KIBRA connects Hippo signaling and cancer

Interaction between the TBC1D24 TLDc domain and the KIBRA C2 domain is disrupted by two epilepsy-associated TBC1D24 missense variants

Mutations of human TBC1D24 are associated with either deafness, epilepsy or DOORS syndrome (deafness, onychodystrophy, osteodystrophy, cognitive disability, seizures). The causal relationships between TBC1D24 variants and the different clinical phenotypes are not understood. Our hypothesis is that phenotypic heterogeneity of missense mutations of TBC1D24 results, in part, from perturbed binding of different protein partners. To discover novel protein partners of TBC1D24, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen using mouse full-length (FL) TBC1D24 as bait. KIBRA, a scaffold protein encoded by Wwc1, was identified as a partner of TBC1D24. KIBRA functions in the Hippo signaling pathway and is important for human cognition and memory. The TBC1D24 TLDc domain binds to KIBRA FL and to its C2 domain, confirmed by Y2H assays. No interaction was detected with Y2H assays between the KIBRA C2 domain and TLDc domains of NCOA7, MEAK7 and OXR1. Moreover, the C2 domains of other WWC family proteins do not interact with the TLDc domain of TBC1D24, demonstrating specificity. The mRNAs encoding TBC1D24 and KIBRA proteins in mouse are coexpressed at least in a subset of hippocampal cells indicating availability to interact in vivo. As two epilepsy-associated recessive variants (Gly511Arg and Ala515Val) in the TLDc domain of human TBC1D24 disrupt the interaction with human KIBRA C2 domain, this study reveals a pathogenic mechanism of TBC1D24-associated epilepsy, linking the TBC1D24 and KIBRA pathways. The interaction of TBC1D24-KIBRA is physiologically meaningful and necessary to reduce the risk of epilepsy.

The molecular basis of the dichotomous functionality of MAP4K4 in proliferation and cell motility control in cancer

The finely tuned integration of intra- and extracellular cues by components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways controls the mutually exclusive phenotypic manifestations of uncontrolled growth and tumor cell dissemination. The Ser/Thr kinase MAP4K4 is an upstream integrator of extracellular cues involved in both proliferation and cell motility control. Initially identified as an activator of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the discovery of diverse functions and additional effectors of MAP4K4 beyond JNK signaling has considerably broadened our understanding of this complex kinase. The implication of MAP4K4 in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics and cell motility provided essential insights into its role as a pro-metastatic kinase in cancer. However, the more recently revealed role of MAP4K4 as an activator of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway has complicated the understanding of MAP4K4 as an oncogenic driver kinase. To develop a better understanding of the diverse functions of MAP4K4 and their potential significance in oncogenesis and tumor progression, we have collected and assessed the current evidence of MAP4K4 implication in molecular mechanisms that control proliferation and promote cell motility. A better understanding of these mechanisms is particularly relevant in the brain, where MAP4K4 is highly expressed and under pathological conditions either drives neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases or cell dissemination in malignant tumors. We review established effectors and present novel interactors of MAP4K4, which offer mechanistic insights into MAP4K4 function and may inspire novel intervention strategies. We discuss possible implications of novel interactors in tumor growth and dissemination and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies to selectively repress pro-oncogenic functions of MAP4K4.

Molecular insight into the systematic affinity and selectivity of partner recognition sites between the WW1 and WW2 domains of human KIBRA neuroprotein

Human KIBRA, a member of the WWC family proteins, is an upstream regulator of the Salvador/Warts/Hippo (SWH) signaling pathway and predominately expressed in nervous system. The protein has two functionally regulatory domains WW1 and WW2 at N-terminal region, which recognize and bind to the PY-motif segments of their partner proteins to serve as a signaling scaffold role in the SWH pathway. The two domains are highly conserved, but their downstream ligands and biological functions may not be fully consistent. In this study, we attempted to systematically profile the PY-motif affinity to and selectivity between KIBRA WW1 and WW2 domains involved in partner recognition sites. Ontology mining was used to enrich the KIBRA-interacting proteins in literature libraries, from which a variety of PY-motif peptide segments were identified, and their binding behavior to each domain was then analyzed by integrating computational modeling and experimental assay. Most PY-motif peptides were found to interact potently with WW1 and WW2, but they generally only exhibit a moderate or modest selectivity between the two domains. Subsequently, several representative peptides were further examined in detail to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying their affinity and selectivity. It is revealed that the middle motif region of PY-motif peptides is primarily responsible for the affinity and stability of peptide binding, but only contributes marginally to peptide selectivity. Instead, the N-terminal region and, particularly, C-terminal region of PY-motif peptides play a crucial role in the selectivity. Hydrophobic contacts and hydrogen bonds confer stability and specificity to the domain-peptide interaction, respectively.

The regulatory networks of the Hippo signaling pathway in cancer development

The Hippo signaling pathway is a relatively young tumor-related signaling pathway. Although it was discovered lately, research on it developed rapidly. The Hippo signaling pathway is closely relevant to the occurrence and development of tumors and the maintenance of organ size and other biological processes. This manuscript focuses on YAP, the core molecule of the Hippo signaling pathway, and discussion the upstream and downstream regulatory networks of the Hippo signaling pathway during tumorigenesis and development. It also summarizes the relevant drugs involved in this signaling pathway, which may be helpful to the development of targeted drugs for cancer therapy.