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Leong NL, Greskovich K, Blommer J, Jiang J. CCN1 expression is regulated by mechanical stimuli in tendons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 663:25-31. [PMID: 37116394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Tendon overuse injuries are common, but the processes that govern tendon response to mechanical load are not fully understood. A series of experiments of in vitro and in vivo experiments was devised to study to the relationship between mechanical stimuli and the matricellular protein Cellular Communication Network Factor 1 (CCN1) in tenocytes and tendons. First, human and murine tenocytes were subjected to cyclic uniaxial loading in order to evaluate changes in CCN1 gene expression as a response to mechanical stimuli. Then, baseline Ccn1 gene expression in different murine tendons (Achilles, patellar, forearm, and tail) was examined. Finally, changes in Ccn1 expression after in vivo unloading experiments were examined. It was found that CCN1 expression significantly increased in both human and murine tenocytes at 5 and 10% cyclical uniaxial strain, while 2.5% strain did not have any effect on CCN1 expression. At baseline, the Achilles, patellar, and forearm tendons had higher expression levels of Ccn1 as compared to tail tendons. Twenty-four hours of immobilization of the hind-limb resulted in a significant decrease in Ccn1 expression in both the Achilles and patellar tendons. In summary, CCN1 expression is up-regulated in tenocytes subjected to mechanical load and down-regulated by loss of mechanical load in tendons. These results show that CCN1 expression in tendons is at least partially regulated by mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Leong
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, United States; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States.
| | - Kathryn Greskovich
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, United States; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
| | - Joseph Blommer
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States
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2
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Wang YK, Weng HK, Mo FE. The regulation and functions of the matricellular CCN proteins induced by shear stress. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00760-z. [PMID: 37191841 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Shear stress is a frictional drag generated by the flow of fluid, such as blood or interstitial fluid, and plays a critical role in regulating cellular gene expression and functional phenotype. The matricellular CCN family proteins are dynamically regulated by shear stress of different flow patterns, and their expression significantly alters the microenvironment of cells. Secreted CCN proteins mainly bind to several cell surface integrin receptors to mediate their diverse functions in regulating cell survival, function, and behavior. Gene-knockout studies indicate major functions of CCN proteins in the cardiovascular and skeletal systems, the two primary systems in which CCN expressions are regulated by shear stress. In the cardiovascular system, the endothelium is directly exposed to vascular shear stress. Unidirectional laminar blood flow generates laminar shear stress, which promotes a mature endothelial phenotype and upregulates anti-inflammatory CCN3 expression. In contrast, disturbed flow generates oscillatory shear stress, which induces endothelial dysfunction through the induction of CCN1 and CCN2. Shear-induced CCN1 binds to integrin α6β1 and promotes superoxide production, NF-κB activation, and inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells. Although the interaction between shear stress and CCN4-6 is not clear, CCN 4 exhibits a proinflammatory property and CCN5 inhibits vascular cell growth and migration. The crucial roles of CCN proteins in cardiovascular development, homeostasis, and disease are evident but not fully understood. In the skeletal system, mechanical loading on bone generates shear stress from interstitial fluid in the lacuna-canalicular system and promotes osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. CCN1 and CCN2 are induced and potentially mediate fluid shear stress mechanosensing in osteocytes. However, the exact roles of interstitial shear stress-induced CCN1 and CCN2 in bone are still not clear. In contrast to other CCN family proteins, CCN3 inhibits osteoblast differentiation, although its regulation by interstitial shear stress in osteocytes has not been reported. The induction of CCN proteins by shear stress in bone and their functions remain largely unknown and merit further investigation. This review discusses the expression and functions of CCN proteins regulated by shear stress in physiological conditions, diseases, and cell culture models. The roles between CCN family proteins can be compensatory or counteractive in tissue remodeling and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Kao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kai Weng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Fan-E Mo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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Zhou H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yan Y, Liu Y, Shi X, Zhang Q, Xu X. The CREB and AP-1-Dependent Cell Communication Network Factor 1 Regulates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Induced Cell Apoptosis Inhibiting Virus Replication Through the p53 Pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831852. [PMID: 35418961 PMCID: PMC8996185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in sick pigs, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. However, the relationship between cell communication network factor 1 (CCN1) and PEDV infection has not been reported. In this study, we showed that the expression of CCN1 was enhanced by PEDV infection, and we observed that PEDV promotes the CREB and AP-1 activation to promote CCN1 expression. The PKA and p38 inhibitors significantly suppress CCN1 expression, indicating that PEDV-induced CCN1 expression may be through PKA and p38 pathway. Further tests confirmed that CREB and AP-1 are regulated by PKA and p38, respectively. Overexpression of CCN1 decreased the replication of PEDV, whereas knockdown of CCN1 increased the replication of PEDV. We proved that the overexpression of CCN1 increased the phosphorylation level of p53, promoted the expresion of Bax and the cleavage of caspase 9 and caspase 3, and inhibited the production of Bcl-2. CCN1 knockdown decreased the phosphorylation level of p53, inhibited the production of Bax and the cleavage of caspase 9 and caspase 3, and promoted the expression of Bcl-2. The treatment of PFT-α (p53 inhibitor) significantly suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase 9 and caspase 3, leading to the decrease of apoptosis. Together, these studies showed that PEDV promotes the activation of CREB and AP-1 to increase the expression of CCN1. Overexpression of CCN1 promotes apoptosis by elevating p53 protein phosphorylation and inhibits PEDV replication, and knockdown of CCN1 inhibits apoptosis by decreasing p53 protein phosphorylation and promotes PEDV replication. Our study could provide some reference for the molecular mechanisms of PEDV-induced CCN1 induction and supply a new therapeutic target for PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuchao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Phosphodiesterase 10A Is a Mediator of Osteogenic Differentiation and Mechanotransduction in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:7865484. [PMID: 32587621 PMCID: PMC7294361 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7865484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are capable of differentiating into the osteogenic lineage, and for osteogenic differentiation, mechanical loading is a relevant stimulus. Mechanotransduction leads to the formation of second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, or Ca2+ influx resulting in the activation of transcription factors mediating gene regulation. The second messengers cAMP and cGMP are degraded by phosphodiesterase isoenzymes (PDE), but the role of these enzymes during osteogenic differentiation or mechanotransduction remains unclear. Here, we focused on the isoenzyme phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) and its role during osteogenic commitment and mechanotransduction. We observed a time-dependent decrease of PDE10A expression in hMSC undergoing differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage. PDE10A inhibition by papaverine diminished osteogenic differentiation. While applying mechanical strain via cyclic stretching of hMSCs led to an upregulation of PDE10A gene expression, inhibition of PDE10A using the drug papaverine repressed expression of mechanoresponsive genes. We conclude that PDE10A is a modulator of osteogenic differentiation as well as mechanotransduction in hMSCs. Our data further suggests that the relative increase of cAMP, rather than the absolute cAMP level, is a key driver of the observed effects.
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Herrmann M, Engelke K, Ebert R, Müller-Deubert S, Rudert M, Ziouti F, Jundt F, Felsenberg D, Jakob F. Interactions between Muscle and Bone-Where Physics Meets Biology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030432. [PMID: 32164381 PMCID: PMC7175139 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle and bone interact via physical forces and secreted osteokines and myokines. Physical forces are generated through gravity, locomotion, exercise, and external devices. Cells sense mechanical strain via adhesion molecules and translate it into biochemical responses, modulating the basic mechanisms of cellular biology such as lineage commitment, tissue formation, and maturation. This may result in the initiation of bone formation, muscle hypertrophy, and the enhanced production of extracellular matrix constituents, adhesion molecules, and cytoskeletal elements. Bone and muscle mass, resistance to strain, and the stiffness of matrix, cells, and tissues are enhanced, influencing fracture resistance and muscle power. This propagates a dynamic and continuous reciprocity of physicochemical interaction. Secreted growth and differentiation factors are important effectors of mutual interaction. The acute effects of exercise induce the secretion of exosomes with cargo molecules that are capable of mediating the endocrine effects between muscle, bone, and the organism. Long-term changes induce adaptations of the respective tissue secretome that maintain adequate homeostatic conditions. Lessons from unloading, microgravity, and disuse teach us that gratuitous tissue is removed or reorganized while immobility and inflammation trigger muscle and bone marrow fatty infiltration and propagate degenerative diseases such as sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Ongoing research will certainly find new therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Herrmann
- Orthopedic Department, Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, IZKF Research Group Tissue regeneration in musculoskeletal diseases, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Klaus Engelke
- Department of Medicine 3, FAU University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Regina Ebert
- Orthopedic Department, Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, IGZ, 97076 Würzburg, Germany; (R.E.)
| | - Sigrid Müller-Deubert
- Orthopedic Department, Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, IGZ, 97076 Würzburg, Germany; (R.E.)
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Orthopedic Department, Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Fani Ziouti
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (F.Z.); (F.J.)
| | - Franziska Jundt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (F.Z.); (F.J.)
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Privatpraxis für Muskel- und Knochenkrankheiten, 12163 Berlin Germany;
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopedic Department, Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, IGZ, 97076 Würzburg, Germany; (R.E.)
- Orthopedic Department, Bernhard-Heine-Center for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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NOTCH Signaling Is Activated through Mechanical Strain in Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5150634. [PMID: 30936923 PMCID: PMC6413410 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5150634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development and remodeling of adult bone are critically controlled by activated NOTCH signaling in genetically modified mice. It is yet unclear whether NOTCH signaling is activated by mechanical strain sensed by bone cells. We found that expression of specific NOTCH target genes is induced after in vivo tibial mechanical loading in wild-type mice. We further applied mechanical strain through cyclic stretching in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) in vitro by using a bioreactor system and detected upregulation of NOTCH target gene expression. Inhibition of the NOTCH pathway in primary BMSCs as well as telomerase-immortalized human BMSCs (hMSC-TERT) through the gamma-secretase inhibitor GSI XII blocked mechanotransduction and modulated actin cytoskeleton organization. Short-hairpin RNA gene silencing identified NOTCH2 as the key receptor mediating NOTCH effects on hMSC-TERT cells. Our data indicate a functional link between NOTCH activation and mechanotransduction in human BMSCs. We suggest that NOTCH signaling is an important contributor to molecular mechanisms that mediate the bone formation response to mechanical strain.
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Niu CC, Wan YF, Yang C, Li T, Liao P. Polymorphisms of the CYR61 gene in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in a Han Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11963. [PMID: 30142822 PMCID: PMC6112968 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was demonstrated in previous studies that cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) plays vital roles in hematological disorders, and we have already reported that the Cyr61 protein is a tumor promoter in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we investigated the association between CYR61 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to AML.We genotyped 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2297141 and rs6576776) in the region of the CYR61 gene by improved multiplex ligase detection reaction genotyping assays in a total of 275 samples, including samples from 137 AML patients and 138 healthy controls. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression analysis were performed to compare the different distributions of the genotypes and alleles between patients and healthy controls.The rs2297141 A allele was associated with lower risk of AML compared with the G allele (odds ratio [OR] = 0.704, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.503-0.985, P = .04) in both the dominant (OR = 0.447, 95% CI = 0.22-0.909, P = .025, AA vs GG) and recessive inheritance models (OR = 0.419, 95% CI = 0.23-0.763, P = .004, AA vs GA + GG). Although the distribution of the rs6576776 alleles was not different between patients with AML and normal controls, the CC genotype significantly increased the risk of AML in the dominant inheritance model (OR = 6.064, 95% CI = 1.303-28.216, P = .01, CC vs GG) and the recessive inheritance model (OR = 5.937, 95% CI = 1.291-27.306, P = .01, CC vs GC + GG). Additionally, it was shown that the rs2297141 and rs6576776 genotypes were associated with AML-M5 and AML-M2, respectively.Our findings indicated that genetic polymorphisms in the CYR61 gene may be considered potential AML risk factors in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Chun Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
| | - Ya-Fang Wan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Hematology Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
| | - Pu Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing General Hospital
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