling by decreasing LRP6 phosphorylation and modulating mRNA splicing through induction of intron retention in solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Manoj K. Kashyap
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon (Manesar), Haryana 122413, India
| | - Zhe Yu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ide Spaanderman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Reymundo Villa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas J. Kipps
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- CLL Research Consortium and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James J. La Clair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Januario E. Castro
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- CLL Research Consortium and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hui J, Wang C, Miao Y, Liu R, Xu J. The pancancer landscape of Wnt family expression reveals potential biomarkers in urinary system tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:1035-1045. [PMID: 33311568 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have been particularly effective in treating tumors of the urinary system; however, the mechanisms of the Wnt family of proteins in the tumorigenesis, development, and immune response of urinary system tumors are not fully understood. Here, we show that the Wnt family was extensively upregulated in and impacted the prognosis of patients with prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) and bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). Moreover, the Wnt family correlated with the levels of infiltrating immune cells, including B cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The expression levels of Wnt family members were closely related to neoantigens, the mismatch repair system (MMRS) and DNA methyltransferases, and the mutation rate was generally low. Wnt family members are potential biomarkers for precision immunotherapy of urinary system tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Hui
- Department of Organ Transplant, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxinqiao Wang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Miao
- Department of Organ Transplant, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Organ Transplant, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu JJ, Sun SG, Tang XY, Lin YY, Hua KQ. Extracellular vesicular Wnt7b mediates HPV E6-induced cervical cancer angiogenesis by activating the β-catenin signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:260. [PMID: 33234148 PMCID: PMC7687741 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The E6 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 are the critical drivers of cervical cancer (CC) progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as critical mediators of cancer-tumor microenvironment (TME) communication. However, whether EVs contribute to HPV 16/18 E6-mediated impacts on CC progression remains unclear. Methods A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to elucidate the roles and mechanism of EV-Wnt7b in HPV E6-induced CC angiogenesis. The prognostic value of serum EV-Wnt7b was determined and a predictive nomogram model was established. Results HPV 16/18 E6 upregulated Wnt7b mRNA expression in four HPV 16/18-positive CC cell lines and their EVs. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that EV-Wnt7b mRNA was transferred to and modulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) toward more proliferative and proangiogenic behaviors by impacting β-catenin signaling. Clinically, serum EV-Wnt7b levels were elevated in CC patients and significantly correlated with an aggressive phenotype. Serum EV-Wnt7b was determined to be an independent prognostic factor for CC overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). Notably, we successfully established a novel predictive nomogram model using serum EV-Wnt7b, which showed good prediction of 1- and 3-year OS and RFS. Conclusions Our results illustrate a potential crosstalk between HPV 16/18-positive CC cells and HUVECs via EVs in the TME and highlight the potential of circulating EV-Wnt7b as a novel predictive biomarker for CC prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01745-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Qiu
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, 413 Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shu-Gen Sun
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, 413 Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tang
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, 413 Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Ke-Qin Hua
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, 413 Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wnt Signaling in Gynecologic Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124272. [PMID: 32560059 PMCID: PMC7348953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynecologic malignancies, including ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer, affect hundreds of thousands of women worldwide every year. Wnt signaling, specifically Wnt/β-catenin signaling, has been found to play an essential role in many oncogenic processes in gynecologic malignancies, including tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapy resistance. As such, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has the potential to be a target for effective treatment, improving patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting the importance of the Wnt signaling pathways in the development, progression, and treatment of gynecologic malignancies.
Collapse
|
7
|
WNT7A Expression is Downregulated in T Lymphocytes after T-Cell Receptor Activation Due to Histone Modifications and in T-ALL by DNA Methylation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Alvarez-Zavala M, Barreto-Vargas C, Torres-Reyes LA, De la Peña-Castro RF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Jave-Suarez LF. Exogenous Expression of WNT7A in Leukemia-Derived Cell Lines Induces Resistance to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1504-1514. [PMID: 32436833 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200521114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulations of the WNT pathway are implicated in the malignant transformation of different types of neoplasia. WNT7A is expressed in normal peripheral lymphocytes, but is decreased in the tumoral counterpart. Furthermore, the treatment of leukemic cells with recombinant WNT7A decreases proliferation, suggesting its possible use as a therapeutic biomolecule. This study aimed to evaluate the concomitant action of WNT7A and different chemotherapeutic agents over proliferation and cell death of leukemia/ lymphoma derived cell lines. METHODS Ectopic expression of WNT7A was induced in CEM and BJAB cell lines by using a lentiviral system. RNA expression was analyzed by microarrays and qPCR, and protein expression was determined by Western Blot. Cell proliferation was measured by cell counting, metabolic activity by WST-1 assay, cell death and DNA content by flow cytometry. RESULTS WNT7A ectopic expression was shown to decrease cell proliferation, but the apoptosis rate of leukemic cells was not altered. Moreover, these cells acquired resistance to doxorubicin, vincristine and MG-132. Cell cycle analysis reveals a decrease in G1 and an increase in S and G2 phases with a further upregulation of senescence- associated genes. Microarray analysis reveals that most gene expression changes were related to cancer and metabolic associated pathways. All those changes appear to be independent of the WNT canonical pathway regulation. CONCLUSION WNT7A negatively regulates cell proliferation in leukemic cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapeutic agents by inducing a senescence-like phenotype independently of the WNT canonical pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Alvarez-Zavala
- Instituto de Investigacion en Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Departamento de Clínicas Medicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Christian Barreto-Vargas
- Division de Inmunologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis A Torres-Reyes
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular y Genomica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Roberto F De la Peña-Castro
- Division de Inmunologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Division de Inmunologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis F Jave-Suarez
- Division de Inmunologia, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang W, Zhang F, Yan X, Tan Q. Wnt7a regulates high autophagic and inflammatory response of epidermis in high-glucose environment. Burns 2020; 46:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
10
|
WNT7A Overexpression Inhibits Growth and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via the β-Catenin Independent Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3605950. [PMID: 31886205 PMCID: PMC6925688 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3605950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the lethal digestive cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Wnt7a, a 39Kd secreted glycoprotein composed of 349 amino acids, was reported to be related to various diseases. However, its role in HCC has not been studied yet. In this study, using gene expression data and clinical information obtained from the Oncomine and KMplot database, we acknowledged that WNT7A was underexpressed in HCC cancer tissue compared with normal tissue, and WNT7A underexpression was correlated with the decreased survival rate of HCC patients. The function of Wnt7a in cell viability, apoptosis, and migration was evaluated by biological behavior assay and molecular analysis. The findings revealed that WNT7A overexpression significantly restrained cell viability and migration while enhancing apoptosis. In addition, WNT7A overexpression promoted cell apoptosis by strengthening Caspase-3 activity and inhibited migration by downregulating EMT transcriptional factor Snail. Furthermore, the expression level of SKP2 was significantly downregulating in the WNT7A overexpression group. In conclusion, this study illustrated that overexpression of WNT7A inhibited cell viability and migration, which was likely attributed to the regulation of SKP2/P21.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cherry AE, Vicente JJ, Xu C, Morrison RS, Ong SE, Wordeman L, Stella N. GPR124 regulates microtubule assembly, mitotic progression, and glioblastoma cell proliferation. Glia 2019; 67:1558-1570. [PMID: 31058365 PMCID: PMC6557680 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
GPR124 is involved in embryonic development and remains expressed by select organs. The importance of GPR124 during development suggests that its aberrant expression might participate in tumor growth. Here we show that both increases and decreases in GPR124 expression in glioblastoma cells reduce cell proliferation by differentially altering the duration mitotic progression. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we discovered that GPR124 interacts with ch-TOG, a known regulator of both microtubule (MT)-plus-end assembly and mitotic progression. Accordingly, changes in GPR124 expression and ch-TOG similarly affect MT assembly measured by real-time microscopy in cells. Our study describes a novel molecular interaction involving GPR124 and ch-TOG at the plasma membrane that controls glioblastoma cell proliferation by modifying MT assembly rates and controlling the progression of distinct phases of mitosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Cherry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guan D, Li C, Lv X, Yang Y. Pseudolaric acid B inhibits PAX2 expression through Wnt signaling and induces BAX expression, therefore promoting apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells. J Gynecol Oncol 2019; 30:e77. [PMID: 31328459 PMCID: PMC6658601 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pseudolaric acid B (PAB) has been shown to inhibit the growth of various tumor cells, but the molecular details of its function are still unknown. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms by which PAB induces apoptosis in HeLa cells. Methods The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to investigate the effect of PAB treatment in various cervical cancer cell lines. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining combined with flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining were used to assess PAB-induced apoptosis. Additionally, we performed bioinformatics analyses and identified a paired box 2 (PAX2) binding site on the BAX promoter. We then validated the binding using luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, western blotting assays were used to investigate PAB effect on the Wnt signaling and the involved signaling molecules. Results PAB promotes apoptosis and downregulates PAX2 expression in HeLa cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PAX2 binds to the promoter of BAX and inhibits its expression; therefore, PAX2 inhibition is associated with increased levels of BAX, which induces apoptosis of HeLa cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, PAB inhibits classical Wnt signaling. Conclusion PAB effectively inhibits Wnt signaling and PAX2 expression, and increases BAX levels, which induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. Therefore, PAB is a promising natural molecule for the treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Guan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongxiu Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lan L, Wang W, Huang Y, Bu X, Zhao C. Roles of Wnt7a in embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and human diseases. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18588-18598. [PMID: 31271226 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human Wnt family comprises 19 proteins which are critical to embryo development and tissue homeostasis. Binding to different frizzled (FZD) receptor, Wnt7a initiates both β-catenin dependent pathway, and β-catenin independent pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAC/JNK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. In the embryo, Wnt7a plays a crucial role in cerebral cortex development, synapse formation, and central nervous system vasculature formation and maintenance. Wnt7a is also involved in the development of limb and female reproductive system. Wnt7a mutation leads to human limb malformations and animal female reproductive system defects. Wnt7a is implicated in homeostasis maintenance of skeletal muscle, cartilage, cornea and hair follicle, and Wnt7a treatment may be potentially applied in skeletal muscle dystrophy, corneal damage, wound repair, and hair follicle regeneration. Wnt7a plays dual roles in human tumors. Wnt7a is downregulated in lung cancers, functioning as a tumor suppressor, however, it is upregulated in several other malignancies such as ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and glioma, acting as a tumor promoter. Moreover, Wnt7a overexpression is associated with inflammation and fibrosis, but its roles need to be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lan
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Spleen Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianmin Bu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Spleen Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghai Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wnt Signaling in Cancer Metabolism and Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070904. [PMID: 31261718 PMCID: PMC6678221 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wingless (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway has long been associated with tumorigenesis, tumor plasticity, and tumor-initiating cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). Wnt signaling has recently been implicated in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Aberrant Wnt signaling is considered to be a driver of metabolic alterations of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and lipogenesis, processes essential to the survival of bulk and CSC populations. Over the past decade, the Wnt pathway has also been shown to regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and anti-cancer immunity. Wnt ligands released by tumor cells in the TME facilitate the immune evasion of cancer cells and hamper immunotherapy. In this review, we illustrate the role of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cancer metabolism and immunity to explore the potential therapeutic approach of targeting Wnt signaling from a metabolic and immunological perspective.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Qiao Y, Zhang H, Li W, Zheng J. Wnt7a, frequently silenced by CpG methylation, inhibits tumor growth and metastasis via suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18142-18151. [PMID: 31144375 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Wnt7a is a member of the Wnt family and has been reported to be involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of many types of human cancer. However, little is known about Wnt7a expression and function in gastric cancer (GC). In the present study, Wnt7a expression in GC tissues and cells was investigated, the correlation between Wnt7a expression and the prognosis was also examined. The effects of Wnt7a on proliferation, invasion, and metastasis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and hypermethylation of the Wnt7a promoter were both detected. Wnt7a was downregulated in GC and its expression was associated with poor prognosis of patients with GC. Moreover, upregulation of Wnt7a significantly suppressed the growth, invasion, and metastasis abilities of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Wnt7a was found to inhibit EMT process of GC cells. In addition, the reducing expression of Wnt7a was due to methylation of 5'-CpG island within the promoter. Furthermore, the tumor suppressor role of Wnt7a is independent of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in GC cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that Wnt7a could be used as a potential diagnostic marker and target for GC management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yanchun Qiao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Wentong Li
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China.,Key Lab of Neurological Disease and Regeneration and Repair, Clinical Medicine College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang L, Wang X, Jiang X. miR-127 suppresses gastric cancer cell migration and invasion via targeting Wnt7a. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3219-3226. [PMID: 30867752 PMCID: PMC6396225 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor originating from the mucosal epithelium of the stomach. Patients suffering from this disease may have occurrence of residual GC due to delay in diagnosis and treatment. In addition, abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in GC progression. Therefore, we examined the underlying mechanism of miR-127 in GC. The expression of miR-127 and Wnt7a was examined in GC using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. A Transwell assay was used to assess the ability of GC cell migration and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the specific target of miR-127 in GC. The results showed miR-127 expression was lower in GC than normal samples, while Wnt7a expression was detected at a higher level in GC than normal samples. The association between miR-127 and Wnt7a expression was negatively correlated in GC tissues. miR-127 mimic in the two GC cell lines markedly curbed cell migration and invasion, while inhibition of miR-127 showed the opposite effect. In addition, Wnt7a siRNA significantly inhibited GC cell migration and invasion and Wnt7a was verified as a specific target of miR-127 in GC cells. Wnt7a reversed the ability of GC cell migration and invasion regulated by miR-127. In conclusion, miR-127 could curb GC cell migration and invasion by upregulating Wnt7a, indicating its potential application in GC diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Ultrasound Department of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xufei Wang
- Department of Opthalmology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Gastroenterology Department of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang M, Wang M, Li X, Xie Y, Xia X, Tian J, Zhang K, Tang A. The role of lncRNAs in signaling pathway implicated in CC. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2703-2712. [PMID: 30552693 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Xianping Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yixin Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Xiaomeng Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Aiguo Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha Hunan China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu DJ, Jiang YS, He RZ, Tao LY, Yang MW, Fu XL, Yang JY, Zhu K. High expression of WNT7A predicts poor prognosis and promote tumor metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15792. [PMID: 30361522 PMCID: PMC6202314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the therapy resistance and frequent metastasis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) remains one of the most malignant carcinoma. WNT7A, an important ligand of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, has a controversial role in tumor development. The role of WNT7A in PDAC remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of WNT7A at mRNA and protein levels. We found pancreatic cancer tissue demonstrated a significant high WNT7A expression compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissue and the expression of WNT7A positively correlates with poor prognosis and lymph node metastasis. Then, we performed transwell assays and wound healing assays in vitro and found that WNT7A promotes the migration capacity of cancer cells. Furthermore, we explored the underlying mechanism of the WNT7A inducing cell migration. Results showed that up-regulated WNT7A expression inducing higher expression of N-cadherin and lower expression of E-cadherin while the contrast result was shown in the WNT7A knock-down group, which suggested that WNT7A might contribute to an epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Finally, we found that the hypoxia culture condition remarkably increased the WNT7A expression. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that hypoxia induced high expression of WNT7A might promote the cell migration via enhancing the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The people's hospital of Suzhou National New &Hi-Tec Industrial development Zone, Suzhou, 215129, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Zhe He
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ye Tao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Min-Wei Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Liang Fu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Yu Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Jiading Central Hospital, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
HPV-18 E6 Oncoprotein and Its Spliced Isoform E6*I Regulate the Wnt/β-Catenin Cell Signaling Pathway through the TCF-4 Transcriptional Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103153. [PMID: 30322153 PMCID: PMC6214013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates cell proliferation and differentiation and its aberrant activation in cervical cancer has been described. Persistent infection with high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the most important factor for the development of this neoplasia, since E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins alter cellular processes, promoting cervical cancer development. A role of HPV-16 E6 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been proposed, although the participation of HPV-18 E6 has not been previously studied. The aim of this work was to investigate the participation of HPV-18 E6 and E6*I, in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Here, we show that E6 proteins up-regulate TCF-4 transcriptional activity and promote overexpression of Wnt target genes. In addition, it was demonstrated that E6 and E6*I bind to the TCF-4 (T cell factor 4) and β-catenin, impacting TCF-4 stabilization. We found that both E6 and E6*I proteins interact with the promoter of Sp5, in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, although differences in TCF-4 transcriptional activation were found among E6 intratype variants, no changes were observed in the levels of regulated genes. Furthermore, our data support that E6 proteins cooperate with β-catenin to promote cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang M, Wang M, Li X, Xie Y, Xia X, Tian J, Zhang K, Tang A. Wnt signaling in cervical cancer? J Cancer 2018; 9:1277-1286. [PMID: 29675109 PMCID: PMC5907676 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common malignant cancer in women. CC is difficult to diagnose, has a high recurrence rate, and is resistant to systemic therapies; as a result, CC patients have a relatively poor prognosis. One potential link to CC is the Wnt signaling pathway and its downstream effectors, which regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and fate. The aberrant activation of Wnt signaling is associated with various cancers, including CC. Recent studies have shown that activating or inhibiting the intracellular signal transduction in this pathway can regulate cancer cell growth and viability. This review will summarize the experimental evidence supporting the significance of the Wnt signaling pathway in CC, and will also discuss the current clinical role of Wnt signaling in CC diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xianping Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yixin Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Aiguo Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yi K, Min KW, Wi YC, Kim Y, Shin SJ, Chung MS, Jang K, Paik SS. Wnt7a Deficiency Could Predict Worse Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2017; 20:361-367. [PMID: 29285041 PMCID: PMC5743996 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2017.20.4.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Wnt7a is a glycoprotein involved in embryonic development and the progression of different types of malignant tumors. This study aimed to detect the level of Wnt7a expression in breast cancer and explore its role in the disease progression and prognosis. Methods A total of 258 patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were included in this study. Using tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining, we evaluated the association between Wnt7a expression and clinicopathological parameters, and the prognostic value of Wnt7a. Results Wnt7a expression was significantly correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression (odds ratio, 3.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99–7.80; p<0.001). On univariate and multivariate analyses, loss of Wnt7a expression was associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) (multivariate hazard ratio [HR], 9.12; 95% CI, 1.80–46.09; p=0.008), but not with poor overall survival (OS). In the ER-positive group (n=114), loss of Wnt7a expression was an independent prognostic factor for shorter DFS (multivariate HR, 13.54; 95% CI, 1.11–165.73; p=0.042) and OS (multivariate HR, 4.76; 95% CI, 1.29–17.61; p=0.019) on univariate and multivariate analyses. However, in the ER-negative group, there was no significant difference in DFS and OS according to Wnt7a expression. Conclusion The loss of Wnt7a expression might be a meaningful factor in assessing DFS and OS, especially in ER-positive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kijong Yi
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyueng-Whan Min
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Chan Wi
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Shin
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sung Chung
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiseok Jang
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gogolewski K, Wronowska W, Lech A, Lesyng B, Gambin A. Inferring Molecular Processes Heterogeneity from Transcriptional Data. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6961786. [PMID: 29362714 PMCID: PMC5736944 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6961786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RNA microarrays and RNA-seq are nowadays standard technologies to study the transcriptional activity of cells. Most studies focus on tracking transcriptional changes caused by specific experimental conditions. Information referring to genes up- and downregulation is evaluated analyzing the behaviour of relatively large population of cells by averaging its properties. However, even assuming perfect sample homogeneity, different subpopulations of cells can exhibit diverse transcriptomic profiles, as they may follow different regulatory/signaling pathways. The purpose of this study is to provide a novel methodological scheme to account for possible internal, functional heterogeneity in homogeneous cell lines, including cancer ones. We propose a novel computational method to infer the proportion between subpopulations of cells that manifest various functional behaviour in a given sample. Our method was validated using two datasets from RNA microarray experiments. Both experiments aimed to examine cell viability in specific experimental conditions. The presented methodology can be easily extended to RNA-seq data as well as other molecular processes. Moreover, it complements standard tools to indicate most important networks from transcriptomic data and in particular could be useful in the analysis of cancer cell lines affected by biologically active compounds or drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Gogolewski
- Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Wronowska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lech
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Lesyng
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gambin
- Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sundaram GM, Ismail HM, Bashir M, Muhuri M, Vaz C, Nama S, Ow GS, Vladimirovna IA, Ramalingam R, Burke B, Tanavde V, Kuznetsov V, Lane EB, Sampath P. EGF hijacks miR-198/FSTL1 wound-healing switch and steers a two-pronged pathway toward metastasis. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2889-2900. [PMID: 28827448 PMCID: PMC5626400 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the parallels between wound healing and epithelial cancers, Sundaram et al. elucidate the mechanism by which cancer cells hijack the wound healing switch to enhance invasion and metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Epithelial carcinomas are well known to activate a prolonged wound-healing program that promotes malignant transformation. Wound closure requires the activation of keratinocyte migration via a dual-state molecular switch. This switch involves production of either the anti-migratory microRNA miR-198 or the pro-migratory follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) protein from a single transcript; miR-198 expression in healthy skin is down-regulated in favor of FSTL1 upon wounding, which enhances keratinocyte migration and promotes re-epithelialization. Here, we reveal a defective molecular switch in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This defect shuts off miR-198 expression in favor of sustained FSTL1 translation, driving metastasis through dual parallel pathways involving DIAPH1 and FSTL1. DIAPH1, a miR-198 target, enhances directional migration through sequestration of Arpin, a competitive inhibitor of Arp2/3 complex. FSTL1 blocks Wnt7a-mediated repression of extracellular signal–regulated kinase phosphorylation, enabling production of MMP9, which degrades the extracellular matrix and facilitates metastasis. The prognostic significance of the FSTL1-DIAPH1 gene pair makes it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath M Sundaram
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hisyam M Ismail
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Mohsin Bashir
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Manish Muhuri
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Candida Vaz
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Srikanth Nama
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ghim Siong Ow
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Rajkumar Ramalingam
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Brian Burke
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Vivek Tanavde
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Vladimir Kuznetsov
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Prabha Sampath
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang S, Zhang Y, Yu P, Hu Y, Zhou H, Guo L, Xu X, Zhu X, Waqas M, Qi J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Chen F, Tang M, Qian X, Shi H, Gao X, Chai R. Characterization of Lgr5+ Progenitor Cell Transcriptomes after Neomycin Injury in the Neonatal Mouse Cochlea. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:213. [PMID: 28725177 PMCID: PMC5496572 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lgr5+ supporting cells (SCs) are enriched hair cell (HC) progenitors in the cochlea. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that HC injury can spontaneously activate Lgr5+ progenitors to regenerate HCs in the neonatal mouse cochlea. Promoting HC regeneration requires the understanding of the mechanism of HC regeneration, and this requires knowledge of the key genes involved in HC injury-induced self-repair responses that promote the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5+ progenitors. Here, as expected, we found that neomycin-treated Lgr5+ progenitors (NLPs) had significantly greater HC regeneration ability, and greater but not significant proliferation ability compared to untreated Lgr5+ progenitors (ULPs) in response to neomycin exposure. Next, we used RNA-seq analysis to determine the differences in the gene-expression profiles between the transcriptomes of NLPs and ULPs from the neonatal mouse cochlea. We first analyzed the genes that were enriched and differentially expressed in NLPs and ULPs and then analyzed the cell cycle genes, the transcription factors, and the signaling pathway genes that might regulate the proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5+ progenitors. We found 9 cell cycle genes, 88 transcription factors, 8 microRNAs, and 16 cell-signaling pathway genes that were significantly upregulated or downregulated after neomycin injury in NLPs. Lastly, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network to show the interaction and connections of genes that are differentially expressed in NLPs and ULPs. This study has identified the genes that might regulate the proliferation and HC regeneration of Lgr5+ progenitors after neomycin injury, and investigations into the roles and mechanisms of these genes in the cochlea should be performed in the future to identify potential therapeutic targets for HC regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Bioinformatics Department, Admera Health LLCSouth Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Yao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Lingna Guo
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaochen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Biotechnology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and TechnologyKarachi, Pakistan
| | - Jieyu Qi
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ma AY, Xie SW, Zhou JY, Zhu Y. Nomegestrol Acetate Suppresses Human Endometrial Cancer RL95-2 Cells Proliferation In Vitro and In Vivo Possibly Related to Upregulating Expression of SUFU and Wnt7a. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28640224 PMCID: PMC5535830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nomegestrol acetate (NOMAC) has been successfully used for the treatment of some gynecological disorders, and as a combined oral contraceptive with approval in many countries. In this study, we investigated the effects of NOMAC on human endometrial cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The proliferation of human endometrial cancer cells (RL95-2 and KLE) were assessed using CCK-8 and EdU incorporation assays. Whole-genome cDNA microarray analysis was used to identify the effects of NOMAC on gene expression profiles in RL95-2 cells. RL95-2 xenograft nude mice were treated with NOMAC (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 28 consecutive days. The results showed that NOMAC significantly inhibited the growth of RL95-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but not in KLE cells. Further investigation demonstrated that NOMAC produced a stronger inhibition of tumor growth (inhibition rates for 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg NOMAC were 24.74%, 47.04%, and 58.06%, respectively) than did MPA (inhibition rates for 100 and 200 mg/kg MPA were 41.06% and 27.01%, respectively) in the nude mice bearing the cell line of RL95-2. NOMAC altered the expression of several genes related to cancer cell proliferation, including SUFU and Wnt7a. The upregulation of SUFU and Wnt7a was confirmed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting in RL95-2 cells and RL95-2 xenograft tumor tissues, but not in KLE cells. These data indicate that NOMAC can inhibit the proliferation of RL95-2 cell in vitro and suppress the growth of xenografts in the nude mice bearing the cell line of RL95-2 in vivo. This effect could be related to the upregulating expression of SUFU and Wnt7a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-Ying Ma
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shu-Wu Xie
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jie-Yun Zhou
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Lab of Reproductive Pharmacology, Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bahrami A, Hasanzadeh M, ShahidSales S, Yousefi Z, Kadkhodayan S, Farazestanian M, Joudi Mashhad M, Gharib M, Mahdi Hassanian S, Avan A. Clinical Significance and Prognosis Value of Wnt Signaling Pathway in Cervical Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3028-3033. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Zohre Yousefi
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Sima Kadkhodayan
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Marjaneh Farazestanian
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Masoumeh Gharib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Metabolic syndrome Research centerMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research centerMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Buch PR, Sarkate P, Uggini GK, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Alters Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in the Regenerating Tail of Lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:171-178. [PMID: 30603474 PMCID: PMC6171583 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimorphic regeneration in vertebrates involves the restoration of lost tissue or organs through the formation of a regeneration blastema and occurs through a complex interaction of a number of molecular signaling pathways. Of the many effectors of successful tail regeneration in the lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis, one crucial pathway is the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mediated PGE2 signaling pathway. The current study was aimed at understanding whether COX-2 signaling plays any role in the expression of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling components during regenerative outgrowth in H. flaviviridis. Etoricoxib-selective inhibitor of the inducible isoform of COX-2-was administered to lizards orally. We tested the expression of β-Catenin during wound epidermis and blastema stages in the regenerating tail and found a reduction in its expression in response to drug treatment. Further, it was observed that the expression of canonical Wnt ligands was greatly altered due to COX-2 inhibition. Our results provide evidence of a cross-talk between the COX-2 induced PGE2 pathway and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in the regenerating lizard tail. An understanding of the interaction among various signaling pathways will help elucidate the mechanism underlying epimorphosis in lizards, the only amniotes capable of appendage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R. Buch
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
| | - Pradeep Sarkate
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
| | - Gowri K. Uggini
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
| | - Isha Desai
- N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, S.P. University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, 388120 Gujarat India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002 Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yao T, Lu R, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Lin R, Lin Z. Cervical cancer stem cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 48:611-25. [PMID: 26597379 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of cancer stem cells (CSC) has been established over the past decade or so, and their role in carcinogenic processes has been confirmed. In this review, we focus on cervical CSCs, including (1) their purported origin, (2) markers used for cervical CSC identification, (3) alterations to signalling pathways in cervical cancer and (4) the cancer stem cell niche. Although cervical CSCs have not yet been definitively identified and characterized, future studies pursuing them as therapeutic targets may provide novel insights for treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yao
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Rongbiao Lu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Yizhen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Rongchun Lin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Regulation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway by Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 Oncoproteins. Viruses 2015; 7:4734-55. [PMID: 26295406 PMCID: PMC4576203 DOI: 10.3390/v7082842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling pathways are the mechanisms by which cells transduce external stimuli, which control the transcription of genes, to regulate diverse biological effects. In cancer, distinct signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, have been implicated in the deregulation of critical molecular processes that affect cell proliferation and differentiation. For example, changes in β-catenin localization have been identified in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers as the lesion progresses. Specifically, β-catenin relocates from the membrane/cytoplasm to the nucleus, suggesting that this transcription regulator participates in cervical carcinogenesis. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins are responsible for the transforming activity of HPV, and some studies have implicated these viral oncoproteins in the regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Nevertheless, new interactions of HPV oncoproteins with cellular proteins are emerging, and the study of the biological effects of such interactions will help to understand HPV-related carcinogenesis. This review addresses the accumulated evidence of the involvement of the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins in the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
|