1
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Ortmann BM, Taylor CT, Rocha S. Hypoxia research, where to now? Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:573-582. [PMID: 38599898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Investigating how cells and organisms sense and respond to O2 levels is essential to our understanding of physiology and pathology. This field has advanced considerably since the discovery of the major transcription factor family, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and the enzymes that control its levels: prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). However, with its expansion, new complexities have emerged. Herein we highlight three main areas where, in our opinion, the research community could direct some of their attention. These include non-transcriptional roles of HIFs, specificity and O2 sensitivity of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDDs), and new tools and methods to detect O2 concentrations in cells and organs. A greater understanding of these areas would answer big questions and help drive our knowledge of cellular responses to hypoxia forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ortmann
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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2
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Raykhel I, Ronkainen VP, Myllyharju J, Manninen A. HIF2α-dependent Dock4/Rac1-signaling regulates formation of adherens junctions and cell polarity in normoxia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12153. [PMID: 38802496 PMCID: PMC11130225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) 1 and 2 regulate similar but distinct sets of target genes. Although HIFs are best known for their roles in mediating the hypoxia response accumulating evidence suggests that under certain conditions HIFs, particularly HIF2, may function also under normoxic conditions. Here we report that HIF2α functions under normoxic conditions in kidney epithelial cells to regulate formation of adherens junctions. HIF2α expression was required to induce Dock4/Rac1/Pak1-signaling mediating stability and compaction of E-cadherin at nascent adherens junctions. Impaired adherens junction formation in HIF2α- or Dock4-deficient cells led to aberrant cyst morphogenesis in 3D kidney epithelial cell cultures. Taken together, we show that HIF2α functions in normoxia to regulate epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Raykhel
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Extracellular Matrix and Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - V-P Ronkainen
- Extracellular Matrix and Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Myllyharju
- Extracellular Matrix and Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - A Manninen
- Disease Networks Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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3
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Wesolowski L, Ge J, Castillon L, Sesia D, Dyas A, Hirosue S, Caraffini V, Warren AY, Rodrigues P, Ciriello G, Patel SA, Vanharanta S. The SWI/SNF complex member SMARCB1 supports lineage fidelity in kidney cancer. iScience 2023; 26:107360. [PMID: 37554444 PMCID: PMC10405256 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineage switching can induce therapy resistance in cancer. Yet, how lineage fidelity is maintained and how it can be lost remain poorly understood. Here, we have used CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic screening to demonstrate that loss of SMARCB1, a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, can confer an advantage to clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells upon inhibition of the renal lineage factor PAX8. Lineage factor inhibition-resistant ccRCC cells formed tumors with morphological features, but not molecular markers, of neuroendocrine differentiation. SMARCB1 inactivation led to large-scale loss of kidney-specific epigenetic programs and restoration of proliferative capacity through the adoption of new dependencies on factors that represent rare essential genes across different cancers. We further developed an analytical approach to systematically characterize lineage fidelity using large-scale CRISPR-Cas9 data. An understanding of the rules that govern lineage switching could aid the development of more durable lineage factor-targeted and other cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Wesolowski
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Jianfeng Ge
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Leticia Castillon
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Debora Sesia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Dyas
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Shoko Hirosue
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Veronica Caraffini
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Anne Y. Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saroor A. Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Karakaya S, Gunnesson L, Elias E, Martos-Salvo P, Robledo M, Nilsson O, Wängberg B, Abel F, Påhlman S, Muth A, Mohlin S. Cytoplasmic HIF-2α as tissue biomarker to identify metastatic sympathetic paraganglioma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11588. [PMID: 37463949 PMCID: PMC10354100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors. PGLs can further be divided into sympathetic (sPGLs) and head-and-neck (HN-PGLs). There are virtually no treatment options, and no cure, for metastatic PCCs and PGLs (PPGLs). Here, we composed a tissue microarray (TMA) consisting of 149 PPGLs, reflecting clinical features, presenting as a useful resource. Mutations in the pseudohypoxic marker HIF-2α correlate to an aggressive tumor phenotype. We show that HIF-2α localized to the cytoplasm in PPGLs. This subcompartmentalized protein expression differed between tumor subtypes, and strongly correlated to proliferation. Half of all sPGLs were metastatic at time of diagnosis. Cytoplasmic HIF-2α was strongly expressed in metastatic sPGLs and predicted poor outcome in this subgroup. We propose that higher cytoplasmic HIF-2α expression could serve as a useful clinical marker to differentiate paragangliomas from pheochromocytomas, and may help predict outcome in sPGL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Karakaya
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC B11, 223 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Gunnesson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Elias
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paula Martos-Salvo
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC B11, 223 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ola Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Wängberg
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frida Abel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Påhlman
- Lund University Cancer Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Muth
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofie Mohlin
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, BMC B11, 223 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund University Cancer Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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5
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Bechmann N, Westermann F, Eisenhofer G. HIF and MYC signaling in adrenal neoplasms of the neural crest: implications for pediatrics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1022192. [PMID: 37361539 PMCID: PMC10286580 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1022192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neural crest-derived adrenal neoplasms include neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. Both entities are associated with a high degree of clinical heterogeneity, varying from spontaneous regression to malignant disease with poor outcome. Increased expression and stabilization of HIF2α appears to contribute to a more aggressive and undifferentiated phenotype in both adrenal neoplasms, whereas MYCN amplification is a valuable prognostic marker in neuroblastoma. The present review focuses on HIF- and MYC signaling in both neoplasms and discusses the interaction of associated pathways during neural crest and adrenal development as well as potential consequences on tumorigenesis. Emerging single-cell methods together with epigenetic and transcriptomic analyses provide further insights into the importance of a tight regulation of HIF and MYC signaling pathways during adrenal development and tumorigenesis. In this context, increased attention to HIF-MYC/MAX interactions may also provide new therapeutic options for these pediatric adrenal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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6
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Gao Q, Luo J, Pan J, Zhang L, Song D, Zhang M, Xu D, Guo F. Integrative analyses identify HIF-1α as a potential protective role with immune cell infiltration in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949509. [PMID: 36091021 PMCID: PMC9450013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are histologically benign tumors located in the sellar–suprasellar region. Although the transcriptome development in recent years have deepened our knowledge to the tumorigenesis process of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), the peritumoral immune infiltration of tumor is still not well understood. In this study, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify different gene modules based on clinical characteristics and gene expression, and then, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network with the Cytohubba plug-in were performed to screen pivotal genes. In addition, immune cell infiltration (ICI) analysis was used to evaluate the immune microenvironment of ACP patients. In total, 8,568 differential expression genes were identified based on our datasets and two microarray profiles from the public database. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that upregulated genes were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways while downregulated genes were shown in the hormone and transduction of signaling pathways. The WGCNA investigated the most relevant modules, and 1,858 hub genes was detected, from which the PPI network identified 14 pivotal genes, and the Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) pathway including four critical genes may be involved in the development of ACP. Moreover, naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were decreased while specific subtypes of T cells were significantly increased in ACP patients according to ICI analysis. Validation by immunofluorescence staining revealed a higher expression of HIF-1α in ACP (ACP vs. control) and adult-subtype (adult vs. children), suggesting a possible state of immune system activation. Notably, children with low HIF-1α scores were related to the hypothalamus involvement and hydrocephalus symptoms. In this study, we successfully identified HIF-1α as a key role in the tumorigenesis and development of ACP through comprehensive integrated analyses and systematically investigated the potential relationship with immune cells in ACP. The results may provide valuable resources for understanding the underlying mechanisms of ACP and strengthen HIF-1α as a potential immunotherapeutic target in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Longxiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dengpan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingchu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dingkang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dingkang Xu, ; Fuyou Guo,
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dingkang Xu, ; Fuyou Guo,
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7
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Differential HIF2α Protein Expression in Human Carotid Body and Adrenal Medulla under Physiologic and Tumorigenic Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122986. [PMID: 35740651 PMCID: PMC9221385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) 2α and 1α are the major oxygen-sensing molecules in eukaryotic cells. HIF2α has been pathogenically linked to paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma (PPGL) arising in sympathetic paraganglia or the adrenal medulla (AM), respectively. However, its involvement in the pathogenesis of paraganglioma arising in the carotid body (CB) or other parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck (HNPGL) remains to be defined. Here, we retrospectively analyzed HIF2α by immunohistochemistry in 62 PPGL/HNPGL and human CB and AM, and comprehensively evaluated the HIF-related transcriptome of 202 published PPGL/HNPGL. We report that HIF2α is barely detected in the AM, but accumulates at high levels in PPGL, mostly (but not exclusively) in those with loss-of-function mutations in VHL and genes encoding components of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. This is associated with upregulation of EPAS1 and the HIF2α-regulated genes COX4I2 and ADORA2A. In contrast, HIF2α and HIF2α-regulated genes are highly expressed in CB and HNPGL, irrespective of VHL and SDH dysfunctions. We also found that HIF2α and HIF1α protein expressions are not correlated in PPGL nor HNPGL. In addition, HIF1α-target genes are almost exclusively overexpressed in VHL-mutated HNPGL/PPGL. Collectively, the data suggest that involvement of HIF2α in the physiology and tumor pathology of human paraganglia is organ-of-origin-dependent and HIF1α-independent.
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Chen B, Jiang W, Huang Y, Zhang J, Yu P, Wu L, Peng H. N 7-methylguanosine tRNA modification promotes tumorigenesis and chemoresistance through WNT/β-catenin pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:2239-2253. [PMID: 35217794 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment selections are very limited for patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) experiencing disease progression. Uncovering mechanisms underlying NPC progression is crucial for the development of novel treatments. Here we show that N7-methylguanosine (m7G) tRNA modification enzyme METTL1 and its partner WDR4 are significantly elevated in NPC and are associated with poor prognosis. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function assays demonstrated that METTL1/WDR4 promotes NPC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ARNT was identified as an upstream transcription factor regulating METTL1 expression in NPC. METTL1 depletion resulted in decreased m7G tRNA modification and expression, which led to impaired codon recognition during mRNA translation, therefore reducing the translation efficiencies of mRNAs with higher m7G codons. METTL1 upregulated the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and promoted NPC cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance to cisplatin and docetaxel in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of WNT3A bypassed the requirement of METTL1 for EMT and chemoresistance. This work uncovers novel insights into tRNA modification-mediated mRNA translation regulation and highlights the critical function of tRNA modification in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, 510095, P. R. China
| | - Lirong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hao Peng
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China.
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9
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Muñiz-García A, Romero M, Falcόn-Perez JM, Murray P, Zorzano A, Mora S. Hypoxia-induced HIF1α activation regulates small extracellular vesicle release in human embryonic kidney cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1443. [PMID: 35087095 PMCID: PMC8795438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane enclosures released by eukaryotic cells that carry bioactive molecules and serve to modulate biological responses in recipient cells. Both increased EV release and altered EV composition are associated with the development and progression of many pathologies including cancer. Hypoxia, a feature of rapidly growing solid tumours, increases the release of EVs. However, the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that act as major regulators of the cellular adaptations to hypoxia. Here, we investigated the requirement of HIF pathway activation for EV release in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells (HEK293). Time course experiments showed that EV release increased concomitantly with sustained HIF1α and HIF2α activation following the onset of hypoxia. shRNA mediated knock-down of HIF1α but not HIF2α abrogated the effect of hypoxia on EV release, suggesting HIF1α is involved in this process. However, stabilization of HIF proteins in normoxic conditions through: (i) heterologous expression of oxygen insensitive HIF1α or HIF2α mutants in normoxic cells or (ii) chemical inhibition of the prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) repressor protein, did not increase EV release, suggesting HIF activation alone is not sufficient for this process. Our findings suggest HIF1α plays an important role in the regulation of EV release during hypoxia in HEK293 cells, however other hypoxia triggered mechanisms likely contribute as stabilization of HIF1α alone in normoxia is not sufficient for EV release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñiz-García
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling (Formerly Dpt. Cellular and Molecular Physiology), The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 13, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Romero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 13, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcόn-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48015, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling (Formerly Dpt. Cellular and Molecular Physiology), The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 13, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Mora
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling (Formerly Dpt. Cellular and Molecular Physiology), The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Cowman SJ, Koh MY. Revisiting the HIF switch in the tumor and its immune microenvironment. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:28-42. [PMID: 34743924 PMCID: PMC8702465 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of all solid tumors and their metastases. This leads to activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors, which modulate gene expression within both tumor cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, influencing tumor progression and treatment response. The best characterized HIF isoforms, HIF-1α and HIF-2α, show nonoverlapping and often antagonistic roles. With the recent availability of inhibitors that target one or both HIFs, including the first-in-class selective HIF-2α inhibitor belzutifan, the prospect of HIF-α isoform-selective targeting is now a reality. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the unique contributions of the two HIF-α isoforms to tumor progression in the context of the complex tumor immune microenvironment, highlighting important considerations for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Yee Koh
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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11
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Méndez-Solís O, Bendjennat M, Naipauer J, Theodoridis PR, Ho JJD, Verdun RE, Hare JM, Cesarman E, Lee S, Mesri EA. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus activates the hypoxia response to usurp HIF2α-dependent translation initiation for replication and oncogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110144. [PMID: 34965440 PMCID: PMC9121799 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is an angiogenesis-inducing oncovirus whose ability to usurp the oxygen-sensing machinery is central to its oncogenicity. By upregulating the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), KSHV reprograms infected cells to a hypoxia-like state, triggering angiogenesis. Here we identify a link between KSHV replicative biology and oncogenicity by showing that KSHV's ability to regulate HIF2α levels and localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in normoxia enables translation of viral lytic mRNAs through the HIF2α-regulated eIF4E2 translation-initiation complex. This mechanism of translation in infected cells is critical for lytic protein synthesis and contributes to KSHV-induced PDGFRA activation and VEGF secretion. Thus, KSHV regulation of the oxygen-sensing machinery allows virally infected cells to initiate translation via the mTOR-dependent eIF4E1 or the HIF2α-dependent, mTOR-independent, eIF4E2. This "translation initiation plasticity" (TRIP) is an oncoviral strategy used to optimize viral protein expression that links molecular strategies of viral replication to angiogenicity and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra Méndez-Solís
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mourad Bendjennat
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Phaedra R Theodoridis
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - J J David Ho
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ramiro E Verdun
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Stephen Lee
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Enrique A Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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12
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Effective Perturbations of the Amplitude, Gating, and Hysteresis of IK(DR) Caused by PT-2385, an HIF-2α Inhibitor. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080636. [PMID: 34436399 PMCID: PMC8398179 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PT-2385 is currently regarded as a potent and selective inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α), with potential antineoplastic activity. However, the membrane ion channels changed by this compound are obscure, although it is reasonable to assume that the compound might act on surface membrane before entering the cell´s interior. In this study, we intended to explore whether it and related compounds make any adjustments to the plasmalemmal ionic currents of pituitary tumor (GH3) cells and human 13-06-MG glioma cells. Cell exposure to PT-2385 suppressed the peak or late amplitude of delayed-rectifier K+ current (IK(DR)) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 8.1 or 2.2 µM, respectively, while the KD value in PT-2385-induced shortening in the slow component of IK(DR) inactivation was estimated to be 2.9 µM. The PT-2385-mediated block of IK(DR) in GH3 cells was little-affected by the further application of diazoxide, cilostazol, or sorafenib. Increasing PT-2385 concentrations shifted the steady-state inactivation curve of IK(DR) towards a more hyperpolarized potential, with no change in the gating charge of the current, and also prolonged the time-dependent recovery of the IK(DR) block. The hysteretic strength of IK(DR) elicited by upright or inverted isosceles-triangular ramp voltage was decreased during exposure to PT-2385; meanwhile, the activation energy involved in the gating of IK(DR) elicitation was noticeably raised in its presence. Alternatively, the presence of PT-2385 in human 13-06-MG glioma cells effectively decreased the amplitude of IK(DR). Considering all of the experimental results together, the effects of PT-2385 on ionic currents demonstrated herein could be non-canonical and tend to be upstream of the inhibition of HIF-2α. This action therefore probably contributes to down-streaming mechanisms through the changes that it or other structurally resemblant compounds lead to in the perturbations of the functional activities of pituitary cells or neoplastic astrocytes, in the case that in vivo observations occur.
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13
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Bechmann N, Eisenhofer G. Hypoxia-inducible Factor 2α: A Key Player in Tumorigenesis and Metastasis of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma? Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2021; 130:282-289. [PMID: 34320663 DOI: 10.1055/a-1526-5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Germline or somatic driver mutations linked to specific phenotypic features are identified in approximately 70% of all catecholamine-producing pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). Mutations leading to stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) and downstream pseudohypoxic signaling are associated with a higher risk of metastatic disease. Patients with metastatic PPGLs have a variable prognosis and treatment options are limited. In most patients with PPGLs, germline mutations lead to the stabilization of HIF2α. Mutations in HIF2α itself are associated with adrenal pheochromocytomas and/or extra-adrenal paragangliomas and about 30% of these patients develop metastatic disease; nevertheless, the frequency of these specific mutations is low (1.6-6.2%). Generally, mutations that lead to stabilization of HIF2α result in distinct catecholamine phenotype through blockade of glucocorticoid-mediated induction of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, leading to the formation of tumors that lack epinephrine. HIF2α, among other factors, also contributes importantly to the initiation of a motile and invasive phenotype. Specifically, the expression of HIF2α supports a neuroendocrine-to-mesenchymal transition and the associated invasion-metastasis cascade, which includes the formation of pseudopodia to facilitate penetration into adjacent vasculature. The HIF2α-mediated expression of adhesion and extracellular matrix genes also promotes the establishment of PPGL cells in distant tissues. The involvement of HIF2α in tumorigenesis and in multiple steps of invasion-metastasis cascade underscores the therapeutic relevance of targeting HIF2α signaling pathways in PPGLs. However, due to emerging resistance to current HIF2α inhibitors that target HIF2α binding to specific partners, alternative HIF2α signaling pathways and downstream actions should also be considered for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Bernauer C, Man YKS, Chisholm JC, Lepicard EY, Robinson SP, Shipley JM. Hypoxia and its therapeutic possibilities in paediatric cancers. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:539-551. [PMID: 33106581 PMCID: PMC7851391 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In tumours, hypoxia-a condition in which the demand for oxygen is higher than its availability-is well known to be associated with reduced sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and with immunosuppression. The consequences of hypoxia on tumour biology and patient outcomes have therefore led to the investigation of strategies that can alleviate hypoxia in cancer cells, with the aim of sensitising cells to treatments. An alternative therapeutic approach involves the design of prodrugs that are activated by hypoxic cells. Increasing evidence indicates that hypoxia is not just clinically significant in adult cancers but also in paediatric cancers. We evaluate relevant methods to assess the levels and extent of hypoxia in childhood cancers, including novel imaging strategies such as oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Preclinical and clinical evidence largely supports the use of hypoxia-targeting drugs in children, and we describe the critical need to identify robust predictive biomarkers for the use of such drugs in future paediatric clinical trials. Ultimately, a more personalised approach to treatment that includes targeting hypoxic tumour cells might improve outcomes in subgroups of paediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bernauer
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Y K Stella Man
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Julia C Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
- Sarcoma Clinical Trials in Children and Young People Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elise Y Lepicard
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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15
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Gao S, Liu L, Li Z, Pang Y, Shi J, Zhu F. Seven Novel Genes Related to Cell Proliferation and Migration of VHL-Mutated Pheochromocytoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:598656. [PMID: 33828526 PMCID: PMC8021008 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.598656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma, as a neuroendocrine tumor with the highest genetic correlation in all types of tumors, has attracted extensive attention. Von Hipper Lindau (VHL) has the highest mutation frequency among the genes associated with pheochromocytoma. However, the effect of VHL on the proteome of pheochromocytoma remains to be explored. In this study, the VHL knockdown (VHL-KD) PC12 cell model was established by RNA interference (shRNA). We compared the proteomics of VHL-KD and VHL-WT PC12 cell lines. The results showed that the expression of 434 proteins (VHL shRNA/WT > 1.3) changed significantly in VHL-KD-PC12 cells. Among the 434 kinds of proteins, 83 were involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle and cell migration, and so on. More importantly, among these proteins, we found seven novel key genes, including Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF), Syndecan Binding Protein (SDCBP), Cysteine Rich Protein 61 (CYR61/CCN1), Collagen Type III Alpha 1 Chain (COL3A1), Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain (COL1A1), Collagen Type V Alpha 2 Chain (COL5A2), and Serpin Family E Member 1 (SERPINE1), were overexpressed and simultaneously regulated cell proliferation and migration in VHL-KD PC12 cells. Furthermore, the abnormal accumulation of HIF2α caused by VHL-KD significantly increased the expression of these seven genes during hypoxia. Moreover, cell-counting, scratch, and transwell assays demonstrated that VHL-KD could promote cell proliferation and migration, and changed cell morphology. These findings indicated that inhibition of VHL expression could promote the development of pheochromocytoma by activating the expression of cell proliferation and migration associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Longfei Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuolin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingxian Pang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feizhou Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Feizhou Zhu,
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16
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Hammarlund EU, Flashman E, Mohlin S, Licausi F. Oxygen-sensing mechanisms across eukaryotic kingdoms and their roles in complex multicellularity. Science 2020; 370:370/6515/eaba3512. [PMID: 33093080 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-sensing mechanisms of eukaryotic multicellular organisms coordinate hypoxic cellular responses in a spatiotemporal manner. Although this capacity partly allows animals and plants to acutely adapt to oxygen deprivation, its functional and historical roots in hypoxia emphasize a broader evolutionary role. For multicellular life-forms that persist in settings with variable oxygen concentrations, the capacity to perceive and modulate responses in and between cells is pivotal. Animals and higher plants represent the most complex life-forms that ever diversified on Earth, and their oxygen-sensing mechanisms demonstrate convergent evolution from a functional perspective. Exploring oxygen-sensing mechanisms across eukaryotic kingdoms can inform us on biological innovations to harness ever-changing oxygen availability at the dawn of complex life and its utilization for their organismal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma U Hammarlund
- Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 8, 223 81 Lund, Sweden. .,Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.,Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily Flashman
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sofie Mohlin
- Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 8, 223 81 Lund, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. .,PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore, Sant'Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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17
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Differential Contribution of N- and C-Terminal Regions of HIF1α and HIF2α to Their Target Gene Selectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249401. [PMID: 33321829 PMCID: PMC7764359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular response to hypoxia is controlled by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF1α and HIF2α. Some genes are preferentially induced by HIF1α or HIF2α, as has been explored in some cell models and for particular sets of genes. Here we have extended this analysis to other HIF-dependent genes using in vitro WT8 renal carcinoma cells and in vivo conditional Vhl-deficient mice models. Moreover, we generated chimeric HIF1/2 transcription factors to study the contribution of the HIF1α and HIF2α DNA binding/heterodimerization and transactivation domains to HIF target specificity. We show that the induction of HIF1α-dependent genes in WT8 cells, such as CAIX (CAR9) and BNIP3, requires both halves of HIF, whereas the HIF2α transactivation domain is more relevant for the induction of HIF2 target genes like the amino acid carrier SLC7A5. The HIF selectivity for some genes in WT8 cells is conserved in Vhl-deficient lung and liver tissue, whereas other genes like Glut1 (Slc2a1) behave distinctly in these tissues. Therefore the relative contribution of the DNA binding/heterodimerization and transactivation domains for HIF target selectivity can be different when comparing HIF1α or HIF2α isoforms, and that HIF target gene specificity is conserved in human and mouse cells for some of the genes analyzed.
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18
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Zafar A, Wang W, Liu G, Wang X, Xian W, McKeon F, Foster J, Zhou J, Zhang R. Molecular targeting therapies for neuroblastoma: Progress and challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:961-1021. [PMID: 33155698 PMCID: PMC7906923 DOI: 10.1002/med.21750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies for childhood cancers. Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric solid tumor, and accounts for ~15% of childhood cancer‐related mortality. Neuroblastomas exhibit genetic, morphological and clinical heterogeneity, which limits the efficacy of existing treatment modalities. Gaining detailed knowledge of the molecular signatures and genetic variations involved in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma is necessary to develop safer and more effective treatments for this devastating disease. Recent studies with advanced high‐throughput “omics” techniques have revealed numerous genetic/genomic alterations and dysfunctional pathways that drive the onset, growth, progression, and resistance of neuroblastoma to therapy. A variety of molecular signatures are being evaluated to better understand the disease, with many of them being used as targets to develop new treatments for neuroblastoma patients. In this review, we have summarized the contemporary understanding of the molecular pathways and genetic aberrations, such as those in MYCN, BIRC5, PHOX2B, and LIN28B, involved in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma, and provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular targeted therapies under preclinical and clinical investigations, particularly those targeting ALK signaling, MDM2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS‐MAPK pathways, as well as epigenetic regulators. We also give insights on the use of combination therapies involving novel agents that target various pathways. Further, we discuss the future directions that would help identify novel targets and therapeutics and improve the currently available therapies, enhancing the treatment outcomes and survival of patients with neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Zafar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Stem Cell Center, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Stem Cell Center, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Foster
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Hematology-Oncology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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19
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Grassi ES, Jeannot P, Pantazopoulou V, Berg TJ, Pietras A. Niche-derived soluble DLK1 promotes glioma growth. Neoplasia 2020; 22:689-701. [PMID: 33142235 PMCID: PMC7587507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes secrete DLK1 after exposure to hypoxia or irradiation. Soluble DLK1 promotes stemness in glioma, in part by increasing HIF-2alpha stabilization. High levels of soluble DLK1 are associated with tumor aggressiveness and lethality.
Tumor cell behaviors associated with aggressive tumor growth such as proliferation, therapeutic resistance, and stem cell characteristics are regulated in part by soluble factors derived from the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated astrocytes represent a major component of the glioma tumor microenvironment, and astrocytes have an active role in maintenance of normal neural stem cells in the stem cell niche, in part via secretion of soluble delta-like noncanonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1). We found that astrocytes, when exposed to stresses of the tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia or ionizing radiation, increased secretion of soluble DLK1. Tumor-associated astrocytes in a glioma mouse model expressed DLK1 in perinecrotic and perivascular tumor areas. Glioma cells exposed to recombinant DLK1 displayed increased proliferation, enhanced self-renewal and colony formation abilities, and increased levels of stem cell marker genes. Mechanistically, DLK1-mediated effects on glioma cells involved increased and prolonged stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha, and inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 2alpha activity abolished effects of DLK1 in hypoxia. Forced expression of soluble DLK1 resulted in more aggressive tumor growth and shortened survival in a genetically engineered mouse model of glioma. Together, our data support DLK1 as a soluble mediator of glioma aggressiveness derived from the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa S Grassi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pauline Jeannot
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Pantazopoulou
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tracy J Berg
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Pietras
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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20
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Niklasson CU, Fredlund E, Monni E, Lindvall JM, Kokaia Z, Hammarlund EU, Bronner ME, Mohlin S. Hypoxia inducible factor-2α importance for migration, proliferation, and self-renewal of trunk neural crest cells. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:191-236. [PMID: 32940375 PMCID: PMC7891386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neural crest is a transient embryonic stem cell population. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‐2α is associated with neural crest stem cell appearance and aggressiveness in tumors. However, little is known about its role in normal neural crest development. Results Here, we show that HIF‐2α is expressed in trunk neural crest cells of human, murine, and avian embryos. Knockdown as well as overexpression of HIF‐2α in vivo causes developmental delays, induces proliferation, and self‐renewal capacity of neural crest cells while decreasing the proportion of neural crest cells that migrate ventrally to sympathoadrenal sites. Reflecting the in vivo phenotype, transcriptome changes after loss of HIF‐2α reveal enrichment of genes associated with cancer, invasion, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, and growth arrest. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that expression levels of HIF‐2α must be strictly controlled during normal trunk neural crest development and that dysregulated levels affects several important features connected to stemness, migration, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla U Niklasson
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elina Fredlund
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Monni
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jessica M Lindvall
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma U Hammarlund
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sofie Mohlin
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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21
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Joshi S. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Neuroblastoma: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2057. [PMID: 32722460 PMCID: PMC7465822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common pediatric tumor malignancy that originates from the neural crest and accounts for more than 15% of all the childhood deaths from cancer. The neuroblastoma cancer research has long been focused on the role of MYCN oncogene amplification and the contribution of other genetic alterations in the progression of this malignancy. However, it is now widely accepted that, not only tumor cells, but the components of tumor microenvironment (TME), including extracellular matrix, stromal cells and immune cells, also contribute to tumor progression in neuroblastoma. The complexity of different components of tumor stroma and their resemblance with surrounding normal tissues pose huge challenges for therapies targeting tumor microenvironment in NB. Hence, the detailed understanding of the composition of the TME of NB is crucial to improve existing and future potential immunotherapeutic approaches against this childhood cancer. In this review article, I will discuss different components of the TME of NB and the recent advances in the strategies, which are used to target the tumor microenvironment in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0815, USA
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