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Vempuluru VS, Maniar A, Bakal K, Kaliki S. Role of MYCN in retinoblastoma: A review of current literature. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:697-706. [PMID: 38796108 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Chromosomal abnormalities that involve the MYCN gene are rare; however, it is one of the most commonly mutated genes in retinoblastoma (RB) after the RB1 gene. MYCN is amplified in approximately 1-9 % of all RB tumors. It plays a role in RB oncogenesis via many mechanisms, including synergism with RB1 deletion, positive feedback with MDM2, upregulation of cell cycle regulating genes, upregulation of miRNA, and upregulation of glucose metabolism. MYCN amplifications are not mutually exclusive and can occur even in the presence of RB1 gene mutations. Clinically, RB1+/+MYCNA tumors present as sporadic, unilateral, advanced tumors in very young children and tend to follow an aggressive course. Magnetic resonance imaging features include peripheral tumor location, placoid configuration, retinal folding, tumor-associated hemorrhage, and anterior chamber enhancement. Genetic testing for MYCNA is especially recommended in patients with unilateral RB where genetic blood testing and tumor tissue show a lack of RB1 mutation. MYCN-targeted therapies are evolving and hold promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijitha S Vempuluru
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Arpita Maniar
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Komal Bakal
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India.
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2
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Ryl T, Afanasyeva E, Hartmann T, Schwermer M, Schneider M, Schröder C, Wagemanns M, Bister A, Kanber D, Steenpass L, Schramm K, Jones B, Jones DTW, Biewald E, Astrahantseff K, Hanenberg H, Rahmann S, Lohmann DR, Schramm A, Ketteler P. A MYCN-driven de-differentiation profile identifies a subgroup of aggressive retinoblastoma. Commun Biol 2024; 7:919. [PMID: 39079981 PMCID: PMC11289481 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma are childhood eye tumors arising from retinal precursor cells. Two distinct retinoblastoma subtypes with different clinical behavior have been described based on gene expression and methylation profiling. Using consensus clustering of DNA methylation analysis from 61 retinoblastomas, we identify a MYCN-driven cluster of subtype 2 retinoblastomas characterized by DNA hypomethylation and high expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Subtype 2 retinoblastomas outside the MYCN-driven cluster are characterized by high expression of genes from mesodermal development, including NKX2-5. Knockdown of MYCN expression in retinoblastoma cell models causes growth arrest and reactivates a subtype 1-specific photoreceptor signature. These molecular changes suggest that removing the driving force of MYCN oncogenic activity rescues molecular circuitry driving subtype 1 biology. The MYCN-RB gene signature generated from the cell models better identifies MYCN-driven retinoblastoma than MYCN amplification and can identify cases that may benefit from MYCN-targeted therapy. MYCN drives tumor progression in a molecularly defined retinoblastoma subgroup, and inhibiting MYCN activity could restore a more differentiated and less aggressive tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Ryl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Afanasyeva
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Till Hartmann
- Algorithms for Reproducible Bioinformatics, Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwermer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schröder
- Algorithms for Reproducible Bioinformatics, Genome Informatics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Wagemanns
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Arthur Bister
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Deniz Kanber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laura Steenpass
- Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz Institute DSMZ German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schramm
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Jones
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Glioma Research, Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Biewald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathy Astrahantseff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Rahmann
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Center for Bioinformatics Saar and Saarland University, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Lohmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Ketteler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany.
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3
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Berry JL, Pike S, Shah R, Reid MW, Peng CC, Wang Y, Yellapantula V, Biegel J, Kuhn P, Hicks J, Xu L. Aqueous Humor Liquid Biopsy as a Companion Diagnostic for Retinoblastoma: Implications for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Options: Five Years of Progress. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 263:188-205. [PMID: 38040321 PMCID: PMC11148850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To define the prospective use of the aqueous humor (AH) as a molecular diagnostic and prognostic liquid biopsy for retinoblastoma (RB). METHODS This is a prospective, observational study wherein an AH liquid biopsy is performed at diagnosis and longitudinally through therapy for patients with RB. Tumor-derived cell-free DNA is isolated and sequenced for single nucleotide variant analysis of the RB1 gene and detection of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs). The SCNAs are used to determine tumor fraction (TFx). Specific SCNAs, including 6p gain and focal MycN gain, along with TFx, are prospectively correlated with intraocular tumor relapse, response to therapy, and globe salvage. RESULTS A total of 26 eyes of 21 patients were included with AH taken at diagnosis. Successful ocular salvage was achieved in 19 of 26 (73.1%) eyes. Mutational analysis of 26 AH samples identified 23 pathogenic RB1 variants and 2 focal RB1 deletions; variant allele fraction ranged from 30.5% to 100% (median 93.2%). At diagnosis, SCNAs were detectable in 17 of 26 (65.4%) AH samples. Eyes with 6p gain and/or focal MycN gain had significantly greater odds of poor therapeutic outcomes (odds ratio = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.06-42.84, P = .04). Higher AH TFx was observed in eyes with vitreal progression (TFx = 46.0% ± 40.4) than regression (22.0 ± 29.1; difference: -24.0; P = .049). CONCLUSIONS Establishing an AH liquid biopsy for RB is aimed at addressing (1) our inability to biopsy tumor tissue and (2) the lack of molecular biomarkers for intraocular prognosis. Current management decisions for RB are made based solely on clinical features without objective molecular testing. This prognostic study shows great promise for using AH as a companion diagnostic. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Berry
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.); Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., P.K., J.H.).
| | - Sarah Pike
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.)
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (R.S.)
| | - Mark W Reid
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.)
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.)
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (R.S.); Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California (Y.W.)
| | - Venkata Yellapantula
- the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.); Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (V.Y., J.B.)
| | - Jaclyn Biegel
- the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.)
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., P.K., J.H.); USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences and Department of Biological Sciences (P.K., J.H.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., P.K., J.H.); USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences and Department of Biological Sciences (P.K., J.H.), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- From the Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (J.L.B., S.P., M.W.R., C.-C.P., L.X.); the Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.L.B., V.Y., J.B., L.X.)
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4
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Lisek M, Tomczak J, Swiatek J, Kaluza A, Boczek T. Histone Deacetylases in Retinoblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6910. [PMID: 39000021 PMCID: PMC11241206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, a pediatric ocular malignancy, presents significant challenges in comprehending its molecular underpinnings and targeted therapeutic approaches. The dysregulated activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been associated with retinoblastoma pathogenesis, influencing critical cellular processes like cell cycle regulation or retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Through their deacetylase activity, HDACs exert control over key tumor suppressors and oncogenes, influencing the delicate equilibrium between proliferation and cell death. Furthermore, the interplay between HDACs and the retinoblastoma protein pathway, a pivotal aspect of retinoblastoma etiology, reveals a complex network of interactions influencing the tumor microenvironment. The examination of HDAC inhibitors, encompassing both established and novel compounds, offers insights into potential approaches to restore acetylation balance and impede retinoblastoma progression. Moreover, the identification of specific HDAC isoforms exhibiting varying expression in retinoblastoma provides avenues for personalized therapeutic strategies, allowing for interventions tailored to individual patient profiles. This review focuses on the intricate interrelationship between HDACs and retinoblastoma, shedding light on epigenetic mechanisms that control tumor development and progression. The exploration of HDAC-targeted therapies underscores the potential for innovative treatment modalities in the pursuit of more efficacious and personalized management strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.T.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.T.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
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Khade OS, Sasidharan S, Jain A, Maradani BS, Chatterjee A, Gopal D, Ravi Kumar RK, Krishnakumar S, Pandey A, Janakiraman N, Elchuri SV, Gundimeda S. Identification of dysregulation of sphingolipids in retinoblastoma using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109798. [PMID: 38246332 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare ocular cancer seen in children that counts for approximately 3% of all childhood cancers. It is found that mutation in RB1, a tumour Suppressor Gene on chromosome 13 as the cause of malignancy. Retinoblastoma protein is the target for ceramide to cause apoptosis. We studied lipidomics of two RB cell lines, one aggressive cell line (NCC-RbC-51) derived from a metastatic site and one non aggressive cell line (WERI-Rb1) in comparison with a control cell line (MIO-M1). Lipid profiles of all the cell lines were studied using high resolution mass spectrometer coupled to high performance liquid chromatography. Data acquired from all the three cell lines in positive mode were analyzed to identify differentially expressed metabolites. Several phospholipids and lysophospholipids were found to be dysregulated. We observed upregulation of hexosyl ceramides, and down regulation of dihydroceramides and higher order sphingoglycolipids hinting at a hindered sphingolipid biosynthesis. The results obtained from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are validated by using qPCR and it was observed that genes involved in ceramide biosynthesis pathway are getting down regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Surendra Khade
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sruthy Sasidharan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Amit Chatterjee
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Divya Gopal
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Subramaniyan Krishnakumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India; Department of Histopathology, Radheshyam Stem Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Centre for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Narayanan Janakiraman
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.
| | - Seetaramanjaneyulu Gundimeda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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6
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Sinenko IL, Kuttler F, Simeonov V, Moulin A, Aouad P, Stathopoulos C, Munier FL, Berger A, Dyson PJ. Translational screening platform to evaluate chemotherapy in combination with focal therapy for retinoblastoma. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3728-3739. [PMID: 37340597 PMCID: PMC10475790 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric eye cancer. It is currently treated with a limited number of drugs, adapted from other pediatric cancer treatments. Drug toxicity and relapse of the disease warrant new therapeutic strategies for these young patients. In this study, we developed a robust tumoroid-based platform to test chemotherapeutic agents in combination with focal therapy (thermotherapy) - a treatment option widely used in clinical practice - in accordance with clinically relevant trial protocols. The model consists of matrix-embedded tumoroids that retain retinoblastoma features and respond to repeated chemotherapeutic drug exposure similarly to advanced clinical cases. Moreover, the screening platform includes a diode laser (810 nm, 0.3 W) to selectively heat the tumoroids, combined with an on-line system to monitor the intratumoral and surrounding temperatures. This allows the reproduction of the clinical settings of thermotherapy and combined chemothermotherapy treatments. When testing the two main drugs currently used in clinics to treat retinoblastoma in our model, we observed results similar to those clinically obtained, validating the utility of the model. This screening platform is the first system to accurately reproduce clinically relevant treatment methods and should lead to the identification of more efficient drugs to treat retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L. Sinenko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life SciencesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Valentin Simeonov
- Laboratory of Environmental Remote SensingÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alexandre Moulin
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Aouad
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Christina Stathopoulos
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Francis L. Munier
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Adeline Berger
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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7
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Rathore S, Verma A, Ratna R, Marwa N, Ghiya Y, Honavar SG, Tiwari A, Das S, Varshney A. Retinoblastoma: A review of the molecular basis of tumor development and its clinical correlation in shaping future targeted treatment strategies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:2662-2676. [PMID: 37417104 PMCID: PMC10491038 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3172_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that affects children and is the most prevalent intraocular tumor worldwide. Despite tremendous breakthroughs in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate progression of retinoblastoma, the development of targeted therapeutics for retinoblastoma has lagged. Our review highlights the current developments in the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic landscapes of retinoblastoma. We also discuss their clinical relevance and potential implications for future therapeutic development, with the aim to create a frontline multimodal therapy for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rathore
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Verma
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ria Ratna
- Ocular Genetics Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Navjot Marwa
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya Ghiya
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh G Honavar
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, Centre for Sight, Hyderbad, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sima Das
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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8
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Sinenko IL, Turnell-Ritson RC, Munier FL, Dyson PJ. The predictive capacity of in vitro preclinical models to evaluate drugs for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Exp Eye Res 2023; 230:109447. [PMID: 36940901 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer of the eye. Of the small number of drugs are used to treat retinoblastoma, all have been repurposed from drugs developed for other conditions. In order to find drugs or drug combinations better suited to the improved treatment of retinoblastoma, reliable predictive models are required, which facilitate the challenging transition from in vitro studies to clinical trials. In this review, the research performed to date on the development of 2D and 3D in vitro models for retinoblastoma is presented. Most of this research was undertaken with a view to better biological understanding of retinoblastoma, and we discuss the potential for these models to be applied to drug screening. Future research directions for streamlined drug discovery are considered and evaluated, and many promising avenues identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L Sinenko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, CH-1004, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland C Turnell-Ritson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francis L Munier
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, CH-1004, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Maricic N, Schwermer M, Schramm A, Morosan-Puopolo G, Ketteler P, Brand-Saberi B. Zebrafish as an Orthotopic Tumor Model for Retinoblastoma Mimicking Routes of Human Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235814. [PMID: 36497295 PMCID: PMC9736091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common eye cancer in children that has a high mortality rate when left untreated. Mouse models for retinoblastoma have been established but are time- and cost-intensive. The aim of this work was to evaluate an orthotopic transplantation model of retinoblastoma in zebrafish that also allows for tracking migratory routes and to explore advantages and disadvantages with respect to drug testing. METHODS Three fluorescence-labeled retinoblastoma cell lines (RB355, WERI-RB-1, Y79) were injected into the left eye of two-day-old zebrafish, while the un-injected right eye served as control. The migratory trajectories of injected retinoblastoma cells were observed until 8 days post injection (dpi), both in lateral and dorsal view, and measuring fluorescence intensity of injected cells was done for RB355 cells. RESULTS Time until the onset of migration and routes for all three retinoblastoma cell lines were comparable and resulted in migration into the brain and ventricles of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Involvement of the optic nerve was observed in 10% of injections with the RB355 cell line, 15% with Y79 cells and 5% with WERI-RB-1 cells. Fluorescence intensity of injected RB355 cells showed an initial increase until five dpi, but then decreased with high variability until the end of observation. CONCLUSION The zebrafish eye is well suited for the analysis of migratory routes in retinoblastoma and closely mirrors patterns of retinoblastoma metastases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Maricic
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische-Wilhelms University, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwermer
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Morosan-Puopolo
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Ketteler
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (B.B.-S.); Tel.: +49-(0)201-72-32003 (P.K.); +49-(0)234-32-27780 (B.B.-S.)
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (B.B.-S.); Tel.: +49-(0)201-72-32003 (P.K.); +49-(0)234-32-27780 (B.B.-S.)
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10
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MYCN induces cell-specific tumorigenic growth in RB1-proficient human retinal organoid and chicken retina models of retinoblastoma. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:34. [PMID: 35729105 PMCID: PMC9213451 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare, intraocular paediatric cancer that originates in the neural retina and is most frequently caused by bi-allelic loss of RB1 gene function. Other oncogenic mutations, such as amplification and increased expression of the MYCN gene, have been found even with proficient RB1 function. In this study, we investigated whether MYCN over-expression can drive carcinogenesis independently of RB1 loss-of-function mutations. The aim was to elucidate the events that result in carcinogenesis and identify the cancer cell-of-origin. We used the chicken retina, a well-established model for studying retinal neurogenesis, and established human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal organoids as model systems. We over-expressed MYCN by electroporation of piggyBac genome-integrating expression vectors. We found that over-expression of MYCN induced tumorigenic growth with high frequency in RB1-proficient chicken retinas and human organoids. In both systems, the tumorigenic cells expressed markers for undifferentiated cone photoreceptor/horizontal cell progenitors. The over-expression resulted in metastatic retinoblastoma within 7–9 weeks in chicken. Cells expressing MYCN could be grown in vitro and, when orthotopically injected, formed tumours that infiltrated the sclera and optic nerve and expressed markers for cone progenitors. Investigation of the tumour cell phenotype determined that the potential for neoplastic growth was embryonic stage-dependent and featured a cell-specific resistance to apoptosis in the cone/horizontal cell lineage, but not in ganglion or amacrine cells. We conclude that MYCN over-expression is sufficient to drive tumorigenesis and that a cell-specific resistance to apoptosis in the cone/horizontal cell lineage mediates the cancer phenotype. ![]()
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11
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RB1-Negative Retinal Organoids Display Proliferation of Cone Photoreceptors and Loss of Retinal Differentiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092166. [PMID: 35565295 PMCID: PMC9105736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the eye’s retina, which is the very specialized tissue responsible for vision. In 98% of cases, the tumor is caused by inactivation of the RB1 gene. Due to lack of material and models, the understanding of RB1 mutations in tumor development is still unsatisfactory. We aimed to establish a human laboratory model for retinoblastoma. While differentiating stem cells with a mutation in RB1 into retina, we observed reduced differentiation potential but enhanced proliferation—general hallmarks of tumor development. The gene expression signature in the model resembled that of tumor material. This approach now enables research on retinoblastoma and probably therapy in the correct tissue, the human retina. Abstract Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the eye in children under the age of five caused by biallelic inactivation of the RB1 tumor suppressor gene in maturing retinal cells. Cancer models are essential for understanding tumor development and in preclinical research. Because of the complex organization of the human retina, such models were challenging to develop for retinoblastoma. Here, we present an organoid model based on differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into neural retina after inactivation of RB1 by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Wildtype and RB1 heterozygous mutant retinal organoids were indistinguishable with respect to morphology, temporal development of retinal cell types and global mRNA expression. However, loss of pRB resulted in spatially disorganized organoids and aberrant differentiation, indicated by disintegration of organoids beyond day 130 of differentiation and depletion of most retinal cell types. Only cone photoreceptors were abundant and continued to proliferate, supporting these as candidate cells-of-origin for retinoblastoma. Transcriptome analysis of RB1 knockout organoids and primary retinoblastoma revealed gain of a retinoblastoma expression signature in the organoids, characterized by upregulation of RBL1 (p107), MDM2, DEK, SYK and HELLS. In addition, genes related to immune response and extracellular matrix were specifically upregulated in RB1-negative organoids. In vitro retinal organoids therefore display some features associated with retinoblastoma and, so far, represent the only valid human cancer model for the development of this disease.
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12
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Schaiquevich P, Francis JH, Cancela MB, Carcaboso AM, Chantada GL, Abramson DH. Treatment of Retinoblastoma: What Is the Latest and What Is the Future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:822330. [PMID: 35433448 PMCID: PMC9010858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.822330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular malignancy in children, has changed drastically over the last decade. Landmark developments in local drug delivery, namely, safer techniques for intravitreal chemotherapy injection and ophthalmic artery chemosurgery, have resulted in eye globe salvages that were not previously attainable using systemic chemotherapy or external beam irradiation. Novel drugs, oncolytic viruses, and immunotherapy are promising approaches in the treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma. Importantly, emerging studies of the pattern of tumor dissemination and local drug delivery may provide the first steps toward new treatments for metastatic disease. Here, we review recent advances in retinoblastoma treatment, especially with regard to local drug delivery, that have enabled successful conservative management of intraocular retinoblastoma. We also review emerging data from preclinical and clinical studies on innovative approaches that promise to lead to further improvement in outcomes, namely, the mechanisms and potential uses of new and repurposed drugs and non-chemotherapy treatments, and discuss future directions for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Schaiquevich
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jasmine H. Francis
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill/Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, United States
| | - María Belén Cancela
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Montero Carcaboso
- Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo L. Chantada
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain,Institute for Translational Research, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Research Department, Fundacion Perez-Scremini, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David H. Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill/Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: David H. Abramson,
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13
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Yang W, Jiang XX, Zhao XY, Mao PA. Treatment of RB-deficient retinoblastoma with Aurora-A kinase inhibitor. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2022; 38:244-252. [PMID: 34741392 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, also known as ocular cancer, usually affects children under the age of five. The standard of care for managing early-stage retinoblastoma is a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide. However, this combination-based modality has limited applications owing to its side and late effects. Moreover, in advanced tumor stages, nearly 50% of patients would suffer a partial or full loss of vision. Therefore, therapies that preserve vision and reduce side effects are urgently required. Here, we focused mainly on the common loss-of-function (LOF) mutation of retinoblastoma gene 1 (RB1) in advanced retinoblastoma and investigated the synthetic lethality between RB1-LOF and Aurora kinase inhibition. We showed that Aurora kinase A inhibition could lead to cell mitotic abnormality and apoptosis, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in a mouse model xenografted with RB1-deficient retinoblastoma. Our findings provide a promising druggable molecular target and potential clinical strategy for tackling retinoblastoma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xiu Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhou Jintan First People's Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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14
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The roles of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) oncoprotein in ocular diseases: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108910. [PMID: 34998788 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and the primary negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53, cooperates with its structural homolog MDM4/MDMX to control intracellular p53 level. In turn, overexpression of p53 upregulates and forms an autoregulatory feedback loop with MDM2. The MDM2-p53 axis plays a pivotal role in modulating cell cycle control and apoptosis. MDM2 itself is regulated by the PI3K-AKT and RB-E2F-ARF pathways. While amplification of the MDM2 gene or overexpression of MDM2 (due to MDM2 SNP T309G, for instance) is associated with various malignancies, numerous studies have shown that MDM2/p53 alterations may also play a part in the pathogenetic process of certain ocular disorders (Fig. 1). These include cancers (retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma), fibrocellular proliferative diseases (proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pterygium), neovascular diseases, degenerative diseases (cataract, primary open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration) and infectious/inflammatory diseases (trachoma, uveitis). In addition, MDM2 is implicated in retinogenesis and regeneration after optic nerve injury. Anti-MDM2 therapy has shown potential as a novel approach to treating these diseases. Despite major safety concerns, there are high expectations for the clinical value of reformative MDM2 inhibitors. This review summarizes important findings about the role of MDM2 in ocular pathologies and provides an overview of recent advances in treating these diseases with anti-MDM2 therapies.
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15
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Sradhanjali S, Rout P, Tripathy D, Kaliki S, Rath S, Modak R, Mittal R, Chowdary TK, Reddy MM. The Oncogene MYCN Modulates Glycolytic and Invasive Genes to Enhance Cell Viability and Migration in Human Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205248. [PMID: 34680394 PMCID: PMC8533785 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is usually initiated by biallelic RB1 gene inactivation. In addition, MYCN copy number alterations also contribute to RB pathogenesis. However, MYCN expression, its role in disease progression and correlation with RB histological risk factors are not well understood. We studied the expression of MYCN in enucleated RB patient specimens by immunohistochemistry. MYCN is overexpressed in RB compared to control retina. Our microarray gene expression analysis followed by qRT-PCR validation revealed that genes involved in glucose metabolism and migration are significantly downregulated in MYCN knockdown cells. Further, targeting MYCN in RB cells using small molecule compounds or shRNAs led to decreased cell survival and migration, increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, suggesting that MYCN inhibition can be a potential therapeutic strategy. We also noted that MYCN inhibition results in reduction in glucose uptake, lactate production, ROS levels and gelatinolytic activity of active-MMP9, explaining a possible mechanism of MYCN in RB. Taking clues from our findings, we tested a combination treatment of RB cells with carboplatin and MYCN inhibitors to find enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared to single drug treatment. Thus, MYCN inhibition can be a potential therapeutic strategy in combination with existing chemotherapy drugs to restrict tumor cell growth in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatishree Sradhanjali
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Padmalochan Rout
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- Novo Nordisk, Bangalore 560066, Karnataka, India
| | - Devjyoti Tripathy
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (D.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, Telangana, India;
| | - Suryasnata Rath
- Ophthalmic Plastics, Orbit and Ocular Oncology Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (D.T.); (S.R.)
| | - Rahul Modak
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
| | - Ruchi Mittal
- Kanupriya Dalmia Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Tirumala Kumar Chowdary
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India;
| | - Mamatha M. Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; (S.S.); (P.R.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-674-3987175
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16
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Kim ME, Polski A, Xu L, Prabakar RK, Peng CC, Reid MW, Shah R, Kuhn P, Cobrinik D, Hicks J, Berry JL. Comprehensive Somatic Copy Number Analysis Using Aqueous Humor Liquid Biopsy for Retinoblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133340. [PMID: 34283049 PMCID: PMC8268955 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy is an enriched source of cell-free circulating tumor-derived DNA for retinoblastoma (RB). The use of this AH liquid biopsy allows for genomic analysis of eyes in the absence of tumor tissue. Development of this platform was critical because direct tumor biopsy is prohibited in RB due to risk of extraocular tumor spread. In this retrospective study, we provide comprehensive, whole-genome analysis of the somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) in 68 eyes of 64 RB patients. We show that the prevalence of specific SCNAs differ between eyes that required immediate enucleation (surgical removal) and eyes that were attempted to be saved but subsequently failed treatment, requiring secondary enucleation. Increases in chromosomal instability, or higher number of broad genomic alterations, predict higher risk clinical and biomarker features in these eyes. Prospective analyses are needed to further determine the clinical relevance and application of these findings. Abstract Aqueous humor (AH) liquid biopsy has been established as a surrogate tumor biopsy for retinoblastoma (RB). Previous AH studies have focused on highly recurrent RB somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) including gain of 1q, 2p, 6p, and loss of 13q and 16q. In this retrospective study, we provide a comprehensive, whole-genome analysis of RB SCNAs and evaluate associated clinical features for 68 eyes of 64 RB patients from whom AH was obtained between December 2014 and October 2020. Shallow whole-genome sequencing of AH cell-free DNA was performed to assess for SCNAs. The prevalence of specific non-highly recurrent SCNAs, such as 20q gain and 8p loss, differed between primarily and secondarily enucleated eyes. Increases in chromosomal instability predict more advanced seeding morphology (p = 0.015); later age of diagnosis (p < 0.0001); greater odds of an endophytic tumor growth pattern (without retinal detachment; p = 0.047); tumor heights >10 mm (p = 0.09); and containing 6p gain, a biomarker of poor ocular prognosis (p = 0.004). The AH liquid biopsy platform is a high-yield method of whole-genome RB SCNA analysis, and SCNAs are associated with numerous clinical findings in RB eyes. Prospective analyses are encouraged to further elucidate the clinical relevance of specific SCNAs in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Kim
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ashley Polski
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Rishvanth K. Prabakar
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Mark W. Reid
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA;
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (L.X.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-323-442-6335
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17
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Price EA, Patel R, Scheimberg I, Kotiloglu Karaa E, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA, Onadim Z. MYCN amplification levels in primary retinoblastoma tumors analyzed by Multiple Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:604-611. [PMID: 34003079 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1923038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a childhood tumor of the developing retina where predisposition is caused by RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCN amplification (MYCNA) has been implicated in around 2% of sporadic unilateral Rb tumors with no detectable RB1 variants. We audited data from tumors collected between 1993 and 2019 to determine if this is the case for patients treated at Barts Health NHS Trust, and how often it occurred alongside RB1 variants. Materials and methods: Screening for MYCNA was carried out by Multiple Ligation Probe Analysis of tumor and blood samples collected for RB1 genetic screening. The cohort consisted of 149 tumors, of which 114 had matched blood samples. Results: 10/149 (6.7%) tumors were positive for MYCNA in a population containing a disproportionate number of cases negative for RB1 pathogenic variants. Of 65 unbiased tumors collected from 2014 to 2019, 2 (3.1%) had MYCNA. All MYCNA samples were from sporadic, unilateral patients and 3/10 (30%) had RB1 pathogenic variants. MYCNA was not detected in any blood sample. No MYCNA tumor had 6p gain which is usually a common alteration in Rbs. Conclusions: MYCNA occurs in a small fraction of Rbs and can occur in the presence of pathogenic RB1 variants. However, where it occurs alongside RB1 alterations, the age of onset appears to be later. MYCNA has yet to be seen as a heritable change. In sporadic cases with early diagnosis, Rbs with no RB1 pathogenic variant identified should be tested for MYCNA. Conversely, tumors with MYCNA should still be screened for RB1 pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Price
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Roopal Patel
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mandeep S Sagoo
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - M Ashwin Reddy
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zerrin Onadim
- Retinoblastoma Genetic Screening Unit, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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18
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Moulin AP, Stathopoulos C, Marcelli F, Schoumans Pouw J, Beck-Popovic M, Munier FL. Secondary enucleated retinoblastoma with MYCN amplification. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:354-359. [PMID: 33870828 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1897847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Absence of RB1 mutation is rare in retinoblastoma and MYCN amplifications were recently identified in a subset of aggressive retinoblastomas occurring in infants. Here we describe not only the clinical phenotype of MYCN retinoblastoma at presentation, but also the tumor response to the first attempt of conservative management in this context.Methods: Interventional retrospective case reportResults: A 6-month-old boy was referred with right leukocoria. Examination under anesthesia revealed a group D unilateral retinoblastoma with an extensive whitish mass and total retinal detachment. Despite partial response following combined sequential intravenous and intra-arterial chemotherapy, tumor relapse in the aqueous humor occurred with posterior chamber involvement over 360°, this transiently controlled by intracameral and intravitreal melphalan injections. Eleven months post-diagnosis the eye was enucleated due to diffuse retinal recurrence invading the ciliary body and obscuring the optic nerve, associated with neovascular glaucoma. Histopathology revealed a poorly differentiated retinoblastoma with diffuse retinal invasion, extending from the superior ciliary body to the inferior equatorial choroid. There was post laminar optic nerve extension without involvement of the surgical margin. RB1 and diffuse MYCN nuclear expression were identified. FISH and SNP-array confirmed MYCN amplification. At 65 months follow-up the patient remained in good health without local recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to attempt conservative management of an MYCN retinoblastoma, although secondary enucleation could not be avoided due to highly aggressive recurrence resisting all targeted modalities of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis L Munier
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Xu L, Kim ME, Polski A, Prabakar RK, Shen L, Peng CC, Reid MW, Chévez-Barrios P, Kim JW, Shah R, Jubran R, Kuhn P, Cobrinik D, Biegel JA, Gai X, Hicks J, Berry JL. Establishing the Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment Monitoring of Retinoblastoma: The Aqueous Humor Liquid Biopsy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1282. [PMID: 33805776 PMCID: PMC8001323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because direct tumor biopsy is prohibited for retinoblastoma (RB), eye-specific molecular biomarkers are not used in clinical practice for RB. Recently, we demonstrated that the aqueous humor (AH) is a rich liquid biopsy source of cell-free tumor DNA. Herein, we detail clinically-relevant molecular biomarkers from the first year of prospective validation data. Seven eyes from 6 RB patients who had AH sampled at diagnosis and throughout therapy with ≥12 months of follow-up were included. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from each sample was isolated and sequenced to assess genome-wide somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), followed by targeted resequencing for pathogenic variants using a RB1 and MYCN custom hybridization panel. Tumoral genomic information was detected in 100% of diagnostic AH samples. Of the seven diagnostic AH samples, 5/7 were positive for RB SCNAs. Mutational analysis identified RB1 variants in 5/7 AH samples, including the 2 samples in which no SCNAs were detected. Two eyes failed therapy and required enucleation; both had poor prognostic biomarkers (chromosome 6p gain or MYCN amplification) present in the AH at the time of diagnosis. In the context of previously established pre-analytical, analytical, and clinical validity, this provides evidence for larger, prospective studies to further establish the clinical utility of the AH liquid biopsy and its applications to precision oncology for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Mary E. Kim
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ashley Polski
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rishvanth K. Prabakar
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.S.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
| | - Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Mark W. Reid
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
| | - Patricia Chévez-Barrios
- Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jonathan W. Kim
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rachana Shah
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Rima Jubran
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (R.S.); (R.J.)
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Jaclyn A. Biegel
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.S.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.S.); (J.A.B.); (X.G.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - James Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; (P.K.); (J.H.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse L. Berry
- The Vision Center at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (L.X.); (M.E.K.); (A.P.); (C.-C.P.); (M.W.R.); (J.W.K.); (D.C.)
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Hong FU, Castro M, Linse K. Tumor-specific lytic path “hyperploid progression mediated death”: Resolving side effects through targeting retinoblastoma or p53 mutant. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:854-867. [PMID: 33312882 PMCID: PMC7701912 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i11.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major advance was made to reduce the side effects of cancer therapy via the elucidation of the tumor-specific lytic path “hyperploid progression-mediated death” targeting retinoblastoma (Rb) or p53-mutants defective in G1 DNA damage checkpoint. The genetic basis of human cancers was uncovered through the cloning of the tumor suppressor Rb gene. It encodes a nuclear DNA-binding protein whose self-interaction is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases. A 3D-structure of Rb dimer is shown, confirming its multimeric status. Rb assumes a central role in cell cycle regulation and the “Rb pathway” is universally inactivated in human cancers. Hyperploidy refers to a state in which cells contain one or more extra chromosomes. Hyperploid progression occurs due to continued cell-cycling without cytokinesis in G1 checkpoint-defective cancer cells. The evidence for the triggering of hyperploid progression-mediated death in RB-mutant human retinoblastoma cells is shown. Hence, the very genetic mutation that predisposes to cancer can be exploited to induce lethality. The discovery helped to establish the principle of targeted cytotoxic cancer therapy at the mechanistic level. By triggering the lytic path, targeted therapy with tumor specificity at the genetic level can be developed. It sets the stage for systematically eliminating side effects for cytotoxic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Un Hong
- Department of Research and Development, Bio-Synthesis, Lewisville, TX 75057, United States
| | - Miguel Castro
- Department of Research and Development, Bio-Synthesis, Lewisville, TX 75057, United States
| | - Klaus Linse
- Department of Research and Development, Bio-Synthesis, Lewisville, TX 75057, United States
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