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Wang X, Zhu L, Zhao T, Li H, Hou L, Li C, Jiang X, Zhang J, Pei C, Li L, Kong X. The molecular characterization of Rab11 and its immune roles in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133299. [PMID: 38909733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The Rab proteins primarily regulate vesicular transport between membrane-bound organelles and are important for innate immune. However, there is currently a lack of studies on crustaceans regarding Rab proteins, particularly core Rabs. We identified a Rab11 gene from Procambarus clarkii (PcRab11) and evaluated its potential involvement in immune response. The results showed PcRab11 was 1789 bp long, with an open reading frame of 645 bp encoding 211 amino acids and an estimated molecular weight of 23.8 kDa. Sequence analysis revealed its remarkable evolutionary conservation. The PcRab11 was widely expressed in various tissues, with highest levels in hepatopancreas, and localized within the cell cytoplasm. Upon infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or Aeromonas veronii, the expression of PcRab11 in immune organs was significantly induced. Furthermore, silencing PcRab11 reduced phagocytosis-related genes expression and haemocytes' phagocytic activity to FITC-labeled A. veronii, as well as decreased mortality and death time in WSSV or A. veronii infected P. clarkii. Additionally, the potential protein interaction between PcRab11 and 14-3-3ε was identified in haemocytes. Overall, our findings provided evidence for the involvement of Rab11 in P. clarkii's immune response, establishing a foundation to explore the immune role of core Rab proteins in crustaceans' innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Observation and Research Station on Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province, Nanyang 474450, China.
| | - Tong Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hao Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Libo Hou
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chen Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chao Pei
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Li Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Hall BA, Senior KE, Ocampo NT, Samanta D. Coxiella burnetii-containing vacuoles interact with host recycling endosomal proteins Rab11a and Rab35 for vacuolar expansion and bacterial growth. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1394019. [PMID: 38841112 PMCID: PMC11150555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1394019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium and a zoonotic pathogen that causes human Q fever. The lack of effective antibiotics and a licensed vaccine for Coxiella in the U.S. warrants further research into Coxiella pathogenesis. Within the host cells, Coxiella replicates in an acidic phagolysosome-like vacuole termed Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). Previously, we have shown that the CCV pH is critical for Coxiella survival and that the Coxiella Type 4B secretion system regulates CCV pH by inhibiting the host endosomal maturation pathway. However, the trafficking pattern of the 'immature' endosomes in Coxiella- infected cells remained unclear. Methods We transfected HeLa cells with GFP-tagged Rab proteins and subsequently infected them with mCherry-Coxiella to visualize Rab protein localization. Infected cells were immunostained with anti-Rab antibodies to confirm the Rab localization to the CCV, to quantitate Rab11a and Rab35- positive CCVs, and to quantitate total recycling endosome content of infected cells. A dual-hit siRNA mediated knockdown combined with either immunofluorescent assay or an agarose-based colony-forming unit assay were used to measure the effects of Rab11a and Rab35 knockdown on CCV area and Coxiella intracellular growth. Results The CCV localization screen with host Rab proteins revealed that recycling endosome-associated proteins Rab11a and Rab35 localize to the CCV during infection, suggesting that CCV interacts with host recycling endosomes during maturation. Interestingly, only a subset of CCVs were Rab11a or Rab35-positive at any given time point. Quantitation of Rab11a/Rab35-positive CCVs revealed that while Rab11a interacts with the CCV more at 3 dpi, Rab35 is significantly more prevalent at CCVs at 6 dpi, suggesting that the CCV preferentially interacts with Rab11a and Rab35 depending on the stage of infection. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in Rab11a and Rab35 fluorescent intensity in Coxiella-infected cells compared to mock, suggesting that Coxiella increases the recycling endosome content in infected cells. Finally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rab11a and Rab35 resulted in significantly smaller CCVs and reduced Coxiella intracellular growth, suggesting that recycling endosomal Rab proteins are essential for CCV expansion and bacterial multiplication. Discussion Our data, for the first time, show that the CCV dynamically interacts with host recycling endosomes for Coxiella intracellular survival and potentially uncovers novel host cell factors essential for Coxiella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A. Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Kristen E. Senior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Nicolle T. Ocampo
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Dhritiman Samanta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
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3
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Guo RJ, Cao YF, Li EM, Xu LY. Multiple functions and dual characteristics of RAB11A in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188966. [PMID: 37657681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking is an unceasing and elaborate cellular process that functions in material transport and information delivery. Recent studies have identified the small GTPase, Ras-related protein in brain 11A (RAB11A), as a key regulator in this process. Aberrant RAB11A expression has been reported in several types of cancers, suggesting the important functions and characteristics of RAB11A in cancer. These discoveries are of great significance because therapeutic strategies based on the physiological and pathological status of RAB11A might make cancer treatment more effective, as the molecular mechanisms of cancer development have not been completely revealed. However, these studies on RAB11A have not been reviewed and discussed specifically. Therefore, we summarize and discuss the recent findings of RAB11A involvement in different biological processes, including endocytic recycling regulation, receptors and adhesion molecules recycling, exosome secretion, phagophore formation and cytokinesis, as well as regulatory mechanisms in several tumor types. Moreover, contradictory effects of RAB11A have also been observed in different types of cancers, implying the dual characteristics of RAB11A in cancer, which are either oncogenic or tumor-suppressive. This review on the functions and characteristics of RAB11A highlights the value of RAB11A in inducing multiple important phenotypes based on vesicle trafficking and therefore will offer insights for future studies to reveal the molecular mechanisms, clinical significance, and therapeutic targeting of RAB11A in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jian Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yu-Fei Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, PR China.
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4
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Joseph I, Flores J, Farrell V, Davis J, Bianchi‐Smak J, Feng Q, Goswami S, Lin X, Wei Z, Tong K, Feng Z, Verzi MP, Bonder EM, Goldenring JR, Gao N. RAB11A and RAB11B control mitotic spindle function in intestinal epithelial progenitor cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56240. [PMID: 37424454 PMCID: PMC10481667 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RAB11 small GTPases and associated recycling endosome have been localized to mitotic spindles and implicated in regulating mitosis. However, the physiological significance of such regulation has not been observed in mammalian tissues. We have used newly engineered mouse models to investigate intestinal epithelial renewal in the absence of single or double isoforms of RAB11 family members: Rab11a and Rab11b. Comparing with single knockouts, mice with compound ablation demonstrate a defective cell cycle entry and robust mitotic arrest followed by apoptosis, leading to a total penetrance of lethality within 3 days of gene ablation. Upon Rab11 deletion ex vivo, enteroids show abnormal mitotic spindle formation and cell death. Untargeted proteomic profiling of Rab11a and Rab11b immunoprecipitates has uncovered a shared interactome containing mitotic spindle microtubule regulators. Disrupting Rab11 alters kinesin motor KIF11 function and impairs bipolar spindle formation and cell division. These data demonstrate that RAB11A and RAB11B redundantly control mitotic spindle function and intestinal progenitor cell division, a mechanism that may be utilized to govern the homeostasis and renewal of other mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Joseph
- Department of Biological SciencesRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological SciencesRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | | | - Justin Davis
- Department of Biological SciencesRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | | | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological SciencesRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | | | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Computer SciencesNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJUSA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer SciencesNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJUSA
| | - Kevin Tong
- Department of GeneticsRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | | | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological SciencesRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences and Epithelial Biology CenterVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological SciencesRutgers UniversityNewarkNJUSA
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5
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Tran MT, Okusha Y, Htike K, Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Kadowaki T, Sakai E, Tsukuba T, Okamoto K. HSP90 drives the Rab11a-mediated vesicular transport of the cell surface receptors in osteoclasts. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:838-855. [PMID: 36111708 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rab11a, which ubiquitously localizes to early and recycling endosomes, is required for regulating the vesicular transport of cellular cargos. Interestingly, our previous study revealed that Rab11a served as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis by facilitating the lysosomal proteolysis of (1) colony-stimulating factor-1 (c-fms) receptor and (2) receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) receptor, thereby resulting in inhibition of osteoclast (OC) differentiation, maturation, and bone-resorbing activity. However, the molecular mechanisms of how Rab11a negatively affected osteoclastogenesis were largely unknown. Heat shock protein (HSP90), including two isoforms HSP90α and HSP90β, necessitates the stability, maturation, and activity of a broad range of its clients, and is essentially required for a vast array of signal transduction pathways in nonstressful conditions. Furthermore, cumulative evidence suggests that HSP90 is a vital element of the vesicular transport network. Indeed, our recent study revealed that HSP90, a novel effector protein of Rab11b, modulated Rab11b-mediated osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we also found that Rab11a interacted with both HSP90α and HSP90β in OCs. Upon blockade of HSP90 ATPase activity by a specific inhibitor(17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin), we showed that (1) the ATPase domain of HSP90 was a prerequisite for the interaction between HSP90 and Rab11a, and (2) the interaction of HSP90 to Rab11a sufficiently maintained the inhibitory effects of Rab11a on osteoclastogenesis. Altogether, our findings undoubtedly indicate a novel role of HSP90 in regulating Rab11a-mediated osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaung Htike
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Gupta K, Brown KA, Hsieh ML, Hoover BM, Wang J, Khoury MK, Pilli VSS, Beyer RSH, Voruganti NR, Chaudhary S, Roberts DS, Murphy RM, Hong S, Ge Y, Liu B. Necroptosis is associated with Rab27-independent expulsion of extracellular vesicles containing RIPK3 and MLKL. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12261. [PMID: 36063142 PMCID: PMC9443950 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion is an important mechanism used by cells to release biomolecules. A common necroptosis effector—mixed lineage kinase domain like (MLKL)—was recently found to participate in the biogenesis of small and large EVs independent of its function in necroptosis. The objective of the current study is to gain mechanistic insights into EV biogenesis during necroptosis. Assessing EV number by nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed an increased number of EVs released during necroptosis. To evaluate the nature of such vesicles, we performed a newly adapted, highly sensitive mass spectrometry‐based proteomics on EVs released by healthy or necroptotic cells. Compared to EVs released by healthy cells, EVs released during necroptosis contained a markedly higher number of unique proteins. Receptor interacting protein kinase‐3 (RIPK3) and MLKL were among the proteins enriched in EVs released during necroptosis. Further, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from mice deficient of Rab27a and Rab27b showed diminished basal EV release but responded to necroptosis with enhanced EV biogenesis as the wildtype MEFs. In contrast, necroptosis‐associated EVs were sensitive to Ca2+ depletion or lysosomal disruption. Neither treatment affected the RIPK3‐mediated MLKL phosphorylation. An unbiased screen using RIPK3 immunoprecipitation‐mass spectrometry on necroptotic EVs led to the identification of Rab11b in RIPK3 immune‐complexes. Our data suggests that necroptosis switches EV biogenesis from a Rab27a/b dependent mechanism to a lysosomal mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Gupta
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Kyle A Brown
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Marvin L Hsieh
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Brandon M Hoover
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Mitri K Khoury
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Vijaya Satish Sekhar Pilli
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Reagan S H Beyer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Nihal R Voruganti
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Sahil Chaudhary
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - David S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Regina M Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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7
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Host Cell Signatures of the Envelopment Site within Beta-Herpes Virions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179994. [PMID: 36077391 PMCID: PMC9456339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-herpesvirus infection completely reorganizes the membrane system of the cell. This system is maintained by the spatiotemporal arrangement of more than 3000 cellular proteins that continuously adapt the configuration of membrane organelles according to cellular needs. Beta-herpesvirus infection establishes a new configuration known as the assembly compartment (AC). The AC membranes are loaded with virus-encoded proteins during the long replication cycle and used for the final envelopment of the newly formed capsids to form infectious virions. The identity of the envelopment membranes is still largely unknown. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence studies suggest that the envelopment occurs as a membrane wrapping around the capsids, similar to the growth of phagophores, in the area of the AC with the membrane identities of early/recycling endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. During wrapping, host cell proteins that define the identity and shape of these membranes are captured along with the capsids and incorporated into the virions as host cell signatures. In this report, we reviewed the existing information on host cell signatures in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virions. We analyzed the published proteomes of the HCMV virion preparations that identified a large number of host cell proteins. Virion purification methods are not yet advanced enough to separate all of the components of the rich extracellular material, including the large amounts of non-vesicular extracellular particles (NVEPs). Therefore, we used the proteomic data from large and small extracellular vesicles (lEVs and sEVs) and NVEPs to filter out the host cell proteins identified in the viral proteomes. Using these filters, we were able to narrow down the analysis of the host cell signatures within the virions and determine that envelopment likely occurs at the membranes derived from the tubular recycling endosomes. Many of these signatures were also found at the autophagosomes, suggesting that the CMV-infected cell forms membrane organelles with phagophore growth properties using early endosomal host cell machinery that coordinates endosomal recycling.
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8
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Luo D, Wu J, Liu Y, Li P, Liang X, Xiao S, Qi Z, Liu T, Pan J. Overexpression of VPS11 antagonizes the promoting effect of miR-542-3p on Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages by regulating autophagy. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105609. [PMID: 35662671 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Impaired autophagy is an important cause of Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in macrophages. VPS11 is an important regulator of autophagy; decreased VPS11 expression has been observed in macrophages after tuberculosis (TB) infection. Gene ontology data revealed that various miRNAs (for example, miR-542-3p) were upregulated in macrophages upon TB infection; thus, these miRNAs were likely to reduce VPS11 expression. In this study, both TB patients and healthy subjects were enrolled, and the levels of VPS11 and some miRNAs in their blood macrophages were measured. Moreover, various macrophages were cultured and infected with M. tuberculosis. Luciferase reporter, RNA pulldown, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the regulatory effect of miR-542-3p on VPS11 expression. Results showed that VPS11 expression was downregulated, whereas miR-542-3p expression was upregulated in blood macrophages after TB infection. TB infection reduced VPS11 levels in two human macrophages in vitro, but not in mouse macrophages. This might be because the seed sequence exists in the VPS11 3' untranslated region in humans, but is absent in mice and rats. miR-542-3p promoted M. tuberculosis survival in human macrophages, but VPS11 overexpression antagonized the promoting effect of miR-542-3p. Further, VPS11 was confirmed as a target of miR-542-3p. Overexpression of VPS11 or depletion of miR-542-3p promoted autophagy, which was suppressed upon TB infection. In summary, VPS11 overexpression antagonized the promoting effect of miR-542-3p on M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Jialing Wu
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Yinyin Liu
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Xianzhi Liang
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Sifang Xiao
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qi
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China
| | - Jianhua Pan
- Department of laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital Affiliated to Nanhua University, 410004, China.
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9
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Wang BB, Xu H, Isenmann S, Huang C, Elorza-Vidal X, Rychkov GY, Estévez R, Schittenhelm RB, Lukacs GL, Apaja PM. Ubr1-induced selective endophagy/autophagy protects against the endosomal and Ca 2+-induced proteostasis disease stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:167. [PMID: 35233680 PMCID: PMC8888484 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cellular defense mechanisms against cumulative endo-lysosomal stress remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify Ubr1 as a protein quality control (QC) E3 ubiquitin-ligase that counteracts proteostasis stresses by facilitating endosomal cargo-selective autophagy for lysosomal degradation. Astrocyte regulatory cluster membrane protein MLC1 mutations cause endosomal compartment stress by fusion and enlargement. Partial lysosomal clearance of mutant endosomal MLC1 is accomplished by the endosomal QC ubiquitin ligases, CHIP and Ubr1 via ESCRT-dependent route. As a consequence of the endosomal stress, a supportive QC mechanism, dependent on both Ubr1 and SQSTM1/p62 activities, targets ubiquitinated and arginylated MLC1 mutants for selective endosomal autophagy (endophagy). This QC pathway is also activated for arginylated Ubr1-SQSTM1/p62 autophagy cargoes during cytosolic Ca2+-assault. Conversely, the loss of Ubr1 and/or arginylation elicited endosomal compartment stress. These findings underscore the critical housekeeping role of Ubr1 and arginylation-dependent endophagy/autophagy during endo-lysosomal proteostasis perturbations and suggest a link of Ubr1 to Ca2+ homeostasis and proteins implicated in various diseases including cancers and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben B Wang
- Lifelong Health, Organelle Proteostasis Diseases, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), 5000 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,EMBL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Haijin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sandra Isenmann
- Lifelong Health, Organelle Proteostasis Diseases, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), 5000 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,EMBL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Grigori Y Rychkov
- Lifelong Health, Organelle Proteostasis Diseases, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), 5000 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Gergely L Lukacs
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Pirjo M Apaja
- Lifelong Health, Organelle Proteostasis Diseases, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), 5000 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,EMBL Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,College of Public Health and Medicine, Molecular Biosciences Theme, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
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10
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Sun J, Wang X, Lin H, Wan L, Chen J, Yang X, Li D, Zhang Y, He X, Wang B, Dong M, Zhong H, Wei C. Shigella escapes lysosomal degradation through inactivation of Rab31 by IpaH4.5. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34296983 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Shigella flexneri is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that utilizes a type III secretion apparatus to inject effector proteins into host cells.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The T3SS effector IpaH4.5 is important for the virulence of Shigella.Aim. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism and host target of the IpaH4.5 as well as its roles in S. flexneri infection.Methodology. The GAP assay was used to identify substrate Rab GTPases of IpaH4.5. A coimmunoprecipitation assay was applied to identify the interaction of Rab GTPases with IpaH4.5. A confocal microscopy analysis was used to assess the effects of IpaH4.5 on mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR) trafficking. To identify the effects of IpaH4.5 GAP activity on the activity of lysosomal cathepsin B, the Magic Red-RR assay was used. Finally, the intracellular persistence assay was used to identify IpaH4.5 GAP activity in S. flexneri intracellular growth.Results. We found that the effector IpaH4.5 disrupts MPR trafficking and lysosomal function, thereby counteracting host lysosomal degradation. IpaH4.5 harbours TBC-like dual-finger motifs and exhibits potent RabGAP activities towards Rab31. IpaH4.5 disrupts the transport of the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) from the Golgi to the endosome by targeting Rab31, thereby attenuating lysosomal function. As a result, the intracellular persistence of S. flexneri requires IpaH4.5 TBC-like GAP activity to mediate bacterial escape from host lysosome-mediated elimination.Conclusion. We identified an unknown function of IpaH4.5 and its potential role in S. flexneri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.,Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.,Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Haotian Lin
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.,Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Luming Wan
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Ji Chen
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaopan Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiang He
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Mingxin Dong
- Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
| | - Congwen Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, PR China
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11
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Escrevente C, Bento-Lopes L, Ramalho JS, Barral DC. Rab11 is required for lysosome exocytosis through the interaction with Rab3a, Sec15 and GRAB. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs246694. [PMID: 34100549 PMCID: PMC8214760 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are dynamic organelles, capable of undergoing exocytosis. This process is crucial for several cellular functions, namely plasma membrane repair. Nevertheless, the molecular machinery involved in this process is poorly understood. Here, we identify Rab11a and Rab11b as regulators of Ca2+-induced lysosome exocytosis. Interestingly, Rab11-positive vesicles transiently interact with lysosomes at the cell periphery, indicating that this interaction is required for the last steps of lysosome exocytosis. Additionally, we found that the silencing of the exocyst subunit Sec15, a Rab11 effector, impairs lysosome exocytosis, suggesting that Sec15 acts together with Rab11 in the regulation of lysosome exocytosis. Furthermore, we show that Rab11 binds the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab3a (GRAB) as well as Rab3a, which we have previously described to be a regulator of the positioning and exocytosis of lysosomes. Thus, our study identifies new players required for lysosome exocytosis and suggest the existence of a Rab11-Rab3a cascade involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Host factor Rab11a is critical for efficient assembly of influenza A virus genomic segments. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009517. [PMID: 33970958 PMCID: PMC8136845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that influenza A viruses selectively package 8 distinct viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs) into each virion; however, the role of host factors in genome assembly is not completely understood. To evaluate the significance of cellular factors in genome assembly, we generated a reporter virus carrying a tetracysteine tag in the NP gene (NP-Tc virus) and assessed the dynamics of vRNP localization with cellular components by fluorescence microscopy. At early time points, vRNP complexes were preferentially exported to the MTOC; subsequently, vRNPs associated on vesicles positive for cellular factor Rab11a and formed distinct vRNP bundles that trafficked to the plasma membrane on microtubule networks. In Rab11a deficient cells, however, vRNP bundles were smaller in the cytoplasm with less co-localization between different vRNP segments. Furthermore, Rab11a deficiency increased the production of non-infectious particles with higher RNA copy number to PFU ratios, indicative of defects in specific genome assembly. These results indicate that Rab11a+ vesicles serve as hubs for the congregation of vRNP complexes and enable specific genome assembly through vRNP:vRNP interactions, revealing the importance of Rab11a as a critical host factor for influenza A virus genome assembly. The influenza A virus (IAV) genome is composed of 8 distinct RNA segments. It has remained unclear how these 8 individual RNA segments are assembled together to form infectious virus particles. Our study shows that Rab11a+ vesicles serve as platforms for the congregation and assembly of 8 individual viral RNA segments needed to form infectious virus particles. However, in cells lacking Rab11a, viral RNA segments fail to congregate together, resulting in increased production of defective virus particles, likely due to misassembling of viral RNA segments. Thus, our study reveals the important role for Rab11a in influenza virus genome assembly and production of infectious virus particles.
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13
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Clague MJ, Urbé S. Data mining for traffic information. Traffic 2021; 21:162-168. [PMID: 31596015 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modern cell biology is now rich with data acquired at the whole genome and proteome level. We can add value to this data through integration and application of specialist knowledge. To illustrate, we will focus on the SNARE and RAB proteins; key regulators of intracellular fusion specificity and organelle identity. We examine published mass spectrometry data to gain an estimate of protein copy number and organelle distribution in HeLa cells for each family member. We also survey recent global CRISPR/Cas9 screens for essential genes from these families. We highlight instances of co-essentiality with other genes across a large panel of cell lines that allows for the identification of functionally coherent clusters. Examples of such correlations include RAB10 with the SNARE protein Syntaxin4 (STX4) and RAB7/RAB21 with the WASH and the CCC (COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93) complexes, both of which are linked to endosomal recycling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Clague
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sylvie Urbé
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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14
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Khera L, Vinik Y, Maina F, Lev S. The AXL-PYK2-PKCα axis as a nexus of stemness circuits in TNBC. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/6/e202000985. [PMID: 33785524 PMCID: PMC8046419 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinically relevant AXL-PYK2-PKCα axis where PYK2 and PKCα act as signaling nodes and functionally cooperate to converge stemness promoting pathways and regulate Oct4 and Nanog pluripotent TFs. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor initiation, metastasis and drug resistance, and considered as attractive targets for cancer therapy. Here we identified a clinically relevant signaling nexus mediated by AXL receptor, PYK2 and PKCα and show its impact on stemness in TNBC. AXL, PYK2, and PKCα expression correlates with stemness signature in basal-like breast cancer patients, and their depletion in multiple mesenchymal TNBC cell lines markedly reduced the number of mammosphere-forming cells and cells harboring CSCs characteristic markers. Knockdown of PYK2 reduced the levels of AXL, PKCα, FRA1, and PYK2 proteins, and similar trend was obtained upon PKCα depletion. PYK2 depletion decreased AXL transcription through feedback loops mediated by FRA1 and TAZ, whereas PKCα inhibition induced redistribution of AXL to endosomal/lysosomal compartment and enhanced its degradation. PYK2 and PKCα cooperate at a convergence point of multiple stemness-inducing pathways to regulate AXL levels and concomitantly the levels/activation of STAT3, TAZ, FRA1, and SMAD3 as well as the pluripotent transcription factors Nanog and Oct4. Induction of stemness in TNBC sensitized cells to PYK2 and PKCα inhibition suggesting that targeting the AXL-PYK2-PKCα circuit could be an efficient strategy to eliminate CSCs in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohit Khera
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaron Vinik
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix Marseille University, Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille (IBDM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Sima Lev
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Kao LY, Chao WT. Rab11-mediated focal adhesion turnover in sarcoma cell migration. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:43-50. [PMID: 33642343 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_90_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion (FA) turnover has been demonstrated to play an important role in cell migration; however, the mechanism of FA turnover is complicated and requires further investigation. In this study, Rab11, which is involved in endosome recycling, was examined in terms of a direct regulatory function in FA formation during cell migration. Wild-type and dominant negative (DN) Rab11 or shRab11 were transfected into human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells; the cell motility and migration abilities were determined, and localization of Rab11 and FA molecules was monitored by confocal microscopy. The results showed that Rab11 deficiency or the DN form inhibited sarcoma cell migration. Rab11 was also found to be co-localized with recycled β1 integrin and affected FA formation. We further employed immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation to examine the physical interaction between Rab11 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and the results suggested that Rab11 affected cell migration by regulating FAK recycling to aid formation of an FA complex on the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Kao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chao
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
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16
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Spits M, Heesterbeek IT, Voortman LM, Akkermans JJ, Wijdeven RH, Cabukusta B, Neefjes J. Mobile late endosomes modulate peripheral endoplasmic reticulum network architecture. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50815. [PMID: 33554435 PMCID: PMC7926257 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle contacting virtually every other organelle for information exchange and control of processes such as transport, fusion, and fission. Here, we studied the role of the other organelles on ER network architecture in the cell periphery. We show that the co‐migration of the ER with other organelles, called ER hitchhiking facilitated by late endosomes and lysosomes is a major mechanism controlling ER network architecture. When hitchhiking occurs, emerging ER structures may fuse with the existing ER tubules to alter the local ER architecture. This couples late endosomal/lysosomal positioning and mobility to ER network architecture. Conditions restricting late endosomal movement—including cell starvation—or the depletion of tether proteins that link the ER to late endosomes reduce ER dynamics and limit the complexity of the peripheral ER network architecture. This indicates that among many factors, the ER is controlled by late endosomal movement resulting in an alteration of the ER network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Spits
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris T Heesterbeek
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lennard M Voortman
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy J Akkermans
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H Wijdeven
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Tran MT, Okusha Y, Feng Y, Morimatsu M, Wei P, Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Kadowaki T, Sakai E, Okamura H, Naruse K, Tsukuba T, Okamoto K. The Inhibitory Role of Rab11b in Osteoclastogenesis through Triggering Lysosome-Induced Degradation of c-Fms and RANK Surface Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249352. [PMID: 33302495 PMCID: PMC7763820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab11b, abundantly enriched in endocytic recycling compartments, is required for the establishment of the machinery of vesicle trafficking. Yet, no report has so far characterized the biological function of Rab11b in osteoclastogenesis. Using in vitro model of osteoclasts differentiated from murine macrophages like RAW-D cells or bone marrow-derived macrophages, we elucidated that Rab11b served as an inhibitory regulator of osteoclast differentiation sequentially via (i) abolishing surface abundance of RANK and c-Fms receptors; and (ii) attenuating nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc-1) upstream signaling cascades, following RANKL stimulation. Rab11b was localized in early and late endosomes, Golgi complex, and endoplasmic reticulum; moreover, its overexpression enlarged early and late endosomes. Upon inhibition of lysosomal function by a specific blocker, chloroquine (CLQ), we comprehensively clarified a novel function of lysosomes on mediating proteolytic degradation of c-Fms and RANK surface receptors, drastically ameliorated by Rab11b overexpression in RAW-D cell-derived osteoclasts. These findings highlight the key role of Rab11b as an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis by directing the transport of c-Fms and RANK surface receptors to lysosomes for degradation via the axis of early endosomes-late endosomes-lysosomes, thereby contributing towards the systemic equilibrium of the bone resorption phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
| | - Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yunxia Feng
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Masatoshi Morimatsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Penggong Wei
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Frontier Oral Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan;
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (E.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan;
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (M.M.); (K.N.)
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (E.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (M.T.T.); (Y.O.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-6660
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18
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Okusha Y, Tran MT, Itagaki M, Sogawa C, Eguchi T, Okui T, Kadowaki T, Sakai E, Tsukuba T, Okamoto K. Rab11A Functions as a Negative Regulator of Osteoclastogenesis through Dictating Lysosome-Induced Proteolysis of c-fms and RANK Surface Receptors. Cells 2020; 9:E2384. [PMID: 33142674 PMCID: PMC7692573 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclast differentiation and activity are controlled by two essential cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Rab11A GTPase, belonging to Rab11 subfamily representing the largest branch of Ras superfamily of small GTPases, has been identified as one of the crucial regulators of cell surface receptor recycling. Nevertheless, the regulatory role of Rab11A in osteoclast differentiation has been completely unknown. In this study, we found that Rab11A was strongly upregulated at a late stage of osteoclast differentiation derived from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) or RAW-D murine osteoclast precursor cells. Rab11A silencing promoted osteoclast formation and significantly increased the surface levels of c-fms and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) while its overexpression attenuated osteoclast formation and the surface levels of c-fms and RANK. Using immunocytochemical staining for tracking Rab11A vesicular localization, we observed that Rab11A was localized in early and late endosomes, but not lysosomes. Intriguingly, Rab11A overexpression caused the enhancement of fluorescent intensity and size-based enlargement of early endosomes. Besides, Rab11A overexpression promoted lysosomal activity via elevating the endogenous levels of a specific lysosomal protein, LAMP1, and two key lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and D in osteoclasts. More importantly, inhibition of the lysosomal activity by chloroquine, we found that the endogenous levels of c-fms and RANK proteins were enhanced in osteoclasts. From these observations, we suggest a novel function of Rab11A as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis mainly through (i) abolishing the surface abundance of c-fms and RANK receptors, and (ii) upregulating lysosomal activity, subsequently augmenting the degradation of c-fms and RANK receptors, probably via the axis of early endosomes-late endosomes-lysosomes in osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Okusha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (M.I.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manh Tien Tran
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (M.I.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
| | - Mami Itagaki
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (M.I.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- Dental School, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (M.I.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (M.I.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan;
| | - Tomoko Kadowaki
- Department of Frontier Life Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 815-8582, Japan;
| | - Eiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 815-8582, Japan; (E.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 815-8582, Japan; (E.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.T.T.); (M.I.); (C.S.); (T.E.)
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19
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Impaired autophagy increases susceptibility to endotoxin-induced chronic pancreatitis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:889. [PMID: 33087696 PMCID: PMC7578033 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with elevated plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and we have demonstrated reduced acinar cell autophagy in human CP tissue. Therefore, we investigated the role of autophagy in experimental endotoxin-induced pancreatic injury and aimed to identify LPS in human CP tissue. Pancreatic Atg7-deficient mice were injected with a single sub-lethal dose of LPS. Expression of autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and inflammatory markers was determined 3 and 24 h later utilizing immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. The presence of LPS in pancreatic tissue from mice and from patients and healthy controls was determined using immunohistochemistry, immunoblots, and chromogenic assay. Mice lacking pancreatic autophagy exhibited local signs of inflammation and were particularly sensitive to the toxic effect of LPS injection as compared to control mice. In response to LPS, Atg7Δpan mice exhibited enhanced vacuolization of pancreatic acinar cells, increase in TLR4 expression coupled to enhanced expression of NF-κΒ, JNK, and pro-inflammatory cytokines by acinar cells and enhanced infiltration by myeloid cells (but not Atg7F/F controls). Cell death was enhanced in Atg7Δpan pancreata, but only necroptosis and trypsin activation was further amplified following LPS injection along with elevated pancreatic LPS. The presence of LPS was identified in the pancreata from all 14 CP patients examined but was absent in the pancreata from all 10 normal controls. Altogether, these results support a potential role for metabolic endotoxemia in the pathogenesis of CP. Moreover, the evidence also supports the notion that autophagy plays a major cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory role in the pancreas, and blunting metabolic endotoxemia-induced CP.
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Zhang H, Gao Y, Qian P, Dong Z, Hao W, Liu D, Duan X. Expression analysis of Rab11 during zebrafish embryonic development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:25. [PMID: 31884948 PMCID: PMC6936149 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Rab proteins are GTPases responsible for intracellular vesicular trafficking regulation. Rab11 proteins, members of the Rab GTPase family, are known to regulate vesicular recycling during embryonic development. In zebrafish, there are 3 rab11 paralogues, known as rab11a, rab11ba and rab11bb, sharing high identity with each other. However, the expression analysis of rab11 is so far lacking. Results Here, by phylogeny analysis, we found the three rab11 genes are highly conserved especially for their GTPase domains. We examined the expression patterns of rab11a, rab11ba and rab11bb using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. We found that all the three genes were highly enriched in the central nervous system, but in different areas of the brain. Apart from brain, rab11a was also expressed in caudal vein, pronephric duct, proctodeum, pharyngeal arches and digestive duct, rab11ba was detected to express in muscle, and rab11bb was expressed in kidney, fin and spinal cord. Different from rab11a and rab11ba, which both have maternal expressions in embryos, rab11bb only expresses during 24hpf to 96hpf. Conclusions Our results suggest that rab11 genes play important but distinct roles in the development of the nervous system in zebrafish. The findings could provide new evidences for better understanding the functions of rab11 in the development of zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Peipei Qian
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wenjin Hao
- College of life science, Nantong University, 9# Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of life science, Nantong University, 9# Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xuchu Duan
- College of life science, Nantong University, 9# Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Boehm C, Field MC. Evolution of late steps in exocytosis: conservation and specialization of the exocyst complex. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:112. [PMID: 31633057 PMCID: PMC6784791 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15142.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The eukaryotic endomembrane system most likely arose
via paralogous expansions of genes encoding proteins that specify organelle identity, coat complexes and govern fusion specificity. While the majority of these gene families were established by the time of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), subsequent evolutionary events has moulded these systems, likely reflecting adaptations retained for increased fitness. As well as sequence evolution, these adaptations include loss of otherwise canonical components, the emergence of lineage-specific proteins and paralog expansion. The exocyst complex is involved in late exocytosis and additional trafficking pathways and a member of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods (CATCHR) tethering complex family. CATCHR includes the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS)/class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) complexes and several others. The exocyst is integrated into a complex GTPase signalling network in animals, fungi and other lineages. Prompted by discovery of Exo99, a non-canonical subunit in the excavate protist
Trypanosoma brucei, and availability of significantly increased genome sequence data, we re-examined evolution of the exocyst. Methods: We examined the evolution of exocyst components by comparative genomics, phylogenetics and structure prediction. Results: The exocyst composition is highly conserved, but with substantial losses of subunits in the Apicomplexa and expansions in Streptophyta plants, Metazoa and land plants, where for the latter, massive paralog expansion of Exo70 represents an extreme and unique example. Significantly, few taxa retain a partial complex, suggesting that, in general, all subunits are probably required for functionality. Further, the ninth exocyst subunit, Exo99, is specific to the Euglenozoa with a distinct architecture compared to the other subunits and which possibly represents a coat system. Conclusions: These data reveal a remarkable degree of evolutionary flexibility within the exocyst complex, suggesting significant diversity in exocytosis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Boehm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mark C Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.,Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovic, 37005, Czech Republic
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Leng C, Overeem AW, Cartón-Garcia F, Li Q, Klappe K, Kuipers J, Cui Y, Zuhorn IS, Arango D, van IJzendoorn SCD. Loss of MYO5B expression deregulates late endosome size which hinders mitotic spindle orientation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000531. [PMID: 31682603 PMCID: PMC6855566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling endosomes regulate plasma membrane recycling. Recently, recycling endosome–associated proteins have been implicated in the positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindle and cytokinesis. Loss of MYO5B, encoding the recycling endosome–associated myosin Vb, is associated with tumor development and tissue architecture defects in the gastrointestinal tract. Whether loss of MYO5B expression affects mitosis is not known. Here, we demonstrate that loss of MYO5B expression delayed cytokinesis, perturbed mitotic spindle orientation, led to the misorientation of the plane of cell division during the course of mitosis, and resulted in the delamination of epithelial cells. Remarkably, the effects on spindle orientation, but not cytokinesis, were a direct consequence of physical hindrance by giant late endosomes, which were formed in a chloride channel–sensitive manner concomitant with a redistribution of chloride channels from the cell periphery to late endosomes upon loss of MYO5B. Rab7 availability was identified as a limiting factor for the development of giant late endosomes. In accordance, increasing rab7 availability corrected mitotic spindle misorientation and cell delamination in cells lacking MYO5B expression. In conclusion, we identified a novel role for MYO5B in the regulation of late endosome size control and identify the inability to control late endosome size as an unexpected novel mechanism underlying defects in cell division orientation and epithelial architecture. Loss of the recycling endosome-associated motor protein myosin Vb causes the formation of giant late endo-lysosomes; these in turn hinder the orientation of the mitotic spindle and chromosome segregation. Deregulated endosome size thus hampers faithful cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsen Leng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arend W. Overeem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Cartón-Garcia
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qinghong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Klappe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge S. Zuhorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sven C. D. van IJzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Boehm C, Field MC. Evolution of late steps in exocytosis: conservation, specialization. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:112. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15142.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:The eukaryotic endomembrane system likely aroseviaparalogous expansion of genes encoding proteins specifying organelle identity, coat complexes and government of fusion specificity. While the majority of these gene families were established by the time of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), subsequent evolutionary events molded these systems, likely reflecting adaptations retained for increased fitness. As well as sequence evolution, these adaptations include loss of otherwise canonical subunits, emergence of lineage-specific proteins and paralog expansion. The exocyst complex is involved in late exocytosis, and possibly additional pathways, and is a member of the complexes associated with tethering containing helical rods (CATCHR) tethering complex family, which includes conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG), homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS), class C core vacuole/endosome tethering (CORVET) and others. The exocyst is integrated into a complex GTPase signaling network in animals, fungi and other lineages. Prompted by discovery of Exo99, a non-canonical subunit in the excavate protistTrypanosoma brucei,and significantly increased genome sequence data, we examined evolution of the exocyst.Methods:We examined evolution of the exocyst by comparative genomics, phylogenetics and structure prediction.Results:The exocyst is highly conserved, but with substantial losses of subunits in the Apicomplexa and expansions in Streptophyta plants and Metazoa. Significantly, few taxa retain a partial complex, suggesting that, in the main, all subunits are required for functionality. Further, the ninth exocyst subunit Exo99 is specific to the Euglenozoa with a distinct architecture compared to the other subunits and which possibly represents a coat system.Conclusions:These data reveal a remarkable degree of evolutionary flexibility within the exocyst complex, suggesting significant diversity in exocytosis mechanisms.
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