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Wang W, Ding M, Wang Q, Song Y, Huo K, Chen X, Xiang Z, Liu L. Advances in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Foxp3+ Treg) and key factors in digestive malignancies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404974. [PMID: 38919615 PMCID: PMC11196412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Foxp3+ Treg) play a role in regulating various types of tumors, but uncertainty still exists regarding the exact mechanism underlying Foxp3+ Treg activation in gastrointestinal malignancies. As of now, research has shown that Foxp3+ Treg expression, altered glucose metabolism, or a hypoxic tumor microenvironment all affect Foxp3+ Treg function in the bodies of tumor patients. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that post-translational modifications are essential for mature Foxp3 to function properly. Additionally, a considerable number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been implicated in the activation of the Foxp3 signaling pathway. These mechanisms regulating Foxp3 may one day serve as potential therapeutic targets for gastrointestinal malignancies. This review primarily focuses on the properties and capabilities of Foxp3 and Foxp3+Treg. It emphasizes the advancement of research on the regulatory mechanisms of Foxp3 in different malignant tumors of the digestive system, providing new insights for the exploration of anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Minglu Ding
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Mudanjiang Hospital for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Anesthesiology, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yidan Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Keyuan Huo
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zihan Xiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lantao Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
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Wan Y, Mu X, Zhao J, Li L, Xu W, Zhang M. Myeloid‑derived suppressor cell accumulation induces Treg expansion and modulates lung malignancy progression. Biomed Rep 2024; 20:68. [PMID: 38533389 PMCID: PMC10963946 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous family of myeloid cells that suppress T cell immunity in tumor-bearing hosts. The present study aimed to examine roles of T and MDSC subsets in lung malignancy. The study analyzed 102 cases with lung malignancy and 34 healthy individuals. Flow cytometry was performed for identification of T cell and MDSC subsets and their phenotypic characteristics in peripheral blood. The lung malignancy cases exhibited lower frequencies of granulocyte-like MDSCs (G-MDSCs) expressing PD-L2 and PD-L1 than healthy controls (P=0.013 and P<0.001, respectively). Additionally, there was a higher frequency of monocyte-like MDSCs (M-MDSCs) expressing PD-L1 in the peripheral blood of patients with lung malignancy than healthy controls (P<0.001). The frequencies of G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs were positively correlated with proportions of PD-1+ and CTLA-4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vitro co-culture assay demonstrated M-MDSCs of lung malignancy enhanced naive T cell apoptosis and promoted Treg subset differentiation compared with M-MDSCs of healthy controls. The findings suggested accumulation of MDSC subsets in lung malignancy and MDSCs expressing PD-L2 and PD-L1 induced Treg expansion by binding to PD-1 on the surface of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Mu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Jingquan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Wenshuai Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
| | - Mingqiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, P.R. China
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Mishra S, Telang G, Bennur D, Chougule S, Dandge PB, Joshi S, Vyas N. T Cell Exhaustion and Activation Markers in Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2024; 55:77-95. [PMID: 37672169 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-023-00965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell exhaustion and activation markers are helpful in determining the therapies and predicting the overall survival in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients. PURPOSE In this systematic review, we have addressed two questions, how do these markers differ in their expression levels in PC patients and healthy individual and correlating the expression level of these markers with the cancer stage. METHODS The systematic review was registered with Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number "CRD42022246780." All the included articles were obtained from three databases, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane, published from January 2010 to 26th May 2022. Two independent reviewers followed the PRISM protocol and reviewed and extracted data from the included articles. RESULTS PD-1 and CTLA-4 were the most studied markers in this field. A clear elevation in the expression of PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, and TIGIT was found in most of the studies. CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR expression was found to be upregulated after chemotherapy and immunotherapy. CD25 was the only marker analyzed against cancer progression, in a single study. No study compared the expression of exhaustion and activation markers (except CD69) with the cancer progression of the tumor stage. CONCLUSION Since the exhaustion markers are upregulated in patients, single or multiple markers can be targeted in immunotherapies. Knowledge of the dynamics of these markers at various cancer stages will help in determining the right immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer patients. Stage-wise comparison could also be made possible by developing in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Mishra
- Logical Life Science Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurang Telang
- Logical Life Science Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Darpan Bennur
- Logical Life Science Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shruti Chougule
- Logical Life Science Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - P B Dandge
- Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shantanu Joshi
- Acuere Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411043, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nishant Vyas
- Logical Life Science Pvt. Ltd., Pune, 411041, Maharashtra, India.
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Shafiei M, Mozhgani SH. Th17/IL-17 Axis in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Insights into the Immunity During HAMTSP. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3839-3854. [PMID: 36947318 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HTLV/TSP), also known as HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are chronic debilitating diseases of the central nervous system; although the etiology of which is different, similarities have been observed between these two demyelinating diseases, especially in clinical manifestation and immunopathogenesis. Exorbitant response of the immune system to the virus and neurons in CNS is the causative agent of HAM/TSP and MS, respectively. Helper T lymphocyte-17 cells (Th17s), a component of the immune system, which have a proven role in immunity and autoimmunity, mediate protection against bacterial/fungal infections. The role of these cells has been reviewed in several CNS diseases. A pivotal role for Th17s is presented in demyelination, even more axial than Th1s, during MS. The effect of Th17s is not well determined in HTLV-1-associated infections; however, the evidence that we have supplied in this review illustrates the attendance, also the role of Th17 cells during HAM/TSP. Furthermore, for better conception concerning the trace of these cells in HAM/TSP, a comparative characterization with MS, the resembling disease, has been applied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Shafiei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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5
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Li X, Gulati M, Larson AC, Solheim JC, Jain M, Kumar S, Batra SK. Immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer: Trudging through the immune desert. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:14-27. [PMID: 36041672 PMCID: PMC9713834 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) has exceptionally high mortality due to ineffective treatment strategies. Immunotherapy, which mobilizes the immune system to fight against cancer, has been proven successful in multiple cancers; however, its application in PC has met with limited success. In this review, we articulated that the pancreatic tumor microenvironment is immuno-suppressive with extensive infiltration by M2-macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressive cells but low numbers of cytotoxic T-cells. In addition, low mutational load and poor antigen processing, presentation, and recognition contribute to the limited response to immunotherapy in PC. Immune checkpoints, the critical targets for immunotherapy, have high expression in PC and stromal cells, regulated by tumor microenvironmental milieu (cytokine and metabolites) and cell-intrinsic mechanisms (epigenetic regulation, oncogenic signaling, and post-translational modifications). Combining immunotherapy with modulators of the tumor microenvironment may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic regimens to manage PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alaina C Larson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joyce C Solheim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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6
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Du W, Pasca di Magliano M, Zhang Y. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Stromal Crosstalk-Mediated Immune Suppression in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:682217. [PMID: 34290984 PMCID: PMC8287251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.682217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The stroma-rich, immunosuppressive microenvironment is a hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Tumor cells and other cellular components of the tumor microenvironment, such as cancer associated fibroblasts, CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells, are linked by a web of interactions. Their crosstalk not only results in immune evasion of PDA, but also contributes to pancreatic cancer cell plasticity, invasiveness, metastasis, chemo-resistance, immunotherapy-resistance and radiotherapy-resistance. In this review, we characterize several prevalent populations of stromal cells in the PDA microenvironment and describe how the crosstalk among them drives and maintains immune suppression. We also summarize therapeutic approaches to target the stroma. With a better understanding of the complex cellular and molecular networks in PDA, strategies aimed at sensitizing PDA to chemotherapy or immunotherapy through re-programing the tumor microenvironment can be designed, and in turn lead to improved clinical treatment for pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Oner F, Alvarez C, Yaghmoor W, Stephens D, Hasturk H, Firatli E, Kantarci A. Resolvin E1 Regulates Th17 Function and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637983. [PMID: 33815391 PMCID: PMC8009993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolvin E1 (RvE1) is a specialized pro-resolving lipid mediator derived from eicosapentaenoic acid and plays a critical role in resolving inflammation and tissue homeostasis. Th17 cells are a distinct group of T helper (Th) cells with tissue-destructive functions in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases via the secretion of IL-17. Dendritic cell (DC)-mediated antigen presentation regulates the Th17-induced progression of inflammation and tissue destruction. In this study, we hypothesized that the RvE1 would restore homeostatic balance and inflammation by targeting the Th17 function. We designed three experiments to investigate the impact of RvE1 on different phases of Th17 response and the potential role of DCs: First CD4+ T cells were induced by IL-6/TGFβ to measure the effect of RvE1 on Th17 differentiation in an inflammatory milieu. Second, we measured the impact of RvE1 on DC-stimulated Th17 differentiation in a co-culture model. Third, we measured the effect of RvE1 on DC maturation. RvE1 blocked the CD25, CCR6 and IL-17 expression; IL-17, IL-21, IL-10, and IL-2 production, suggesting inhibition of T cell activation, Th17 stimulation and chemoattraction. RvE1 also suppressed the activation of DCs by limiting their pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Our findings collectively demonstrated that the RvE1 targeted the Th17 activation and the DC function as a potential mechanism for inflammatory resolution and acquired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Oner
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carla Alvarez
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wael Yaghmoor
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Erhan Firatli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Liao X, Huang R, Wang X, Huang K, Yang C, Zhou X, Han C, Su H, Ye X, Liu K, Zhu G, Peng T. UXT antisense RNA 1 sever as a novel prognostic long non-coding RNA in early stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients after receiving pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Cancer 2021; 12:2122-2139. [PMID: 33754011 PMCID: PMC7974525 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The principal objective of this project was to investigate the prognostic value of UXT antisense RNA 1 (UXT-AS1) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as its biological function mechanisms and the screening of targeted drugs using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PDAC genome-wide RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) dataset. Methods: We used TCGA 112 early stage PDAC patients to screen the prognostic value of UXT-AS1. Biological functions and mechanisms of UXT-AS1 were investigated by co-expression analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and gene set enrichment analysis, while targeted drug screening was investigated by connectivity Map (CMap). Results: By analyzing the dataset from TCGA cohort, we found that UXT-AS1 was significantly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer tissues. Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that PDAC patients with high UXT-AS1 expression had an unfavourable prognosis (adjusted P=0.033, HR=1.830, 95%CI=1.051-3.188). Genome-wide co-expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis suggested that UXT-AS1 may act as a pivotal part in PDAC by participating in nuclear factor kappa beta, regulation of tumor necrosis factor, cell adhesion, T cell receptor signaling pathway, and numerous immune-related biological processes and signaling pathways. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs between high- and low-UXT-AS1 expression groups suggested that these DEGs were significant enriched in B cell receptor complex, response to drug chemical carcinogenesis and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. CMap analysis revealed that quipazine and terazosin may be targeted drugs for UXT-AS1 in PDAC. Conclusion: Our current study has identified UXT-AS1 as a novel biomarker for the prognosis of early stage PDAC. We also clarified its biological functional mechanisms and identified two targeted drugs of UXT-AS1 in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
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Pharmacodynamic biomarkers in metronomic chemotherapy: multiplex cytokine measurements in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Clin Exp Med 2020; 21:149-159. [PMID: 33048259 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy has shown promising antitumor activity in a number of malignancies. We previously reported a phase II clinical trial of metronomic UFT (a 5-fluorouracil prodrug; 100 mg/twice per day p.o.) and cyclophosphamide (CTX; 500 mg/m2 i.v. bolus on day 1 and then 50 mg/day p.o.) plus celecoxib (200 mg/twice a day p.o.) in 38 patients with advanced refractory gastrointestinal tumors. The mechanisms of action of metronomic chemotherapy include inhibition of angiogenesis, direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, and, at least for drugs such as CTX, activation of the immune system. To further evaluate the latter, we carried out an immune system multiplex 14-cytokine profiling of plasma samples that were available (for day 0, day 28, and day 56) from 31 of the 38 patients in the above-noted clinical trial. Our results show that pre-treatment plasma-level cutoffs of interferon gamma (> 12.84 pg/ml), sCD40L (< 2168 pg/ml), interferon alpha 2 (> 55.11 pg/ml), and IL-17a (< 15.1 pg/ml) were predictive markers for those patients with better progression-free survival (p < .05 for each cytokine). After 28 days of metronomic therapy, the plasma levels of sCD40L, IL-17a, and IL-6 (< 130 pg/ml) could serve as predictors of improved progression-free survival, as could levels interferon gamma and sCD40L after 56 days of therapy. We observed minimal changes in cytokine profiles, from baseline, as a consequence of the metronomic therapy, with the exception of an elevation of IL-6 and IL-8 levels 28 days (and 56 days) after treatment started (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that a selective cytokine elevation involves IL-6 and IL-8, following metronomic chemotherapy administration. In addition, interferon gamma and sCD40L may be potential biomarkers for gastrointestinal cancer patients that are likely to benefit from metronomic chemotherapy. Our study contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of metronomic chemotherapy, and the cytokine profiling we describe may guide future selection of gastrointestinal cancer patients for UFT/CTX/celecoxib combination metronomic chemotherapy.
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10
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Zadka Ł, Grybowski DJ, Dzięgiel P. Modeling of the immune response in the pathogenesis of solid tumors and its prognostic significance. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:539-575. [PMID: 32488850 PMCID: PMC7363737 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor initiation and subsequent progression are usually long-term processes, spread over time and conditioned by diverse aspects. Many cancers develop on the basis of chronic inflammation; however, despite dozens of years of research, little is known about the factors triggering neoplastic transformation under these conditions. Molecular characterization of both pathogenetic states, i.e., similarities and differences between chronic inflammation and cancer, is also poorly defined. The secretory activity of tumor cells may change the immunophenotype of immune cells and modify the extracellular microenvironment, which allows the bypass of host defense mechanisms and seems to have diagnostic and prognostic value. The phenomenon of immunosuppression is also present during chronic inflammation, and the development of cancer, due to its duration, predisposes patients to the promotion of chronic inflammation. The aim of our work was to discuss the above issues based on the latest scientific insights. A theoretical mechanism of cancer immunosuppression is also proposed. CONCLUSIONS Development of solid tumors may occur both during acute and chronic phases of inflammation. Differences in the regulation of immune responses between precancerous states and the cancers resulting from them emphasize the importance of immunosuppressive factors in oncogenesis. Cancer cells may, through their secretory activity and extracellular transport mechanisms, enhance deterioration of the immune system which, in turn, may have prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zadka
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Damian J Grybowski
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Illinois, 900 S. Ashland Avenue (MC944) Room 3356, Molecular Biology Research Building Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 6a, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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11
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Description of CD8 + Regulatory T Lymphocytes and Their Specific Intervention in Graft-versus-Host and Infectious Diseases, Autoimmunity, and Cancer. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3758713. [PMID: 30155493 PMCID: PMC6098849 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3758713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gershon and Kondo described CD8+ Treg lymphocytes as the first ones with regulating activity due to their tolerance ability to foreign antigens and their capacity to inhibit the proliferation of other lymphocytes. Regardless, CD8+ Treg lymphocytes have not been fully described-unlike CD4+ Treg lymphocytes-because of their low numbers in blood and the lack of specific and accurate population markers. Still, these lymphocytes have been studied for the past 30 years, even after finding difficulties during investigations. As a result, studies have identified markers that define their subpopulations. This review is focused on the expression of cell membrane markers as CD25, CD122, CD103, CTLA-4, CD39, CD73, LAG-3, and FasL as well as soluble molecules such as FoxP3, IFN-γ, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-34, and IL-35, in addition to the lack of expression of cell activation markers such as CD28, CD127 CD45RC, and CD49d. This work also underlines the importance of identifying some of these markers in infections with several pathogens, autoimmunity, cancer, and graft-versus-host disease as a strategy in their prevention, monitoring, and cure.
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12
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Schnell A, Schmidl C, Herr W, Siska PJ. The Peripheral and Intratumoral Immune Cell Landscape in Cancer Patients: A Proxy for Tumor Biology and a Tool for Outcome Prediction. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E25. [PMID: 29495308 PMCID: PMC5874682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional systemic and local immunity is required for effective anti-tumor responses. In addition to an active engagement with cancer cells and tumor stroma, immune cells can be affected and are often found to be dysregulated in cancer patients. The impact of tumors on local and systemic immunity can be assessed using a variety of approaches ranging from low-dimensional analyses that are performed on large patient cohorts to multi-dimensional assays that are technically and logistically challenging and are therefore confined to a limited sample size. Many of these strategies have been established in recent years leading to exciting findings. Not only were analyses of immune cells in tumor patients able to predict the clinical course of the disease and patients' survival, numerous studies also detected changes in the immune landscape that correlated with responses to novel immunotherapies. This review will provide an overview of established and novel tools for assessing immune cells in tumor patients and will discuss exemplary studies that utilized these techniques to predict patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Schnell
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Schmidl
- Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology and University Medical Center of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
- Regensburg Centre for Interventional Immunology and University Medical Center of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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