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Cano I, Wild M, Gupta U, Chaudhary S, Ng YSE, Saint-Geniez M, D'Amore PA, Hu Z. Endomucin selectively regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 endocytosis through its interaction with AP2. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:225. [PMID: 38605348 PMCID: PMC11007909 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01606-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx, located at the luminal surface of the endothelium, plays an important role in the regulation of leukocyte adhesion, vascular permeability, and vascular homeostasis. Endomucin (EMCN), a component of the endothelial glycocalyx, is a mucin-like transmembrane glycoprotein selectively expressed by venous and capillary endothelium. We have previously shown that knockdown of EMCN impairs retinal vascular development in vivo and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 isoform (VEGF165)-induced cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation by human retinal endothelial cells in vitro and that EMCN is essential for VEGF165-stimulated clathrin-mediated endocytosis and signaling of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is an essential step in receptor signaling and is of paramount importance for a number of receptors for growth factors involved in angiogenesis. In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism underlying EMCN's involvement in the regulation of VEGF-induced endocytosis. In addition, we examined the specificity of EMCN's role in angiogenesis-related cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase endocytosis and signaling. We identified that EMCN interacts with AP2 complex, which is essential for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Lack of EMCN did not affect clathrin recruitment to the AP2 complex following VEGF stimulation, but it is necessary for the interaction between VEGFR2 and the AP2 complex during endocytosis. EMCN does not inhibit VEGFR1 and FGFR1 internalization or their downstream activities since EMCN interacts with VEGFR2 but not VEGFR1 or FGFR1. Additionally, EMCN also regulates VEGF121-induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issahy Cano
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Present affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Wild
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Urvi Gupta
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Shan Eric Ng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Present Affiliation: EyeBiotech, London, UK
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Present affiliation: Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhengping Hu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Chung DD, Chen AC, Choo CH, Zhang W, Williams D, Griffis CG, Bonezzi P, Jatavallabhula K, Sampath AP, Aldave AJ. Investigation of the functional impact of CHED- and FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations in human corneal endothelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296928. [PMID: 38252645 PMCID: PMC10802951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the solute linked carrier family 4 member 11 (SLC4A11) gene are associated with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy type 4 (FECD4), both characterized by corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) dysfunction and/or cell loss leading to corneal edema and visual impairment. In this study, we characterize the impact of CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations on CEnC function and SLC4A11 protein localization by generating and comparing human CEnC (hCEnC) lines expressing wild type SLC4A11 (SLC4A11WT) or mutant SLC4A11 harboring CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations (SLC4A11MU). SLC4A11WT and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines were generated to express either SLC4A11 variant 2 (V2WT and V2MU) or variant 3 (V3WT and V3MU), the two major variants expressed in ex vivo hCEnC. Functional assays were performed to assess cell barrier, proliferation, viability, migration, and NH3-induced membrane conductance. We demonstrate SLC4A11-/- and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines exhibited increased migration rates, altered proliferation and decreased cell viability compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Additionally, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC demonstrated decreased cell-substrate adhesion and membrane capacitances compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Induction with 10mM NH4Cl led SLC4A11WT hCEnC to depolarize; conversely, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC hyperpolarized and the majority of SLC4A11MU hCEnC either hyperpolarized or had minimal membrane potential changes following NH4Cl induction. Immunostaining of primary hCEnC and SLC4A11WT hCEnC lines for SLC4A11 demonstrated predominately plasma membrane staining with poor or partial colocalization with mitochondrial marker COX4 within a subset of punctate subcellular structures. Overall, our findings suggest CHED-associated SLC4A11 mutations likely lead to hCEnC dysfunction, and ultimately CHED, by interfering with cell migration, proliferation, viability, membrane conductance, barrier function, and/or cell surface localization of the SLC4A11 protein in hCEnC. Additionally, based on their similar subcellular localization and exhibiting similar cell functional profiles, protein isoforms encoded by SLC4A11 variant 2 and variant 3 likely have highly overlapping functional roles in hCEnC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug D. Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Angela C. Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Charlene H. Choo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dominic Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Griffis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Bonezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kavya Jatavallabhula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alapakkam P. Sampath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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3
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Haggerty KN, Eshelman SC, Sexton LA, Frimpong E, Rogers LM, Agosto MA, Robichaux MA. Super-resolution mapping in rod photoreceptors identifies rhodopsin trafficking through the inner segment plasma membrane as an essential subcellular pathway. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002467. [PMID: 38190419 PMCID: PMC10773939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina have a highly compartmentalized morphology for efficient phototransduction and vision. Rhodopsin, the visual pigment in rod photoreceptors, is densely packaged into the rod outer segment sensory cilium and continuously renewed through essential synthesis and trafficking pathways housed in the rod inner segment. Despite the importance of this region for rod health and maintenance, the subcellular organization of rhodopsin and its trafficking regulators in the mammalian rod inner segment remain undefined. We used super-resolution fluorescence microscopy with optimized retinal immunolabeling techniques to perform a single molecule localization analysis of rhodopsin in the inner segments of mouse rods. We found that a significant fraction of rhodopsin molecules was localized at the plasma membrane, at the surface, in an even distribution along the entire length of the inner segment, where markers of transport vesicles also colocalized. Thus, our results collectively establish a model of rhodopsin trafficking through the inner segment plasma membrane as an essential subcellular pathway in mouse rod photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N. Haggerty
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Eshelman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Sexton
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Frimpong
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Leah M. Rogers
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melina A. Agosto
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael A. Robichaux
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
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Bai J, Koos DS, Stepanian K, Fouladian Z, Shayler DWH, Aparicio JG, Fraser SE, Moats RA, Cobrinik D. Episodic live imaging of cone photoreceptor maturation in GNAT2-EGFP retinal organoids. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050193. [PMID: 37902188 PMCID: PMC10690052 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent reporter pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids are powerful tools to investigate cell type-specific development and disease phenotypes. When combined with live imaging, they enable direct and repeated observation of cell behaviors within a developing retinal tissue. Here, we generated a human cone photoreceptor reporter line by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of WTC11-mTagRFPT-LMNB1 human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by inserting enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) coding sequences and a 2A self-cleaving peptide at the N-terminus of guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha transducin 2 (GNAT2). In retinal organoids generated from these iPSCs, the GNAT2-EGFP alleles robustly and exclusively labeled immature and mature cones. Episodic confocal live imaging of hydrogel immobilized retinal organoids allowed tracking of the morphological maturation of individual cones for >18 weeks and revealed inner segment accumulation of mitochondria and growth at 12.2 μm3 per day from day 126 to day 153. Immobilized GNAT2-EGFP cone reporter organoids provide a valuable tool for investigating human cone development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlun Bai
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - David S. Koos
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Translational Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Kayla Stepanian
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Zachary Fouladian
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dominic W. H. Shayler
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jennifer G. Aparicio
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Scott E. Fraser
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Translational Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Rex A. Moats
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Translational Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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5
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Meier K, Tarczy-Hornoch K, Boynton GM, Fine I. Characterizing amblyopic perception under non-rivalrous viewing conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7993. [PMID: 37198211 PMCID: PMC10189719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current assessments of interocular interactions in amblyopia often use rivalrous stimuli, with conflicting stimuli in each eye, which does not reflect vision under typical circumstances. Here we measure interocular interactions in observers with amblyopia, strabismus with equal vision, and controls using a non-rivalrous stimulus. Observers used a joystick to continuously report the perceived binocular contrast of dichoptic grating stimuli, identical except that the stimulus was contrast-modulated independently in each eye over time. Consistent with previous studies, a model predicting the time-course of perceived contrast found increased amblyopic eye attenuation, and reduced contrast normalization of the fellow eye by the amblyopic eye, in amblyopic participants compared to controls. However, these suppressive interocular effects were weaker than those found in previous studies, suggesting that rivalrous stimuli may overestimate the effects of amblyopia on interocular interactions during naturalistic viewing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | - Ione Fine
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Vöcking O, Famulski JK. A temporal single cell transcriptome atlas of zebrafish anterior segment development. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5656. [PMID: 37024546 PMCID: PMC10079958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), resulting in vision impairment, stems from maldevelopment of anterior segment (AS) tissues. Incidence of ASD has been linked to malfunction of periocular mesenchyme cells (POM). POM cells specify into anterior segment mesenchyme (ASM) cells which colonize and produce AS tissues. In this study we uncover ASM developmental trajectories associated with formation of the AS. Using a transgenic line of zebrafish that fluorescently labels the ASM throughout development, Tg[foxc1b:GFP], we isolated GFP+ ASM cells at several developmental timepoints (48-144 hpf) and performed single cell RNA sequencing. Clustering analysis indicates subdifferentiation of ASM as early as 48 hpf and subsequent diversification into corneal epithelium/endothelium/stroma, or annular ligament (AL) lineages. Tracking individual clusters reveals common developmental pathways, up to 72 hpf, for the AL and corneal endothelium/stroma and distinct pathways for corneal epithelium starting at 48 hpf. Spatiotemporal validation of over 80 genes found associated with AS development demonstrates a high degree of conservation with mammalian trabecular meshwork and corneal tissues. In addition, we characterize thirteen novel genes associated with annular ligament and seven with corneal development. Overall, the data provide a molecular verification of the long-standing hypothesis that POM derived ASM give rise to AS tissues and highlight the high degree of conservation between zebrafish and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Vöcking
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - J K Famulski
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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7
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Peng CC, Sirivolu S, Pike S, Kim ME, Reiser B, Li HT, Liang G, Xu L, Berry JL. Diagnostic Aqueous Humor Proteome Predicts Metastatic Potential in Uveal Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076825. [PMID: 37047796 PMCID: PMC10094875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling (GEP) is clinically validated to stratify the risk of metastasis by assigning uveal melanoma (UM) patients to two highly prognostic molecular classes: class 1 (low metastatic risk) and class 2 (high metastatic risk). However, GEP requires intraocular tumor biopsy, which is limited by small tumor size and tumor heterogeneity; furthermore, there are small risks of retinal hemorrhage, bleeding, or tumor dissemination. Thus, ocular liquid biopsy has emerged as a less-invasive alternative. In this study, we seek to determine the aqueous humor (AH) proteome related to the advanced GEP class 2 using diagnostic AH liquid biopsy specimens. Twenty AH samples were collected from patients with UM, grouped by GEP classes. Protein expression levels of 1472 targets were analyzed, compared between GEP classes, and correlated with clinical features. Significant differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were subjected to analysis for cellular pathway and upstream regulator identification. The results showed that 45 DEPs detected in the AH could differentiate GEP class 1 and 2 at diagnosis. IL1R and SPRY2 are potential upstream regulators for the 8/45 DEPs that contribute to metastasis-related pathways. AH liquid biopsy offers a new opportunity to determine metastatic potential for patients in the absence of tumor biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ching Peng
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shreya Sirivolu
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sarah Pike
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mary E Kim
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Bibiana Reiser
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Liya Xu
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jesse L Berry
- The Vision Center at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abramson DH, Mandelker DL, Brannon AR, Dunkel IJ, Benayed R, Berger MF, Arcila ME, Ladanyi M, Friedman DN, Jayakumaran G, Diosdado MS, Robbins MA, Haggag-Lindgren D, Shukla N, Walsh MF, Kothari P, Tsui DWY, Francis JH. Mutant-RB1 circulating tumor DNA in the blood of unilateral retinoblastoma patients: What happens during enucleation surgery: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0271505. [PMID: 36735656 PMCID: PMC9897525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumor cell free DNA (ctDNA) from blood (plasma) are increasingly being used in oncology for diagnosis, monitoring response, identifying cancer causing mutations and detecting recurrences. Circulating tumor RB1 DNA (ctDNA) is found in the blood (plasma) of retinoblastoma patients at diagnosis before instituting treatment (naïve). We investigated ctDNA in naïve unilateral patients before enucleation and during enucleation (6 patients/ 8 mutations with specimens collected 5-40 minutes from severing the optic nerve) In our cohort, following transection the optic nerve, ctDNA RB1 VAF was measurably lower than pre-enucleation levels within five minutes, 50% less within 15 minutes and 90% less by 40 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Abramson
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana L. Mandelker
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - A. Rose Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ira J. Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Danielle Novetsky Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gowtham Jayakumaran
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Monica S. Diosdado
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Robbins
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dianna Haggag-Lindgren
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Prachi Kothari
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dana W. Y. Tsui
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jasmine H. Francis
- Department of Surgery, Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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9
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Wang Z, Yemanyi F, Blomfield AK, Bora K, Huang S, Liu CH, Britton WR, Cho SS, Tomita Y, Fu Z, Ma JX, Li WH, Chen J. Amino acid transporter SLC38A5 regulates developmental and pathological retinal angiogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e73105. [PMID: 36454214 PMCID: PMC9714971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) metabolism in vascular endothelium is important for sprouting angiogenesis. SLC38A5 (solute carrier family 38 member 5), an AA transporter, shuttles neutral AAs across cell membrane, including glutamine, which may serve as metabolic fuel for proliferating endothelial cells (ECs) to promote angiogenesis. Here, we found that Slc38a5 is highly enriched in normal retinal vascular endothelium, and more specifically, in pathological sprouting neovessels. Slc38a5 is suppressed in retinal blood vessels from Lrp5-/- and Ndpy/- mice, both genetic models of defective retinal vascular development with Wnt signaling mutations. Additionally, Slc38a5 transcription is regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Genetic deficiency of Slc38a5 in mice substantially delays retinal vascular development and suppresses pathological neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy modeling ischemic proliferative retinopathies. Inhibition of SLC38A5 in human retinal vascular ECs impairs EC proliferation and angiogenic function, suppresses glutamine uptake, and dampens vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2. Together these findings suggest that SLC38A5 is a new metabolic regulator of retinal angiogenesis by controlling AA nutrient uptake and homeostasis in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Alexandra K Blomfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kiran Bora
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - William R Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-SalemUnited States
| | - Wen-hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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10
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Mitchell B, Coulter C, Geldenhuys WJ, Rhodes S, Salido EM. Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycans IMPG1 and IMPG2 proteolyze in the SEA domain and reveal localization mutual dependency. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15535. [PMID: 36109576 PMCID: PMC9478142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) is a specialized extracellular mesh of molecules surrounding the inner and outer segments of photoreceptor neurons. Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan 1 and 2 (IMPG1 and IMPG2) are major components of the IPM. Both proteoglycans possess SEA (sperm protein, enterokinase and agrin) domains, which may support proteolysis. Interestingly, mutations in the SEA domains of IMPG1 and IMPG2 are associated with vision disease in humans. However, if SEA domains in IMPG molecules undergo proteolysis, and how this contributes to vision pathology is unknown. Therefore, we investigated SEA-mediated proteolysis of IMPG1 and IMPG2 and its significance to IPM physiology. Immunoblot analysis confirmed proteolysis of IMPG1 and IMPG2 in the retinas of wildtype mice. Point mutations mimicking human mutations in the SEA domain of IMPG1 that are associated with vision disease inhibited proteolysis. These findings demonstrate that proteolysis is part of the maturation of IMPG1 and IMPG2, in which deficits are associated with vision diseases. Further, immunohistochemical assays showed that proteolysis of IMPG2 generated two subunits, a membrane-attached peptide and an extracellular peptide. Notably, the extracellular portion of IMPG2 trafficked from the IPM around the inner segment toward the outer segment IPM by an IMPG1-dependent mechanism. This result provides the first evidence of a trafficking system that shuttles IMPG1 and IMPG2 from the inner to outer IPM in a co-dependent manner. In addition, these results suggest an interaction between IMPG1-IMPG2 and propose that mutations affecting one IMPG could affect the localization of the normal IMPG partner, contributing to the disease mechanism of vision diseases associated with defective IMPG molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chloe Coulter
- Undergraduate Program in Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Scott Rhodes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ezequiel M Salido
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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11
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Alam J, Yazdanpanah G, Ratnapriya R, Borcherding N, de Paiva CS, Li D, Guimaraes de Souza R, Yu Z, Pflugfelder SC. IL-17 Producing Lymphocytes Cause Dry Eye and Corneal Disease With Aging in RXRα Mutant Mouse. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849990. [PMID: 35402439 PMCID: PMC8983848 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate IL-17 related mechanisms for developing dry eye disease in the Pinkie mouse strain with a loss of function RXRα mutation. Methods Measures of dry eye disease were assessed in the cornea and conjunctiva. Expression profiling was performed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to compare gene expression in conjunctival immune cells. Conjunctival immune cells were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The activity of RXRα ligand 9-cis retinoic acid (RA) was evaluated in cultured monocytes and γδ T cells. Results Compared to wild type (WT) C57BL/6, Pinkie has increased signs of dry eye disease, including decreased tear volume, corneal barrier disruption, corneal/conjunctival cornification and goblet cell loss, and corneal vascularization, opacification, and ulceration with aging. ScRNA-seq of conjunctival immune cells identified γδ T cells as the predominant IL-17 expressing population in both strains and there is a 4-fold increased percentage of γδ T cells in Pinkie. Compared to WT, IL-17a, and IL-17f significantly increased in Pinkie with conventional T cells and γδ T cells as the major producers. Flow cytometry revealed an increased number of IL-17+ γδ T cells in Pinkie. Tear concentration of the IL-17 inducer IL-23 is significantly higher in Pinkie. 9-cis RA treatment suppresses stimulated IL-17 production by γδ T and stimulatory activity of monocyte supernatant on γδ T cell IL-17 production. Compared to WT bone marrow chimeras, Pinkie chimeras have increased IL-17+ γδ T cells in the conjunctiva after desiccating stress and anti-IL-17 treatment suppresses dry eye induced corneal MMP-9 production/activity and conjunctival goblet cell loss. Conclusion These findings indicate that RXRα suppresses generation of dry eye disease-inducing IL-17 producing lymphocytes s in the conjunctiva and identifies RXRα as a potential therapeutic target in dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Alam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - DeQuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo Guimaraes de Souza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen C. Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen C. Pflugfelder
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12
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Mao M, Popli T, Jeanne M, Hoff K, Sen S, Gould DB. Identification of fibronectin 1 as a candidate genetic modifier in a Col4a1 mutant mouse model of Gould syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048231. [PMID: 34424299 PMCID: PMC8106953 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type IV alpha 1 and alpha 2 (COL4A1 and COL4A2) are major components of almost all basement membranes. COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause a multisystem disorder that can affect any organ but typically involves the cerebral vasculature, eyes, kidneys and skeletal muscles. In recent years, patient advocacy and family support groups have united under the name of Gould syndrome. The manifestations of Gould syndrome are highly variable, and animal studies suggest that allelic heterogeneity and genetic context contribute to the clinical variability. We previously characterized a mouse model of Gould syndrome caused by a Col4a1 mutation in which the severities of ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), myopathy and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were dependent on genetic background. Here, we performed a genetic modifier screen to provide insight into the mechanisms contributing to Gould syndrome pathogenesis and identified a single locus [modifier of Gould syndrome 1 (MoGS1)] on Chromosome 1 that suppressed ASD. A separate screen showed that the same locus ameliorated myopathy. Interestingly, MoGS1 had no effect on ICH, suggesting that this phenotype could be mechanistically distinct. We refined the MoGS1 locus to a 4.3 Mb interval containing 18 protein-coding genes, including Fn1, which encodes the extracellular matrix component fibronectin 1. Molecular analysis showed that the MoGS1 locus increased Fn1 expression, raising the possibility that suppression is achieved through a compensatory extracellular mechanism. Furthermore, we found evidence of increased integrin-linked kinase levels and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in Col4a1 mutant mice that is partially restored by the MoGS1 locus, implicating the involvement of integrin signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that tissue-specific mechanistic heterogeneity contributes to the variable expressivity of Gould syndrome and that perturbations in integrin signaling may play a role in ocular and muscular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tanav Popli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marion Jeanne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kendall Hoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Saunak Sen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 North Pauline St, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Douglas B. Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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13
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Koli S, Labelle-Dumais C, Zhao Y, Paylakhi S, Nair KS. Identification of MFRP and the secreted serine proteases PRSS56 and ADAMTS19 as part of a molecular network involved in ocular growth regulation. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009458. [PMID: 33755662 PMCID: PMC8018652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of ocular size is a critical determinant of normal visual acuity. Although it is generally accepted that ocular growth relies on a cascade of signaling events transmitted from the retina to the sclera, the factors and mechanism(s) involved are poorly understood. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the retinal secreted serine protease PRSS56 and transmembrane glycoprotein MFRP, a factor predominantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in ocular size determination. Mutations in PRSS56 and MFRP constitute a major cause of nanophthalmos, a condition characterized by severe reduction in ocular axial length/extreme hyperopia. Interestingly, common variants of these genes have been implicated in myopia, a condition associated with ocular elongation. Consistent with these findings, mice with loss of function mutation in PRSS56 or MFRP exhibit a reduction in ocular axial length. However, the molecular network and cellular processes involved in PRSS56- and MFRP-mediated ocular axial growth remain elusive. Here, we show that Adamts19 expression is significantly upregulated in the retina of mice lacking either Prss56 or Mfrp. Importantly, using genetic mouse models, we demonstrate that while ADAMTS19 is not required for ocular growth during normal development, its inactivation exacerbates ocular axial length reduction in Prss56 and Mfrp mutant mice. These results suggest that the upregulation of retinal Adamts19 is part of an adaptive molecular response to counteract impaired ocular growth. Using a complementary genetic approach, we show that loss of PRSS56 or MFRP function prevents excessive ocular axial growth in a mouse model of early-onset myopia caused by a null mutation in Irbp, thus, demonstrating that PRSS56 and MFRP are also required for pathological ocular elongation. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the molecular network involved in ocular axial growth and support a role for molecular crosstalk between the retina and RPE involved in refractive development. During ocular refractive development, the eye’s growth is modulated, such that the ocular axial length matches the optical power enabling the eyes to achieve optimal focus. Alterations in ocular growth mainly contribute to refractive errors. Mutations in human PRSS56 and MFRP are responsible for nanophthalmos that exhibit a severe reduction in ocular axial length, and high hyperopia. Importantly, mutant mouse models lacking either Müller glia expressed PRSS56, or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) localized MFRP exhibit ocular axial length reduction. Here, we have identified Adamts19 as a factor whose levels were significantly upregulated in the retina of mice lacking either Prss56 or Mfrp. Importantly, utilizing Adamts19 knockout mice we demonstrate that upregulation of retinal Adamts19 expression constitutes a compensatory mechanism that provides partial protection against ocular axial reduction due to mutation in Prss56 and Mfrp. Next, utilizing a mouse model of early-onset myopia, we demonstrate that the mutant Irbp induced ocular axial elongation is completely dependent on Prss56 as well as Mfrp, suggesting an interplay between Müller glia and RPE in the regulation of ocular axial growth. Collectively, these findings suggest that ocular refractive development relies on complex interactions occurring between genetic factors in the retina and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swanand Koli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Seyyedhassan Paylakhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - K. Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Labelle-Dumais C, Pyatla G, Paylakhi S, Tolman NG, Hameed S, Seymens Y, Dang E, Mandal AK, Senthil S, Khanna RC, Kabra M, Kaur I, John SWM, Chakrabarti S, Nair KS. Loss of PRSS56 function leads to ocular angle defects and increased susceptibility to high intraocular pressure. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042853. [PMID: 32152063 PMCID: PMC7272341 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, affecting up to 70 million people worldwide. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma. It is well established that inefficient aqueous humor (AqH) outflow resulting from structural or functional alterations in ocular drainage tissues causes high IOP, but the genes and pathways involved are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease PRSS56 induces ocular angle closure and high IOP in mice and identified reduced ocular axial length as a potential contributing factor. Here, we show that Prss56-/- mice also exhibit an abnormal iridocorneal angle configuration characterized by a posterior shift of ocular drainage structures relative to the ciliary body and iris. Notably, we show that retina-derived PRSS56 is required between postnatal days 13 and 18 for proper iridocorneal configuration and that abnormal positioning of the ocular drainage tissues is not dependent on ocular size reduction in Prss56-/- mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the genetic context modulates the severity of IOP elevation in Prss56 mutant mice and describe a progressive degeneration of ocular drainage tissues that likely contributes to the exacerbation of the high IOP phenotype observed on the C3H/HeJ genetic background. Finally, we identify five rare PRSS56 variants associated with human primary congenital glaucoma, a condition characterized by abnormal development of the ocular drainage structures. Collectively, our findings point to a role for PRSS56 in the development and maintenance of ocular drainage tissues and IOP homeostasis, and provide new insights into glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goutham Pyatla
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | | | - Nicholas G Tolman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Syed Hameed
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Yusef Seymens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anil K Mandal
- Jasti V. Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Sirisha Senthil
- Jasti V. Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Rohit C Khanna
- Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Meha Kabra
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Simon W M John
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | | | - K Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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15
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Park SJH, Lieberman EE, Ke JB, Rho N, Ghorbani P, Rahmani P, Jun NY, Lee HL, Kim IJ, Briggman KL, Demb JB, Singer JH. Connectomic analysis reveals an interneuron with an integral role in the retinal circuit for night vision. eLife 2020; 9:e56077. [PMID: 32412412 PMCID: PMC7228767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Night vision in mammals depends fundamentally on rod photoreceptors and the well-studied rod bipolar (RB) cell pathway. The central neuron in this pathway, the AII amacrine cell (AC), exhibits a spatially tuned receptive field, composed of an excitatory center and an inhibitory surround, that propagates to ganglion cells, the retina's projection neurons. The circuitry underlying the surround of the AII, however, remains unresolved. Here, we combined structural, functional and optogenetic analyses of the mouse retina to discover that surround inhibition of the AII depends primarily on a single interneuron type, the NOS-1 AC: a multistratified, axon-bearing GABAergic cell, with dendrites in both ON and OFF synaptic layers, but with a pure ON (depolarizing) response to light. Our study demonstrates generally that novel neural circuits can be identified from targeted connectomic analyses and specifically that the NOS-1 AC mediates long-range inhibition during night vision and is a major element of the RB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia JH Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Evan E Lieberman
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Jiang-Bin Ke
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Nao Rho
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Padideh Ghorbani
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Pouyan Rahmani
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Na Young Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Hae-Lim Lee
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - In-Jung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Kevin L Briggman
- Circuit Dynamics and Connectivity Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jonathan B Demb
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Joshua H Singer
- Department of Biology, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
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16
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Bergmann A, Floyd K, Key M, Dameron C, Rees KC, Thornton LB, Whitehead DC, Hamza I, Dou Z. Toxoplasma gondii requires its plant-like heme biosynthesis pathway for infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008499. [PMID: 32407406 PMCID: PMC7252677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme, an iron-containing organic ring, is essential for virtually all living organisms by serving as a prosthetic group in proteins that function in diverse cellular activities ranging from diatomic gas transport and sensing, to mitochondrial respiration, to detoxification. Cellular heme levels in microbial pathogens can be a composite of endogenous de novo synthesis or exogenous uptake of heme or heme synthesis intermediates. Intracellular pathogenic microbes switch routes for heme supply when heme availability fluctuates in their replicative environment throughout infection. Here, we show that Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular human pathogen, encodes a functional heme biosynthesis pathway. A chloroplast-derived organelle, termed apicoplast, is involved in heme production. Genetic and chemical manipulation revealed that de novo heme production is essential for T. gondii intracellular growth and pathogenesis. Surprisingly, the herbicide oxadiazon significantly impaired Toxoplasma growth, consistent with phylogenetic analyses that show T. gondii protoporphyrinogen oxidase is more closely related to plants than mammals. This inhibition can be enhanced by 15- to 25-fold with two oxadiazon derivatives, lending therapeutic proof that Toxoplasma heme biosynthesis is a druggable target. As T. gondii has been used to model other apicomplexan parasites, our study underscores the utility of targeting heme biosynthesis in other pathogenic apicomplexans, such as Plasmodium spp., Cystoisospora, Eimeria, Neospora, and Sarcocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bergmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Floyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Melanie Key
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carly Dameron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kerrick C. Rees
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - L. Brock Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhicheng Dou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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17
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Martin AM, Bell WR, Yuan M, Harris L, Poore B, Arnold A, Engle EL, Asnaghi L, Lim M, Raabe EH, Eberhart CG. PD-L1 Expression in Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas Is Independent of BRAF V600E Mutational Status. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:74-85. [PMID: 31819973 PMCID: PMC8660581 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate a potential relationship between BRAF V600E mutation and PD-L1 expression, we examined the expression of PD-L1 in pediatric high- and low-grade glioma cell lines as well as a cohort of pediatric low-grade glioma patient samples. Half of the tumors in our patient cohort were V600-wildtype and half were V600E mutant. All tumors expressed PD-L1. In most tumors, PD-L1 expression was low (<5%), but in some cases over 50% of cells were positive. Extent of PD-L1 expression and immune cell infiltration was independent of BRAF V600E mutational status. All cell lines evaluated, including a BRAF V600E mutant xenograft, expressed PD-L1. Transient transfection of cell lines with a plasmid expressing mutant BRAF V600E had minimal effect on PD-L1 expression. These findings suggest that the PD-1 pathway is active in subsets of pediatric low-grade glioma as a mechanism of immune evasion independent of BRAF V600E mutational status. Low-grade gliomas that are unresectable and refractory to traditional therapy are associated with significant morbidity and continue to pose a treatment challenge. PD-1 pathway inhibitors may offer an alternative treatment approach. Clinical trials will be critical in determining whether PD-L1 expression indicates likely therapeutic benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Martin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - W Robert Bell
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ming Yuan
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lauren Harris
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bradley Poore
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Antje Arnold
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth L Engle
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura Asnaghi
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Lim
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland (AMM, EHR); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (WRB); Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (MY, BP, AA, LA, EHR, CGE); Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland (LH); Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (ELE); and Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgical Oncology (ML), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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Thornton LB, Teehan P, Floyd K, Cochrane C, Bergmann A, Riegel B, Stasic AJ, Di Cristina M, Moreno SNJ, Roepe PD, Dou Z. An ortholog of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the endolysosomal system in Toxoplasma gondii to facilitate host invasion. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007775. [PMID: 31170269 PMCID: PMC6553793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite with the ability to use foodborne, zoonotic, and congenital routes of transmission that causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients. The parasites harbor a lysosome-like organelle, termed the "Vacuolar Compartment/Plant-Like Vacuole" (VAC/PLV), which plays an important role in maintaining the lytic cycle and virulence of T. gondii. The VAC supplies proteolytic enzymes that contribute to the maturation of invasion effectors and that digest autophagosomes and endocytosed host proteins. Previous work identified a T. gondii ortholog of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) that localized to the VAC. Here, we show that TgCRT is a membrane transporter that is functionally similar to PfCRT. We also genetically ablate TgCRT and reveal that the TgCRT protein plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the parasite’s endolysosomal system by controlling morphology of the VAC. When TgCRT is absent, the VAC dramatically increases in volume by ~15-fold and overlaps with adjacent endosome-like compartments. Presumably to reduce aberrant swelling, transcription and translation of endolysosomal proteases are decreased in ΔTgCRT parasites. Expression of subtilisin protease 1 is significantly reduced, which impedes trimming of microneme proteins, and significantly decreases parasite invasion. Chemical or genetic inhibition of proteolysis within the VAC reverses these effects, reducing VAC size and partially restoring integrity of the endolysosomal system, microneme protein trimming, and invasion. Taken together, these findings reveal for the first time a physiological role of TgCRT in substrate transport that impacts VAC volume and the integrity of the endolysosomal system in T. gondii. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa and that infects virtually all warm-blooded organisms. Approximately one-third of the human population is infected with Toxoplasma. Toxoplasma invades host cells using processed invasion effectors. A lysosome-like organelle (VAC) is involved in refining these invasion effectors to reach their final forms. A T. gondii ortholog of the malarial chloroquine resistance transporter protein (TgCRT) was found to be localized to the VAC membrane. Although the mutated version of the malarial chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) has been shown to confer resistance to chloroquine treatment, its physiologic function remains poorly understood. Comparison between the related PfCRT and TgCRT facilitates definition of the physiologic role of CRT proteins. Here, we report that TgCRT plays a key role in affecting the integrity and proteolytic activity of the VAC and adjacent organelles, the secretion of invasion effectors, and parasite invasion and virulence. To relieve osmotic stress caused by VAC swelling when TgCRT is deleted, parasites repress proteolysis within this organelle to decrease solute accumulation, which then has secondary effects on parasite invasion. Our findings highlight a common function for PfCRT and TgCRT in mediating small solute transport to affect apicomplexan parasite vacuolar size and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Brock Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paige Teehan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Floyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christian Cochrane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amy Bergmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bryce Riegel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, NW, Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Stasic
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Manlio Di Cristina
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia N. J. Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Roepe
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, NW, Washington DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, NW, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Zhicheng Dou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Garnai SJ, Brinkmeier ML, Emery B, Aleman TS, Pyle LC, Veleva-Rotse B, Sisk RA, Rozsa FW, Ozel AB, Li JZ, Moroi SE, Archer SM, Lin CM, Sheskey S, Wiinikka-Buesser L, Eadie J, Urquhart JE, Black GC, Othman MI, Boehnke M, Sullivan SA, Skuta GL, Pawar HS, Katz AE, Huryn LA, Hufnagel RB, Camper SA, Richards JE, Prasov L. Variants in myelin regulatory factor (MYRF) cause autosomal dominant and syndromic nanophthalmos in humans and retinal degeneration in mice. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008130. [PMID: 31048900 PMCID: PMC6527243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanophthalmos is a rare, potentially devastating eye condition characterized by small eyes with relatively normal anatomy, a high hyperopic refractive error, and frequent association with angle closure glaucoma and vision loss. The condition constitutes the extreme of hyperopia or farsightedness, a common refractive error that is associated with strabismus and amblyopia in children. NNO1 was the first mapped nanophthalmos locus. We used combined pooled exome sequencing and strong linkage data in the large family used to map this locus to identify a canonical splice site alteration upstream of the last exon of the gene encoding myelin regulatory factor (MYRF c.3376-1G>A), a membrane bound transcription factor that undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage for nuclear localization. This variant produced a stable RNA transcript, leading to a frameshift mutation p.Gly1126Valfs*31 in the C-terminus of the protein. In addition, we identified an early truncating MYRF frameshift mutation, c.769dupC (p.S264QfsX74), in a patient with extreme axial hyperopia and syndromic features. Myrf conditional knockout mice (CKO) developed depigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal degeneration supporting a role of this gene in retinal and RPE development. Furthermore, we demonstrated the reduced expression of Tmem98, another known nanophthalmos gene, in Myrf CKO mice, and the physical interaction of MYRF with TMEM98. Our study establishes MYRF as a nanophthalmos gene and uncovers a new pathway for eye growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Garnai
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Brinkmeier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Tomas S. Aleman
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Louise C. Pyle
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Biliana Veleva-Rotse
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Sisk
- Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Frank W. Rozsa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Molecular and Behavior Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jun Z. Li
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Sayoko E. Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Archer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Cheng-mao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Sarah Sheskey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Laurel Wiinikka-Buesser
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - James Eadie
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jill E. Urquhart
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme C.M. Black
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad I. Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Scot A. Sullivan
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Gregory L. Skuta
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Hemant S. Pawar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Alexander E. Katz
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Laryssa A. Huryn
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Sally A. Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Lev Prasov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Wang J, Zhao L, Wang X, Chen Y, Xu M, Soens ZT, Ge Z, Wang PR, Wang F, Chen R. GRIPT: a novel case-control analysis method for Mendelian disease gene discovery. Genome Biol 2018; 19:203. [PMID: 30477545 PMCID: PMC6258408 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid progress of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, the disease-causing genes underpinning about half of all Mendelian diseases remain elusive. One main challenge is the high genetic heterogeneity of Mendelian diseases in which similar phenotypes are caused by different genes and each gene only accounts for a small proportion of the patients. To overcome this gap, we developed a novel method, the Gene Ranking, Identification and Prediction Tool (GRIPT), for performing case-control analysis of NGS data. Analyses of simulated and real datasets show that GRIPT is well-powered for disease gene discovery, especially for diseases with high locus heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Baylor Miraca Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, School of Computer Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Zachry T. Soens
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Zhongqi Ge
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Peter Ronghan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, School of Computer Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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21
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Agbaga MP, Merriman DK, Brush RS, Lydic TA, Conley SM, Naash MI, Jackson S, Woods AS, Reid GE, Busik JV, Anderson RE. Differential composition of DHA and very-long-chain PUFAs in rod and cone photoreceptors. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1586-1596. [PMID: 29986998 PMCID: PMC6121944 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs; C20-C22; e.g., DHA and arachidonic acid) are highly enriched in vertebrate retina, where they are elongated to very-long-chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs; C 28) by the elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-4 (ELOVL4) enzyme. These fatty acids play essential roles in modulating neuronal function and health. The relevance of different lipid requirements in rods and cones to disease processes, such as age-related macular degeneration, however, remains unclear. To better understand the role of LC-PUFAs and VLC-PUFAs in the retina, we investigated the lipid compositions of whole retinas or photoreceptor outer segment (OS) membranes in rodents with rod- or cone-dominant retinas. We analyzed fatty acid methyl esters and the molecular species of glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine) by GC-MS/GC-flame ionization detection and ESI-MS/MS, respectively. We found that whole retinas and OS membranes in rod-dominant animals compared with cone-dominant animals had higher amounts of LC-PUFAs and VLC-PUFAs. Compared with those of rod-dominant animals, retinas and OS membranes from cone-dominant animals also had about 2-fold lower levels of di-DHA (22:6/22:6) molecular species of glycerophospholipids. Because PUFAs are necessary for optimal G protein-coupled receptor signaling in rods, these findings suggest that cones may not have the same lipid requirements as rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Departments of Ophthalmology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK.
| | - Dana K Merriman
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI
| | - Richard S Brush
- Departments of Ophthalmology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Todd A Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Shannon M Conley
- Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Muna I Naash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Shelley Jackson
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program Structural Biology Unit, Baltimore, MD
| | - Amina S Woods
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program Structural Biology Unit, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia V Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Departments of Ophthalmology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK
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22
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Abstract
Surfactant proteins are important collectin immune molecules with a wide distribution throughout the body, including the ocular system. Mice with gene deletions for the surfactant protein genes Sftpa1 and Sftpd were observed to have visual impairment and thinning of the outer nuclear layers of the retina. We hypothesized that gene deletion of Sftpa1 and Sftpd (Sftpa1tm1Kor/J and Sftpd-/-) results in early retinal degeneration in these mice. Sftpa1tm1Kor/J and Sftpd-/- retinas were evaluated by histopathology and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retinas from Sftpa1tm1Kor/J and Sftpd-/- mice showed early retinal degeneration with loss of the outer nuclear layer. After screening of mice for known retinal degeneration mutations, the mice were found to carry a previously unrecognized Pde6brd1 genotype which resulted from earlier breeding of the strain with Black Swiss mice during their generation. The mutation was outbred and the genotype of Sftpa1tm1Kor/J and Sftpd-/- was confirmed. Outbreeding of the Pde6brd1 mutation resulted in restoration of normal retinal architecture confirmed by in vivo and in vitro examination. We can therefore conclude that loss of Sftpa1 and Sftpd do not result in retinal degeneration. We have now generated retinal Sftpa1 and Sftpd targeted mice that exhibit normal retinal histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizah Bhatti
- Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes W. Kung
- Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Frederico Vieira
- Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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23
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Fu Z, Wang Z, Liu CH, Gong Y, Cakir B, Liegl R, Sun Y, Meng SS, Burnim SB, Arellano I, Moran E, Duran R, Poblete A, Cho SS, Talukdar S, Akula JD, Hellström A, Smith LEH. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Protects Photoreceptor Function in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2018; 67:974-985. [PMID: 29487115 PMCID: PMC5909994 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neuronal abnormalities occur before vascular changes in diabetic retinopathy. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that neurons control vascular pathology in diabetic and other neovascular retinal diseases. Therefore, normalizing neuronal activity in diabetes may prevent vascular pathology. We investigated whether fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) prevented retinal neuronal dysfunction in insulin-deficient diabetic mice. We found that in diabetic neural retina, photoreceptor rather than inner retinal function was most affected and administration of the long-acting FGF21 analog PF-05231023 restored the retinal neuronal functional deficits detected by electroretinography. PF-05231023 administration protected against diabetes-induced disorganization of photoreceptor segments seen in retinal cross section with immunohistochemistry and attenuated the reduction in the thickness of photoreceptor segments measured by optical coherence tomography. PF-05231023, independent of its downstream metabolic modulator adiponectin, reduced inflammatory marker interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA levels. PF-05231023 activated the AKT-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway and reduced IL-1β expression in stressed photoreceptors. PF-05231023 administration did not change retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for the prevention of early diabetic retinopathy by protecting photoreceptor function in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electroretinography
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1beta/drug effects
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/drug effects
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/drug effects
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/metabolism
- Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Retinal Neurons/drug effects
- Retinal Neurons/metabolism
- Retinal Neurons/pathology
- Tomography, Optical Coherence
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raffael Liegl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven S Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samuel B Burnim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ivana Arellano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Moran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rubi Duran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander Poblete
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - James D Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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24
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Paylakhi S, Labelle-Dumais C, Tolman NG, Sellarole MA, Seymens Y, Saunders J, Lakosha H, deVries WN, Orr AC, Topilko P, John SWM, Nair KS. Müller glia-derived PRSS56 is required to sustain ocular axial growth and prevent refractive error. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29529029 PMCID: PMC5864079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A mismatch between optical power and ocular axial length results in refractive errors. Uncorrected refractive errors constitute the most common cause of vision loss and second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Although the retina is known to play a critical role in regulating ocular growth and refractive development, the precise factors and mechanisms involved are poorly defined. We have previously identified a role for the secreted serine protease PRSS56 in ocular size determination and PRSS56 variants have been implicated in the etiology of both hyperopia and myopia, highlighting its importance in refractive development. Here, we use a combination of genetic mouse models to demonstrate that Prss56 mutations leading to reduced ocular size and hyperopia act via a loss of function mechanism. Using a conditional gene targeting strategy, we show that PRSS56 derived from Müller glia contributes to ocular growth, implicating a new retinal cell type in ocular size determination. Importantly, we demonstrate that persistent activity of PRSS56 is required during distinct developmental stages spanning the pre- and post-eye opening periods to ensure optimal ocular growth. Thus, our mouse data provide evidence for the existence of a molecule contributing to both the prenatal and postnatal stages of human ocular growth. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic inactivation of Prss56 rescues axial elongation in a mouse model of myopia caused by a null mutation in Egr1. Overall, our findings identify PRSS56 as a potential therapeutic target for modulating ocular growth aimed at preventing or slowing down myopia, which is reaching epidemic proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedhassan Paylakhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas G Tolman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Sellarole
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yusef Seymens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Saunders
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hesham Lakosha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wilhelmine N. deVries
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Orr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Simon WM. John
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - K. Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE Fixational eye movements are of particular interest for three reasons. They are critical for preventing visual fading and enhancing visual perception; their disconjugacy allows scanning in three dimensions, and their neural correlates span through the cortico-striatal, striato-collicular and brainstem networks. Fixational eye movements are altered in various pediatric ophthalmologic and neurologic disorders. The goal of this study was to compare the dynamics of fixational eye movements in normal children and adults. METHODS We measured the fixational saccades and inter-saccadic drifts in eye positions using infrared video-oculography in children and adults. We assessed the frequency, amplitude, main-sequence, and disconjugacy of fixational saccades as well as the intra-saccadic drift velocity and variance between these two groups. RESULTS We found a similar frequency but an increase in the amplitude of fixational saccades in children compared to adults. We also found that the fixational saccades were more conjugate in children than in adults. The inter-saccadic drifts were comparable between the two groups. DISCUSSION This study provides normative values of dynamics of fixational eye movement in children and adults. The greater disconjugacy of fixational saccades in adults suggests the existence of neural mechanisms that can independently regulate the movements of two eyes. The differences between adult and pediatric populations could be due to completion of the development of binocularly independent regulation of fixational saccades nearing adulthood. The alternate possibility is that the increased disconjugacy between the two eyes may represent a deficiency in the eye movement performance as a function of increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G. Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Neurology service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA medical center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Daroff-Del’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA medical center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Fatema F. Ghasia
- Daroff-Del’Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA medical center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Thein T, de Melo J, Zibetti C, Clark BS, Juarez F, Blackshaw S. Control of lens development by Lhx2-regulated neuroretinal FGFs. Development 2016; 143:3994-4002. [PMID: 27633990 PMCID: PMC5117141 DOI: 10.1242/dev.137760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is an essential regulator of lens epithelial cell proliferation and survival, as well as lens fiber cell differentiation. However, the identities of these FGF factors, their source tissue and the genes that regulate their synthesis are unknown. We have found that Chx10-Cre;Lhx2lox/lox mice, which selectively lack Lhx2 expression in neuroretina from E10.5, showed an early arrest in lens fiber development along with severe microphthalmia. These mutant animals showed reduced expression of multiple neuroretina-expressed FGFs and canonical FGF-regulated genes in neuroretina. When FGF expression was genetically restored in Lhx2-deficient neuroretina of Chx10-Cre;Lhx2lox/lox mice, we observed a partial but nonetheless substantial rescue of the defects in lens cell proliferation, survival and fiber differentiation. These data demonstrate that neuroretinal expression of Lhx2 and neuroretina-derived FGF factors are crucial for lens fiber development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuzar Thein
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jimmy de Melo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cristina Zibetti
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brian S Clark
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Felicia Juarez
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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27
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Jiao X, Kabir F, Irum B, Khan AO, Wang Q, Li D, Khan AA, Husnain T, Akram J, Riazuddin S, Hejtmancik JF, Riazuddin SA. A Common Ancestral Mutation in CRYBB3 Identified in Multiple Consanguineous Families with Congenital Cataracts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157005. [PMID: 27326458 PMCID: PMC4915718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to investigate the genetic determinants of autosomal recessive congenital cataracts in large consanguineous families. METHODS Affected individuals underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination and slit-lamp photographs of the cataractous lenses were obtained. An aliquot of blood was collected from all participating family members and genomic DNA was extracted from white blood cells. Initially, a genome-wide scan was performed with genomic DNAs of family PKCC025 followed by exclusion analysis of our familial cohort of congenital cataracts. Protein-coding exons of CRYBB1, CRYBB2, CRYBB3, and CRYBA4 were sequenced bidirectionally. A haplotype was constructed with SNPs flanking the causal mutation for affected individuals in all four families, while the probability that the four familial cases have a common founder was estimated using EM and CHM-based algorithms. The expression of Crybb3 in the developing murine lens was investigated using TaqMan assays. RESULTS The clinical and ophthalmological examinations suggested that all affected individuals had nuclear cataracts. Genome-wide linkage analysis localized the causal phenotype in family PKCC025 to chromosome 22q with statistically significant two-point logarithm of odds (LOD) scores. Subsequently, we localized three additional families, PKCC063, PKCC131, and PKCC168 to chromosome 22q. Bidirectional Sanger sequencing identified a missense variation: c.493G>C (p.Gly165Arg) in CRYBB3 that segregated with the disease phenotype in all four familial cases. This variation was not found in ethnically matched control chromosomes, the NHLBI exome variant server, or the 1000 Genomes or dbSNP databases. Interestingly, all four families harbor a unique disease haplotype that strongly suggests a common founder of the causal mutation (p<1.64E-10). We observed expression of Crybb3 in the mouse lens as early as embryonic day 15 (E15), and expression remained relatively steady throughout development. CONCLUSION Here, we report a common ancestral mutation in CRYBB3 associated with autosomal recessive congenital cataracts identified in four familial cases of Pakistani origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jiao
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Firoz Kabir
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
| | - Bushra Irum
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Arif O. Khan
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - David Li
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Asma A. Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Javed Akram
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54550, Pakistan
- National Centre for Genetic Diseases, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54550, Pakistan
- National Centre for Genetic Diseases, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - S. Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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