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Jovanovic D, Yan S, Baumgartner M. The molecular basis of the dichotomous functionality of MAP4K4 in proliferation and cell motility control in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1059513. [PMID: 36568222 PMCID: PMC9774001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1059513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The finely tuned integration of intra- and extracellular cues by components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways controls the mutually exclusive phenotypic manifestations of uncontrolled growth and tumor cell dissemination. The Ser/Thr kinase MAP4K4 is an upstream integrator of extracellular cues involved in both proliferation and cell motility control. Initially identified as an activator of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the discovery of diverse functions and additional effectors of MAP4K4 beyond JNK signaling has considerably broadened our understanding of this complex kinase. The implication of MAP4K4 in the regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics and cell motility provided essential insights into its role as a pro-metastatic kinase in cancer. However, the more recently revealed role of MAP4K4 as an activator of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway has complicated the understanding of MAP4K4 as an oncogenic driver kinase. To develop a better understanding of the diverse functions of MAP4K4 and their potential significance in oncogenesis and tumor progression, we have collected and assessed the current evidence of MAP4K4 implication in molecular mechanisms that control proliferation and promote cell motility. A better understanding of these mechanisms is particularly relevant in the brain, where MAP4K4 is highly expressed and under pathological conditions either drives neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative diseases or cell dissemination in malignant tumors. We review established effectors and present novel interactors of MAP4K4, which offer mechanistic insights into MAP4K4 function and may inspire novel intervention strategies. We discuss possible implications of novel interactors in tumor growth and dissemination and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies to selectively repress pro-oncogenic functions of MAP4K4.
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Vaziri P, Ryan D, Johnston CA, Cripps RM. A Novel Mechanism for Activation of Myosin Regulatory Light Chain by Protein Kinase C-Delta in Drosophila. Genetics 2020; 216:177-190. [PMID: 32753389 PMCID: PMC7463289 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin is an essential motor protein, which in muscle is comprised of two molecules each of myosin heavy-chain (MHC), the essential or alkali myosin light-chain 1 (MLC1), and the regulatory myosin light-chain 2 (MLC2). It has been shown previously that MLC2 phosphorylation at two canonical serine residues is essential for proper flight muscle function in Drosophila; however, MLC2 is also phosphorylated at additional residues for which the mechanism and functional significance is not known. We found that a hypomorphic allele of Pkcδ causes a flightless phenotype; therefore, we hypothesized that PKCδ phosphorylates MLC2. We rescued flight disability by duplication of the wild-type Pkcδ gene. Moreover, MLC2 is hypophosphorylated in Pkcδ mutant flies, but it is phosphorylated in rescued animals. Myosin isolated from Pkcδ mutant flies shows a reduced actin-activated ATPase activity, and MLC2 in these myosin preparations can be phosphorylated directly by recombinant human PKCδ. The flightless phenotype is characterized by a shortened and disorganized sarcomere phenotype that becomes apparent following eclosion. We conclude that MLC2 is a direct target of phosphorylation by PKCδ, and that this modification is necessary for flight muscle maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Vaziri
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | - Danielle Ryan
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
| | | | - Richard M Cripps
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
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Lee PC, Fang YF, Yamaguchi H, Wang WJ, Chen TC, Hong X, Ke B, Xia W, Wei Y, Zha Z, Wang Y, Kuo HP, Wang CW, Tu CY, Chen CH, Huang WC, Chiang SF, Nie L, Hou J, Chen CT, Huo L, Yang WH, Deng R, Nakai K, Hsu YH, Chang SS, Chiu TJ, Tang J, Zhang R, Wang L, Fang B, Chen T, Wong KK, Hsu JL, Hung MC. Targeting PKCδ as a Therapeutic Strategy against Heterogeneous Mechanisms of EGFR Inhibitor Resistance in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:954-969.e4. [PMID: 30537515 PMCID: PMC6886126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been identified in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, recurrent resistance to EGFR TKIs due to the heterogeneous mechanisms underlying resistance within a single patient remains a major challenge in the clinic. Here, we report a role of nuclear protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) as a common axis across multiple known TKI-resistance mechanisms. Specifically, we demonstrate that TKI-inactivated EGFR dimerizes with other membrane receptors implicated in TKI resistance to promote PKCδ nuclear translocation. Moreover, the level of nuclear PKCδ is associated with TKI response in patients. The combined inhibition of PKCδ and EGFR induces marked regression of resistant NSCLC tumors with EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chih Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yueh-Fu Fang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Foundation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Saint Paul's Hospital, Taoyuan City 33069, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei-Jan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Foundation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Xuan Hong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Thoracic Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Baozhen Ke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongkun Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengyu Zha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Foundation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Foundation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Tu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Chiang
- Cancer Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junwei Hou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chun-Te Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Longfei Huo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Katsuya Nakai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shih-Shin Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tai-Jan Chiu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 333, Taiwan
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bingliang Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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Abstract
More than 0.5 million new cases of head and neck cancer are diagnosed worldwide each year, and approximately 75% of them are treated with radiation alone or in combination with other cancer treatments. A majority of patients treated with radiotherapy develop significant oral off-target effects because of the unavoidable irradiation of normal tissues. Salivary glands that lie within treatment fields are often irreparably damaged and a decline in function manifests as dry mouth or xerostomia. Limited ability of the salivary glands to regenerate lost acinar cells makes radiation-induced loss of function a chronic problem that affects the quality of life of the patients well beyond the completion of radiotherapy. The restoration of saliva production after irradiation has been a daunting challenge, and this review provides an overview of promising gene therapeutics that either improve the gland’s ability to survive radiation insult, or alternately, restore fluid flow after radiation. The salient features and shortcomings of each approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith Parameswaran Nair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States of America
| | - Gulshan Sunavala-Dossabhoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States of America
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Zaid Y, Senhaji N, Darif Y, Kojok K, Oudghiri M, Naya A. Distinctive roles of PKC delta isozyme in platelet function. Curr Res Transl Med 2016; 64:135-9. [PMID: 27765273 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation is a complex balance of positive and negative signaling pathways. Several protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are expressed in human platelets. They are a major regulator of platelet granule secretion, activation and aggregation activity. One of those isoforms is the PKCδ isozyme, it has a central yet complex role in platelets such as opposite signaling functions depending on the nature of the agonist, it concentration and pathway. In fact, it has been shown that PKCδ has an overall negative influence on platelet function in response to collagen, while, following PAR stimulation, PKCδ has a positive effect on platelet function. Understanding the crucial role of PKCδ in platelet functions is recently emerging in the literature, therefore, further investigations should shed light into its specific role in hemostasis. In this review, we focus on the different roles of PKCδ in platelet activation, aggregation and thrombus formation.
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Gordon R, Singh N, Lawana V, Ghosh A, Harischandra DS, Jin H, Hogan C, Sarkar S, Rokad D, Panicker N, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. Protein kinase Cδ upregulation in microglia drives neuroinflammatory responses and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:96-114. [PMID: 27151770 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation has been linked to the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons evidenced in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. The exact etiology of PD remains poorly understood. Although both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are identified as co-contributors in PD pathogenesis, signaling mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative processes have yet to be defined. Indeed, we recently identified that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) activation is critical for induction of dopaminergic neuronal loss in response to neurotoxic stressors. However, it remains to be defined whether PKCδ activation contributes to immune signaling events driving microglial neurotoxicity. In the present study, we systematically investigated whether PKCδ contributes to the heightened microglial activation response following exposure to major proinflammatory stressors, including α-synuclein, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We report that exposure to the aforementioned inflammatory stressors dramatically upregulated PKCδ with a concomitant increase in its kinase activity and nuclear translocation in both BV-2 microglial cells and primary microglia. Importantly, we also observed a marked upregulation of PKCδ in the microglia of the ventral midbrain region of PD patients when compared to age-matched controls, suggesting a role for microglial PKCδ in neurodegenerative processes. Further, shRNA-mediated knockdown and genetic ablation of PKCδ in primary microglia blunted the microglial proinflammatory response elicited by the inflammogens, including ROS generation, nitric oxide production, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release. Importantly, we found that PKCδ activated NFκB, a key mediator of inflammatory signaling events, after challenge with inflammatory stressors, and that transactivation of NFκB led to translocation of the p65 subunit to the nucleus, IκBα degradation and phosphorylation of p65 at Ser536. Furthermore, both genetic ablation and siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKCδ attenuated NFκB activation, suggesting that PKCδ regulates NFκB activation subsequent to microglial exposure to inflammatory stimuli. To further investigate the pivotal role of PKCδ in microglial activation in vivo, we utilized pre-clinical models of PD. We found that PKCδ deficiency attenuated the proinflammatory response in the mouse substantia nigra, reduced locomotor deficits and recovered mice from sickness behavior in an LPS-induced neuroinflammation model of PD. Likewise, we found that PKCδ knockout mice treated with MPTP displayed a dampened microglial inflammatory response. Moreover, PKCδ knockout mice exhibited reduced susceptibility to the neurotoxin-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and associated motor impairments. Taken together, our studies propose a pivotal role for PKCδ in PD pathology, whereby sustained PKCδ activation drives sustained microglial inflammatory responses and concomitant dopaminergic neurotoxicity consequently leading to neurobehavioral deficits. We conclude that inhibiting PKCδ activation may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gordon
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vivek Lawana
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anamitra Ghosh
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Colleen Hogan
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Souvarish Sarkar
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dharmin Rokad
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Laboratory, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Ganesan S, Keating AF. The ovarian DNA damage repair response is induced prior to phosphoramide mustard-induced follicle depletion, and ataxia telangiectasia mutated inhibition prevents PM-induced follicle depletion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 292:65-74. [PMID: 26708502 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoramide mustard (PM) is an ovotoxic metabolite of cyclophosphamide and destroys primordial and primary follicles potentially by DNA damage induction. The temporal pattern by which PM induces DNA damage and initiation of the ovarian response to DNA damage has not yet been well characterized. This study investigated DNA damage initiation, the DNA repair response, as well as induction of follicular demise using a neonatal rat ovarian culture system. Additionally, to delineate specific mechanisms involved in the ovarian response to PM exposure, utility was made of PKC delta (PKCδ) deficient mice as well as an ATM inhibitor (KU 55933; AI). Fisher 344 PND4 rat ovaries were cultured for 12, 24, 48 or 96h in medium containing DMSO ±60μM PM or KU 55933 (48h; 10nM). PM-induced activation of DNA damage repair genes was observed as early as 12h post-exposure. ATM, PARP1, E2F7, P73 and CASP3 abundance were increased but RAD51 and BCL2 protein decreased after 96h of PM exposure. PKCδ deficiency reduced numbers of all follicular stages, but did not have an additive impact on PM-induced ovotoxicity. ATM inhibition protected all follicle stages from PM-induced depletion. In conclusion, the ovarian DNA damage repair response is active post-PM exposure, supporting that DNA damage contributes to PM-induced ovotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Ruvolo PP, Qiu Y, Coombes KR, Zhang N, Neeley ES, Ruvolo VR, Hail N, Borthakur G, Konopleva M, Andreeff M, Kornblau SM. Phosphorylation of GSK3α/β correlates with activation of AKT and is prognostic for poor overall survival in acute myeloid leukemia patients. BBA Clin 2015; 4:59-68. [PMID: 26674329 PMCID: PMC4661707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with highly active AKT tend to do poorly. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis are tightly regulated by AKT via phosphorylation of GSK3α and β isoforms which inactivates these kinases. In the current study we examine the prognostic role of AKT mediated GSK3 phosphorylation in AML. Methods We analyzed GSK3α/β phosphorylation by reverse phase protein analysis (RPPA) in a cohort of 511 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Levels of phosphorylated GSK3 were correlated with patient characteristics including survival and with expression of other proteins important in AML cell survival. Results High levels of p-GSK3α/β correlated with adverse overall survival and a lower incidence of complete remission duration in patients with intermediate cytogenetics, but not in those with unfavorable cytogenetics. Intermediate cytogenetic patients with FLT3 mutation also fared better respectively when p-GSK3α/β levels were lower. Phosphorylated GSK3α/β expression was compared and contrasted with that of 229 related cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis proteins. Consistent with p-GSK3α/β as an indicator of AKT activation, RPPA revealed that p-GSK3α/β positively correlated with phosphorylation of AKT, BAD, and P70S6K, and negatively correlated with β-catenin and FOXO3A. PKCδ also positively correlated with p-GSK3α/β expression, suggesting crosstalk between the AKT and PKC signaling pathways in AML cells. Conclusions These findings suggest that AKT-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3α/β may be beneficial to AML cell survival, and hence detrimental to the overall survival of AML patients. Intrinsically, p-GSK3α/β may serve as an important adverse prognostic factor for a subset of AML patients. Phospho-GSK3 is prognostic for poor survival in a subset of AML patients. Phospho-GSK3 is a biomarker for active AKT in AML. AKT is a PKCδ kinase in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Leukemia, Unit 448, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - YiHua Qiu
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Kevin R. Coombes
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Nianxiang Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - E. Shannon Neeley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Vivian R. Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Numsen Hail
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Steven M. Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Leukemia, Unit 448, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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9
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Fernández-Araujo A, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Yessotoxin activates cell death pathways independent of Protein Kinase C in K-562 human leukemic cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1545-54. [PMID: 26025416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a group of enzymes involved in pro-survival or pro-apoptotic events depending on the cellular model. Moreover, Yessotoxin (YTX) modulates its expression and activates different cell death pathways. In K-562 tumor cell line, YTX induces apoptosis and autophagy after 24 and 48 h of incubation, respectively, and the toxin carries out its action through the phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A). Therefore, the levels of two subtypes of PKC, conventional (cPKC) and δ isotype of novel PKC (PKCδ) were studied at these times after YTX incubation. Also their involvement in the cell death activated by the toxin and their relationship with PDE4A was checked. The expression of cPKC and PKCδ in cytosol, plasma membrane and nucleus was studied in normal and PDE4A-silenced cells. Furthermore, cell viability of normal cells, as well as cPKC-, PKCδ- and PDE4A-silenced cells was tested by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. As a result, PKCδ showed a key role in K-562 cell survive, since without this protein, K-562 cell decreased their viability. Furthermore, modulation of PKCs by YTX treatment was observed, however, the changes in the expression of these proteins are independent of cell death activated by the toxin. In addition, the modulation of PKCs detected is PDE4A-dependent, since the silencing of this protein change PKC expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Luis M Botana
- Dept. Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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10
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Hung TH, Chen CM, Tseng CP, Shen CJ, Wang HL, Choo KB, Chong KY. FZD1 activates protein kinase C delta-mediated drug-resistance in multidrug-resistant MES-SA/Dx5 cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:55-65. [PMID: 24814288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer is a major clinical problem in chemotherapy of cancer patients. We have noted inappropriate PKCδ hypomethylation and overexpression of genes in the PKCδ/AP-1 pathway in the human uterus sarcoma drug-resistant cell line, MES-SA/Dx5 cells, which also overexpress p-glycoprotein (ABCB1). Recent studies have indicated that FZD1 is overexpressed in both multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines and in clinical tumor samples. These data have led us to hypothesize that the FZD1-mediated PKCδ signal-transduction pathway may play an important role in drug resistance in MES-SA/Dx5 cells. In this work, the PKCδ inhibitor Rottlerin was found to reduce ABCB1 expression and to inhibit the MDR drug pumping ability in the MES-SA/Dx5 cells when compared with the doxorubicin-sensitive parental cell line, MES-SA. PKCδ was up-regulated with concurrent up-regulation of the mRNA levels of the AP-1-related factors, c-JUN and c-FOS. Activation of AP-1 also correlated with up-regulation of the AP-1 downstream genes HGF and EGR1. Furthermore, AP-1 activities were reduced and the AP-1 downstream genes were down-regulated in Rottlerin-treated or PKCδ shRNA-transfected cells. MES-SA/Dx5 cells were resensitized to doxorubicin-induced toxicity by co-treatment with doxorubicin and Rottlerin or PKCδ shRNA. In addition, cell viability and drug pump-out ability were significantly reduced in the FZD1 inhibitor curcumin-treated and FZD1 shRNA-knockdown MES-SA/Dx5 cells, indicating involvement of PKCδ in FZD1-modulated ABCB1 expression pathway. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FZD1 regulates PKCδ, and the PKCδ/AP-1 signalling transduction pathway plays an important role in drug resistance in MES-SA/Dx5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Hsien Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology College of medicine, Chang Gung University,Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology College of medicine, Chang Gung University,Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Jie Shen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kong-Bung Choo
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kowit Yu Chong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology College of medicine, Chang Gung University,Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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