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Krizanac M, Mass Sanchez PB, Weiskirchen R, Schröder SK. Overview of the expression patterns and roles of Lipocalin 2 in the reproductive system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1365602. [PMID: 38645429 PMCID: PMC11026566 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1365602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The 25 kDa-sized protein Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was originally isolated from human neutrophil granulocytes more than 30 years ago. LCN2 is an emerging player in innate immune defense, as it reduces bacterial growth due to its ability to sequester iron-containing bacterial siderophores. On the other hand, LCN2 also serves as a transporter for various hydrophobic substances due to its β-barrel shaped structure. Over the years, LCN2 has been detected in many other cell types including epithelial cells, astrocytes, and hepatocytes. Studies have clearly shown that aberrant expression of LCN2 is associated with a variety of disorders and malignancies, including several diseases of the reproductive system. Furthermore, LCN2 was proposed as a non-invasive prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarker in this context. Although several studies have shed light on the role of LCN2 in various disorders of the female and male reproductive systems, including tumorigenesis, a comprehensive understanding of the physiological function of LCN2 in the reproductive tract is still lacking. However, there is evidence that LCN2 is directly related to fertility, as global depletion of Lcn2 in mice has a negative effect on their pregnancy rate. Since LCN2 expression can be regulated by steroid hormones, it is not surprising that its expression fluctuates greatly during remodeling processes in the female reproductive tract, especially in the uterus. Well-founded details about the expression and regulation of LCN2 in a healthy reproductive state and also about possible changes during reproductive aging could contribute to a better understanding of LCN2 as a target in various diseases. Therefore, the present review summarizes current knowledge about LCN2 in the reproductive system, including studies in rodents and humans, and discusses changes in LCN2 expression during pathological events. The limited data suggest that LCN2 is expressed and regulated differently in healthy male and female reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Guney G, Taskin MI, Laganà AS, Tolu E, Aslan F, Hismiogullari AA, Kaya C. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin serum level: A potential noninvasive biomarker of endometriosis? Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35539. [PMID: 37832065 PMCID: PMC10578740 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, also known as lipocalin-2) is an acute-phase protein expressed in many tissues and plays a role in cell proliferation, regulation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate serum NGAL levels and endometrioma tissue expression in women with endometriosis. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital. The endometrioma group included 36 women who underwent ovarian cystectomy for endometrioma, which was compared with a control group (n = 36) of women who underwent ovarian cystectomy due to benign persistent cysts (follicle cyst, theca lutein cyst, and serous cystadenoma). NGAL levels were analyzed using both serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis and immunohistochemical tissue staining. Serum C-reactive protein and CA-125 levels were also evaluated. NGAL serum levels were significantly higher in the endometrioma group than in the control group (P < .05). C-reactive protein and CA-125 levels were also significantly higher in the endometrioma group (P < .05) and were correlated with NGAL levels. Immunohistochemical staining for NGAL was also higher in the endometrioma group (P < .001). NGAL may be considered a potential noninvasive biomarker of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurhan Guney
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Balikesir University Medical Faculty, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Mine Islimye Taskin
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Balikesir University Medical Faculty, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, ARNAS “Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli,” Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ezgi Tolu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Balikesir University Medical Faculty, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Figen Aslan
- Department of Pathology, Balikesir University Medical Faculty, Balikesir, Turkey
| | | | - Cihan Kaya
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Acibadem Hospital Group, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bauvois B, Chapiro E, Quiney C, Maloum K, Susin SA, Nguyen-Khac F. The Value of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Receptor as a Novel Partner of CD38 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From an Adverse Prognostic Factor to a Potential Pharmacological Target? Biomedicines 2023; 11:2335. [PMID: 37760777 PMCID: PMC10525793 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic B lymphocytes that escape death, and correlates with the expression of negative prognostic markers such as the CD38 antigen. Although certain new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration improve the clinical outcome of CLL patients, drug resistance and disease relapse still occur. Like CD38, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin receptor (NGAL-R) is frequently overexpressed in CLL cells. Here, we evaluated the concomitant surface expression of NGAL-R and CD38 in leukemic blood cells from 52 CLL patients (37 untreated, 8 in clinical remission, and 7 relapsed). We provide evidence of a positive correlation between NGAL-R and CD38 levels both in the interpatient cohorts (p < 0.0001) and in individual patients, indicating a constitutive association of NGAL-R and CD38 at the cell level. Patients with progressing CLL showed a time-dependent increase in NGAL-R/CD38 levels. In treated CLL patients who achieved clinical remission, NGAL-R/CD38 levels were decreased, and were significantly lower than in the untreated and relapsed groups (p < 0.02). As NGAL-R and CD38 participate in CLL cell survival, envisioning their simultaneous inhibition with bispecific NGAL-R/CD38 antibodies capable of inducing leukemic cell death might provide therapeutic benefit for CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Bauvois
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.C.); (K.M.); (S.A.S.); (F.N.-K.)
| | - Elise Chapiro
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.C.); (K.M.); (S.A.S.); (F.N.-K.)
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Hématologie Biologique, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Claire Quiney
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Hématologie Biologique, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Karim Maloum
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.C.); (K.M.); (S.A.S.); (F.N.-K.)
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Hématologie Biologique, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Santos A. Susin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.C.); (K.M.); (S.A.S.); (F.N.-K.)
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS1138, Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies Team, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.C.); (K.M.); (S.A.S.); (F.N.-K.)
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d’Hématologie Biologique, F-75013 Paris, France;
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Jani Kargar Moghaddam S, Mohammadi Roushandeh A, Hamidi M, Nemati S, Jahanian-Najafabadi A, Habibi Roudkenar M. Lipocalin-2 Upregulation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Novel Potential Diagnostic Biomarker. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:268-276. [PMID: 37791335 PMCID: PMC10542929 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2022.93041.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) deregulation has been reported in several types of cancer and is implicated in the proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and progression of tumors. However, its aberrant expression has been rarely studied in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the present study, we investigated the expression of LCN2 in NPC patients. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 29 NPC and 20 non-cancerous control paraffin pathology blocks were obtained from the seven-year (2011 to 2018) archive of Razi Laboratory in Rasht, Iran. LCN2 mRNA expression was evaluated through quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate LCN2 expression at the protein level. The fold change value and total immunostaining score (TIS) were applied for quantitative evaluation. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were used through GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 software. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Our results revealed that LCN2 mRNA and protein levels in NPC tissues were significantly higher than control tissues (P=0.028 and P=0.002, respectively). At the protein level, 65.51% (19/29) of NPC patients were categorized as having high LCN2 expression (TIS>3) and 34.47% (10/29) as low expression (TIS≤3). While in the control group, 25% (5/20) of subjects represented a high expression of LCN2 (TIS>3), and 75% (15/20) showed no or weak expression (TIS≤3). No significant correlation was found between the overexpression of LCN2 at the protein level and the demographic features of the patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that LCN2 might be considered a potential new diagnostic marker for NPC. However, this warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghi Jani Kargar Moghaddam
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Masoud Hamidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shadman Nemati
- Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, School of Medicine, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Schellhorn S, Brücher D, Wolff NA, Schröer K, Sallard E, Mese K, Zhang W, Ehrke-Schulz E, Thévenod F, Plückthun A, Ehrhardt A. Targeting Oncolytic Adenoviruses to Cancer Cells Using a Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein Lipocalin-2 Fusion Protein. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:203-216. [PMID: 36802735 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a promising technology to attack cancer cells and to recruit immune cells to the tumor site. Since the Lipocalin-2 receptor (LCN2R) is expressed on most cancer cells, we used its ligand LCN2 to target oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) to cancer cells. Therefore, we fused a Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) adapter binding the knob of Ad type 5 (knob5) to LCN2 to retarget the virus toward LCN2R with the aim of analyzing the basic characteristics of this novel targeting approach. The adapter was tested in vitro with Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the LCN2R and on 20 cancer cell lines (CCLs) using an Ad5 vector encoding luciferase and green fluorescent protein. Luciferase assays with the LCN2 adapter (LA) showed 10-fold higher infection compared with blocking adapter (BA) in CHO cells expressing LCN2R and in cells not expressing the LCN2R. Most CCLs showed an increased viral uptake of LA-bound virus compared with BA-bound virus and for five CCLs viral uptake was comparable to unmodified Ad5. Flow cytometry and hexon immunostainings also revealed increased uptake of LA-bound Ads compared with BA-bound Ads in most tested CCLs. Virus spread was studied in 3D cell culture models and nine CCLs showed increased and earlier fluorescence signals for LA-bound virus compared with BA-bound virus. Mechanistically, we show that the LA increases viral uptake only in the absence of its ligand Enterobactin (Ent) and independently of iron. Altogether, we characterized a novel DARPin-based system resulting in enhanced uptake demonstrating potential for future oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schellhorn
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Dominik Brücher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Natascha A Wolff
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Training and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröer
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Erwan Sallard
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Kemal Mese
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Eric Ehrke-Schulz
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Frank Thévenod
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Training and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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Abstract
Iron is an essential metal for cellular metabolism. The reduced form of iron is a cofactor in numerous redox reactions in the cell and is therefore required for many vital physiological functions. Since iron is an oxidatively active metal, its homeostasis is tightly regulated in healthy cell. Most of iron exists in a protein-bound form, in erythrocytes as the heme compound hemoglobin, and in storage proteins such as ferritin, hemosiderin and myoglobin. Iron also is bound to proteins and non-heme enzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions and the transfer of electrons. There is no free iron inside the cell, however a small fraction of loosely bound iron is found in the cytoplasm. This poorly defined pool of ferrous iron is called labile iron pool. Under pathological conditions iron homeostasis may be disrupted at different levels including absorption, systemic transportation, and cellular uptake and storage. Cancer cells display dysregulated iron homeostasis and, for reasons yet poorly understood, require more iron for their metabolism and growth. As a result, in cancer cells labile iron pool is increased, and loosely bound iron catalyzes Fenton reaction and perhaps other reactions that generate reactive oxygen species. Oxygen-derived free radicals produce DNA mutations, damage proteins and lipids resulting in either cell death or cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Salnikow
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, United States.
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Camacho CA, Santos GDO, Caballeros JE, Cazales N, Ramirez CJ, Vidigal PMP, Ramos HJDO, Barros E, Mattos RC. Uterine infusion of conceptus fragments changes the protein profile from cyclic mares. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200552. [PMID: 33791032 PMCID: PMC7995263 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to compare at day seven after ovulation, the protein profile of uterine fluid in cyclic mares with mares infused two days before with Day 13 conceptus fragments. Experimental animals were ten healthy cyclic mares, examined daily to detect ovulation (Day 0) as soon as estrus was confirmed. On day seven, after ovulation, uterine fluid was collected, constituting the Cyclic group (n = 10). The same mares were examined in the second cycle until ovulation was detected. On day five, after ovulation, fragments from a previously collected concepti were infused into each mare's uterus. Two days after infusion, uterine fluid was collected, constituting the Fragment group (n = 10). Two-dimensional electrophoresis technique processed uterine fluid samples. A total of 373 spots were detected. MALDI-TOF/TOF and NanoUHPLC-QTOF mass spectrometry identified twenty spots with differences in abundance between the Cyclic and Fragment group. Thirteen proteins were identified, with different abundance between groups. Identified proteins may be related to embryo-maternal communication, which involves adhesion, nutrition, endothelial cell proliferation, transport, and immunological tolerance. In conclusion, conceptus fragments signalized changes in the protein profile of uterine fluid seven days after ovulation in comparison to the observed at Day 7 in the same cyclic mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Camacho
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Gabriel de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Jorge Emilio Caballeros
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Nicolas Cazales
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- Facultad de Veterinária, Universidad de la República - UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camilo José Ramirez
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Edvaldo Barros
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Costa Mattos
- Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Lipocalin 2 in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124365. [PMID: 32575507 PMCID: PMC7352275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein linked to several physiological roles, including transporting hydrophobic ligands across cell membranes, modulating immune responses, maintaining iron homeostasis, and promoting epithelial cell differentiation. Although LNC2 is expressed at low levels in most human tissues, it is abundant in aggressive subtypes of cancer, including breast, pancreas, thyroid, ovarian, colon, and bile duct cancers. High levels of LCN2 have been associated with increased cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, LCN2 modulates the degradation, allosteric events, and enzymatic activity of matrix metalloprotease-9, a metalloprotease that promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Hence, LCN2 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target against many cancer types. This review summarizes the most relevant findings regarding the expression, biological roles, and regulation of LCN2, as well as the proteins LCN2 interacts with in cancer. We also discuss the approaches to targeting LCN2 for cancer treatment that are currently under investigation, including the use of interference RNAs, antibodies, and gene editing.
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Wang M, Li Z, Peng Y, Fang J, Fang T, Wu J, Zhou J. Identification of immune cells and mRNA associated with prognosis of gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:206. [PMID: 32164594 PMCID: PMC7068972 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical success demonstrates the enormous potential of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Methods This article presented research linking gastric cancer to immune cells, based on RNA-seq data of Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and gene expression profile of GSE84437, 24 kinds of tumor-infiltrating immune cells were quantified by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis. Results Th2 cells, T helper cells, and Mast cells were identified as prognostic immune cells in both TCGA and GEO groups. Then SUPV3L1 and SLC22A17 were identified as hub genes which may affect immune cell infiltration by correlation analysis. Survival analysis further proved that hub genes and prognostic immune cells are associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer. In gastrointestinal tumors, hub genes and prognostic immune cells also found differences in non-tumor and tumor tissues. Conclusions We found that three immune cells infiltration are associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer and further identify two hub genes. These two key genes may affect immune cell infiltration, result in the different prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zedong Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jianyu Fang
- Department of Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Tumor Markers in Endometrial Cancer. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-020-00279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Implication and role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cancer: lipocalin-2 as a potential novel emerging comprehensive therapeutic target for a variety of cancer types. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2327-2346. [PMID: 31970626 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortalities worldwide. Over the past few decades, exploration of molecular mechanisms behind cancer initiation and progression has been of great interest in the viewpoint of both basic and clinical scientists. It is generally believed that identification of key molecules implicated in cancer pathology not only improves our understanding of the disease, but also could result in introduction of novel therapeutic strategies. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)/lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a member of lipocalin superfamily with a variety of functions. Although the main function of LCN2 is still unknown, many studies confirmed its significant role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of various types of cancer. Furthermore, aberrant expression of LCN2 is also concerned with the chemo- and radio-resistant phenotypes of tumors. Here, we will review the contribution of known functions of LCN2 to the pathophysiology of cancer. We also highlight how the deregulated expression of LCN2 is associated with a variety of fatal types of cancer for which there are no effective therapeutic modalities. The unique and multiple functions of LCN2 and its widespread expression in different types of cancer prompted us to suggest LCN2 could be considered either as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker or as a potential novel therapeutic target.
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12
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Rehwald C, Schnetz M, Urbschat A, Mertens C, Meier JK, Bauer R, Baer P, Winslow S, Roos FC, Zwicker K, Huard A, Weigert A, Brüne B, Jung M. The iron load of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) defines its pro-tumour function in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2019; 122:421-433. [PMID: 31772326 PMCID: PMC7000824 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed at clarifying the role of lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Since LCN-2 was recently identified as a novel iron transporter, we explored its iron load as a decisive factor in conferring its biological function. METHODS LCN-2 expression was analysed at the mRNA and protein level by using immunohistochemistry, RNAscope® and qRT-PCR in patients diagnosed with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma compared with adjacent healthy tissue. We measured LCN-2-bound iron by atomic absorption spectrometry from patient-derived samples and applied functional assays by using ccRCC cell lines, primary cells, and 3D tumour spheroids to verify the role of the LCN-2 iron load in tumour progression. RESULTS LCN-2 was associated with poor patient survival and LCN-2 mRNA clustered in high- and low-expressing ccRCC patients. LCN-2 protein was found overexpressed in tumour compared with adjacent healthy tissue, whereby LCN-2 was iron loaded. In vitro, the iron load determines the biological function of LCN-2. Iron-loaded LCN-2 showed pro-tumour functions, whereas iron-free LCN-2 produced adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS We provide new insights into the pro-tumour function of LCN-2. LCN-2 donates iron to cells to promote migration and matrix adhesion. Since the iron load of LCN-2 determines its pro-tumour characteristics, targeting either its iron load or its receptor interaction might represent new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rehwald
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Schnetz
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Urbschat
- Institute for Biomedicine, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Clinic of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia K Meier
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bauer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofia Winslow
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frederik C Roos
- Clinic of Urology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Zwicker
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany.,Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Abstract
Abstract
The bones form the framework of our body. We know that bones protect our vital organs, regulate calcium and phosphorous homeostasis, and function as a site of erythropoiesis. More recently, however, the identification of bone hormones has allowed us to envision bones as endocrine organs too. Within the last few years, the bone hormones osteocalcin and lipocalin 2 have been implicated with glucose and energy metabolism. We systematically reviewed articles surrounding this subject and found a clear relationship between the osteocalcin levels and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. We also found that many journals have shown the detrimental effects of an absences of lipocalin 2 from adipocytes. As osteocalcin administration to mice showed decreased blood glucose levels and promoted glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Future studies could perhaps explore the use of osteocalcin as a supplement for type 2 diabetes.
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14
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Cymbaluk-Płoska A, Chudecka-Głaz A, Pius-Sadowska E, Machaliński B, Sompolska-Rzechuła A, Kwiatkowski S, Menkiszak J. The role of lipocalin-2 serum levels in the diagnostics of endometrial cancer. Cancer Biomark 2019; 24:315-324. [PMID: 30829613 PMCID: PMC6484256 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is one of the most common tumor of the woman genital organs. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the lipocalin-2 levels in patients with endometrial cancer compared to those with normal endometrium or mild endometrial pathologies. METHODS: Study included 123 patients with BMI > 21 kg/m2 who were admitted due to abnormal bleeding, in which 52 patients with endometrial cancer. The NGAL, CA125, HE4 serum levels were determined for all patients. RESULTS: Significantly lower median NGAL serum levels were found in a group of patients with normal endometrium compared to the endometrial cancer group, p= 0.006. NGAL protein area under ROC curves value as a diagnostic test, differentiating between endometrial cancer and other benign changes endometrium is AUC – 0.81 (p< 0.00001). The NGAL protein had a high sensitivity in all patients included in the analysis: 84% vs. 82% in pre-menopausal patients, and 81% in postmenopausal women with a specificity of 78%, 80% and 87%, respectively. The independent variable for FIGO and model logistic regression proves that NGAL is statistically significant (p= 0.000602), the odds ratio is 3.66. The model for grading shows, that NGAL increase by one ng/ml increases risk chances by 2.32 times in diagnosis with less cancer differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary studies demonstrate that lipocalin-2 may be of value in the diagnostics of uterine body cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anita Chudecka-Głaz
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Pius-Sadowska
- General Pathology Department, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Janusz Menkiszak
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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15
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Jung M, Mertens C, Tomat E, Brüne B. Iron as a Central Player and Promising Target in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020273. [PMID: 30641920 PMCID: PMC6359419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all organisms. On the one hand, it facilitates cell proliferation and growth. On the other hand, iron may be detrimental due to its redox abilities, thereby contributing to free radical formation, which in turn may provoke oxidative stress and DNA damage. Iron also plays a crucial role in tumor progression and metastasis due to its major function in tumor cell survival and reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, pathways of iron acquisition, export, and storage are often perturbed in cancers, suggesting that targeting iron metabolic pathways might represent opportunities towards innovative approaches in cancer treatment. Recent evidence points to a crucial role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as a source of iron within the tumor microenvironment, implying that specifically targeting the TAM iron pool might add to the efficacy of tumor therapy. Here, we provide a brief summary of tumor cell iron metabolism and updated molecular mechanisms that regulate cellular and systemic iron homeostasis with regard to the development of cancer. Since iron adds to shaping major hallmarks of cancer, we emphasize innovative therapeutic strategies to address the iron pool of tumor cells or cells of the tumor microenvironment for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Christina Mertens
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA.
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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16
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Gomez-Chou SB, Swidnicka-Siergiejko AK, Badi N, Chavez-Tomar M, Lesinski GB, Bekaii-Saab T, Farren MR, Mace TA, Schmidt C, Liu Y, Deng D, Hwang RF, Zhou L, Moore T, Chatterjee D, Wang H, Leng X, Arlinghaus RB, Logsdon CD, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Lipocalin-2 Promotes Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Regulating Inflammation in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2647-2660. [PMID: 28249896 PMCID: PMC5441230 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) promotes malignant development in many cancer types. LCN2 is upregulated in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and in obese individuals, but whether it contributes to PDAC development is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Lcn2 depletion on diet-induced obesity, inflammation, and PDAC development. Mice with acinar cell-specific expression of KrasG12D were crossed with Lcn2-depleted animals and fed isocaloric diets with varying amounts of fat content. Pancreas were collected and analyzed for inflammation, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), and PDAC. We also used a syngeneic orthotopic PDAC mouse model to study tumor growth in the presence or absence of Lcn2 expression. In addition, to understand the mechanistic role of how LCN2 could be mediating PDAC, we studied LCN2 and its specific receptor solute carrier family 22 member 17 (SLC22A17) in human pancreatic cancer stellate cells (PSC), key mediators of the PDAC stroma. Depletion of Lcn2 diminished extracellular matrix deposition, immune cell infiltration, PanIN formation, and tumor growth. Notably, it also increased survival in both obesity-driven and syngeneic orthotopic PDAC mouse models. LCN2 modulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in PSC of the PDAC tumor microenvironment, whereas downregulation of LCN2-specific receptor SLC22A17 blocked these effects. Our results reveal how LCN2 acts in the tumor microenvironment links obesity, inflammation, and PDAC development. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2647-60. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobeyda B Gomez-Chou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Swidnicka-Siergiejko
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Niharika Badi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Myrriah Chavez-Tomar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Matthew R Farren
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas A Mace
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carl Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Defeng Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Liran Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Todd Moore
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Deyali Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaohong Leng
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ralph B Arlinghaus
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Zhao L, Fu HY, Raju R, Vishwanathan N, Hu WS. Unveiling gene trait relationship by cross-platform meta-analysis on Chinese hamster ovary cell transcriptome. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1583-1592. [PMID: 28218403 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, transcriptome analysis has been increasingly employed to better understand the physiology of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at a global level. As more transcriptome data accumulated, meta-analysis on data sets collected from various sources can potentially provide better insights on common properties of those cells. Here, we performed meta-analysis on transcriptome data of different CHO cell lines obtained using NimbleGen or Affymetrix microarray platforms. Hierarchical clustering, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) accordantly showed the samples were clustered into two groups: one consists of adherent cells in serum-containing medium, and the other suspension cells in serum-free medium. Genes that were differentially expressed between the two clusters were enriched in a few functional classes by Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) of which many were common with the enriched gene sets identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), including extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and lipid related metabolism pathways. Despite the heterogeneous sources of the cell samples, the adherent and suspension growth characteristics and serum-supplementation appear to be a dominant feature in the transcriptome. The results demonstrated that meta-analysis of transcriptome could uncover features in combined data sets that individual data set might not reveal. As transcriptome data sets accumulate over time, meta-analysis will become even more revealing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1583-1592. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hsu-Yuan Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ravali Raju
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nandita Vishwanathan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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18
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Can NGAL be employed as prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in human cancers? A systematic review of current evidence. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e53-e61. [PMID: 28106227 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have reported differentially altered neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels in several malignancies. We evaluated NGAL measured in plasma or urine as both prognostic and diagnostic marker for different types of human tumors. METHODS We performed systematic electronic searches in Medline, Embase and CRDTAS. Studies were included if they evaluated NGAL as a prognostic or diagnostic marker for human cancers. The selection of the studies, screening of the full texts and data extraction were conducted independently by 2 authors. We used the random-effects model for the meta-analyses. A methodological assessment was completed. RESULTS We included 35 studies dedicated to colorectal, pancreas, breast, thyroid, gastric, kidney, endometrial, brain, liver, lung, esophageal, oral and ovarian cancers. Our meta-analyses showed that, in patients with colorectal and breast cancer, positive NGAL expression was associated with a decrease of disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.54-3.36; HR = 1.78, 95% CI, 1.33-2.38, respectively). NGAL was a negative prognostic marker of overall survival in colorectal (HR = 2.37, 95% CI, 1.68-3.34) and endometrial (HR = 4.38, 95% CI, 1.9-10.12) cancers. Discriminative power of NGAL between cancer patients and control was moderate in colorectal cancer (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.6; pooled sensitivity 0.56; pooled specificity 0.72), acceptable in pancreatic cancer (AUC = 0.8; pooled sensitivity 0.6; pooled specificity 0.8) and good in thyroid cancer (AUC = 0.9; pooled sensitivity 0.85; pooled specificity 0.96). CONCLUSIONS NGAL determination in plasma and urine could be useful in the prognosis of colorectal and breast cancer, but its prognostic accuracy remains uncertain for other human tumors.
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Haneda S, Nagaoka K, Nambo Y, Kikuchi M, Nakano Y, Li J, Matsui M, Miyake YI, Imakawa K. Expression of uterine lipocalin 2 and its receptor during early- to mid-pregnancy period in mares. J Reprod Dev 2016; 63:127-133. [PMID: 27980236 PMCID: PMC5401805 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
From previous cDNA subtraction studies analyzing gene expression in equine endometrium, high lipocalin 2 (LCN2) mRNA expression was found in the gravid endometrium. In the uterus, LCN2 may transport hydrophobic
molecules and siderophores with iron, or may form a complex with another protein, however, the expression of uterine LCN2 beyond day 20 of equine pregnancy and its receptor has not been characterized. To study the expression and
potential roles of uterine LCN2 from pre-implantation to mid-gestation period, stage-specific endometrial samples were obtained from day 13 (day 0 = ovulation) cyclic and days 13, 19, 25, and 60 to 131 pregnant mares. Expression
of LCN2 mRNA increased in day 19 gravid endometrium and was abundant from day 60 onward. The expression of LCN2 mRNA was localized to the glandular epithelium. LCN2 protein was detected in day 25
gravid endometrium and luminal fluid, and the protein was localized to the glandular epithelium and luminal cavity, whereas LCN2 receptor expression was found in luminal and glandular epithelium and trophectoderm throughout the
experimental period. The presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) was also examined because MMP9 is known to form a complex with LCN2. Although MMP9 and LCN2 were both found in luminal fluid from day 25 pregnant uterus, the
complex of these proteins was not detected. Localization of the receptor in the trophectoderm suggests that endometrial LCN2 could play a role in carrying small substances from the mother to fetus in the equine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Haneda
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Kikuchi
- Chiba Agricultural Insurance Association, Chiba 260-0031, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nakano
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki 319-0206, Japan
| | - Junyou Li
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki 319-0206, Japan
| | - Motozumi Matsui
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Miyake
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki 319-0206, Japan
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Liu Y, Liu L, Yu T, Lin HC, Chu D, Deng W, Yan MX, Li J, Yao M. Systematic analysis of mRNA expression profiles in NSCLC cell lines to screen metastasis-related genes. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5093-5103. [PMID: 27840927 PMCID: PMC5355670 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer in humans and has the lowest survival outcomes due to its high metastatic potential. The aim of the present study was to screen for metastasis-related genes (MRGs) by investigating the differential expression genes (DEGs) identified by the mRNA expression profiles in SPC-A-1sci (highly metastatic) and SPC-A-1 (parental) cells. DEGs were screened using Genespring software. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses of these DEGs were performed. Interaction networks between the proteins encoded by the DEGs were identified using the database BioGRID and were visualized by Cytoscape. Modular analysis of the protein-protein interaction network was performed in CFinder. Among these DEGs, the expression levels of 18 genes were examined in SPC-A-1sci and SPC-A-1 cell lines with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and 10 of the 18 genes were assessed by western blotting to validate the results of the microarray. Furthermore, the role of metallothionein 1X (MT1X) in non-small cell lung cancer was explored in functional assays and 72 pairs of clinical samples in vitro. Finally, 4,838 DEGs were screened, including 798 upregulated and 4,040 downregulated genes. The significantly enriched functions included gene expression, cytosol and poly-(A) RNA binding, and the most enriched pathway was biosynthesis of antibiotics. Furthermore, MT1X was revealed to promote the migration and invasion ability in SPC-A-1sci and PC-9 lung cancer cell lines. Therefore, MT1X was identified as a candidate MRG through systematic analysis in the present microarray, which was demonstrated to offer potential reference value in screening MRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - He-Chun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Nałęcz KA. Solute Carriers in the Blood–Brain Barier: Safety in Abundance. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:795-809. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Miyamoto T, Kashima H, Yamada Y, Kobara H, Asaka R, Ando H, Higuchi S, Ida K, Mvunta DH, Shiozawa T. Lipocalin 2 Enhances Migration and Resistance against Cisplatin in Endometrial Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155220. [PMID: 27168162 PMCID: PMC4864227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secretory protein that is involved in various physiological processes including iron transport. We previously identified LCN2 as an up-regulated gene in endometrial carcinoma, and found that the overexpression of LCN2 and its receptor, SLC22A17, was associated with a poor prognosis. However, the functions and mechanism of action of LCN2 currently remain unclear. METHODS The LCN2-overexpressing endometrial carcinoma cell lines, HHUA and RL95-2, and LCN2-low-expressing one, HEC1B, were used. The effects of LCN2 on cell migration, cell viability, and apoptosis under various stresses, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cisplatin treatment, were examined using the scratch wound healing assay, WST-1 assay, and Apostrand assay, respectively. RESULTS LCN2-silencing using shRNA method significantly reduced the migration ability of cells (p<0.05). Cytotoxic stresses significantly decreased the viability of LCN2-silenced cells more than that of control cells. In contrast, LCN2 overexpression was significantly increased cisplatin resistance. These effects were canceled by the addition of the iron chelator, deferoxamine. After UV irradiation, the expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) was decreased in LCN2-silenced cells, and the PI3K inhibitor canceled the difference induced in UV sensitivity by LCN2. The cisplatin-induced expression of pAkt was not affected by LCN2; however, the expression of p53 and p21 was increased by LCN2-silencing. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that LCN2 was involved in the migration and survival of endometrial carcinoma cells under various stresses in an iron-dependent manner. The survival function of LCN2 may be exerted through the PI3K pathway and suppression of the p53-p21 pathway. These functions of LCN2 may increase the malignant potential of endometrial carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroyasu Kashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kobara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Asaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ando
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Shotaro Higuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Koichi Ida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - David Hamisi Mvunta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
| | - Tanri Shiozawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390–8621, Japan
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Yamada Y, Miyamoto T, Kashima H, Kobara H, Asaka R, Ando H, Higuchi S, Ida K, Shiozawa T. Lipocalin 2 attenuates iron-related oxidative stress and prolongs the survival of ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells by up-regulating the CD44 variant. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:414-25. [PMID: 26729415 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1134795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) arises from ovarian endometriosis. Intra-cystic fluid contains abundant amounts of free iron, which causes persistent oxidative stress, a factor that has been suggested to induce malignant transformation. However, the mechanisms linking oxidative stress and carcinogenesis in CCC currently remain unclear. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a multifunctional secretory protein, functions as an iron transporter as well as an antioxidant. Therefore, we herein examined the roles of LCN2 in the regulation of intracellular iron concentrations, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and antioxidative functions using LCN2-overexpressing (ES2), and LCN2-silenced (RMG-1) CCC cell lines. The results of calcein staining indicated that the up-regulated expression of LCN2 correlated with increases in intracellular iron concentrations. However, a DCFH-DA assay and 8OHdG staining revealed that LCN2 reduced intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Furthermore, the expression of LCN2 suppressed hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and prolonged cell survival, suggesting an antioxidative role for LCN2. The expression of mRNAs and proteins for various oxidative stress-catalyzing enzymes, such as heme oxygenase (HO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase, was not affected by LCN2, whereas the intracellular concentration of the potent antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), was increased by LCN2. Furthermore, the expression of xCT, a cystine transporter protein, and CD44 variant 8-10 (CD44v), a stem cell marker, was up-regulated by LCN2. Although LCN2 increased intracellular iron concentrations, LCN2-induced GSH may catalyze and override oxidative stress via CD44v and xCT, and subsequently enhance the survival of CCC cells in oxidative stress-rich endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yamada
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miyamoto
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kashima
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Hisanori Kobara
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Ryoichi Asaka
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ando
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Shotaro Higuchi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Koichi Ida
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Tanri Shiozawa
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
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Lee M, Kwon DY, Kim MS, Choi CR, Park MY, Kim AJ. Genome-wide association study for the interaction between BMR and BMI in obese Korean women including overweight. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 10:115-24. [PMID: 26865924 PMCID: PMC4742305 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This is the first study to identify common genetic factors associated with the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass index (BMI) in obese Korean women including overweight. This will be a basic study for future research of obese gene-BMR interaction. SUBJECTS/METHODS The experimental design was 2 by 2 with variables of BMR and BMI. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was conducted in the overweight and obesity (BMI > 23 kg/m2) compared to the normality, and in women with low BMR (< 1426.3 kcal/day) compared to high BMR. A total of 140 SNPs reached formal genome-wide statistical significance in this study (P < 1 × 10-4). Surveys to estimate energy intake using 24-h recall method for three days and questionnaires for family history, a medical examination, and physical activities were conducted. RESULTS We found that two NRG3 gene SNPs in the 10q23.1 chromosomal region were highly associated with BMR (rs10786764; P = 8.0 × 10-7, rs1040675; 2.3 × 10-6) and BMI (rs10786764; P = 2.5 × 10-5, rs10786764; 6.57 × 10-5). The other genes related to BMI (HSD52, TMA16, MARCH1, NRG1, NRXN3, and STK4) yielded P <10 × 10-4. Five new loci associated with BMR and BMI, including NRG3, OR8U8, BCL2L2-PABPN1, PABPN1, and SLC22A17 were identified in obese Korean women (P < 1 × 10-4). In the questionnaire investigation, significant differences were found in the number of starvation periods per week, family history of stomach cancer, coffee intake, and trial of weight control in each group. CONCLUSION We discovered several common BMR- and BMI-related genes using GWAS. Although most of these newly established loci were not previously associated with obesity, they may provide new insights into body weight regulation. Our findings of five common genes associated with BMR and BMI in Koreans will serve as a reference for replication and validation of future studies on the metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsook Lee
- Research Institute of Obesity Science, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Korea.; Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kwon
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyenggi-do, 13539, Korea
| | - Myung-Sunny Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyenggi-do, 13539, Korea
| | - Chong Ran Choi
- Research Institute of Obesity Science, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Mi-Young Park
- Research Institute of Obesity Science, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul 01133, Korea.; Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ae-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Alternative Medicine, Kyonggi University, Seoul 03746, Korea
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Srdelić Mihalj S, Kuzmić-Prusac I, Zekić-Tomaš S, Šamija-Projić I, Čapkun V. Lipocalin-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in high-grade endometrial cancer and their prognostic value. Histopathology 2015; 67:206-15. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Zekić-Tomaš
- Department of Pathology; Split University Hospital Center; Split Croatia
| | - Ivana Šamija-Projić
- Department of Pathology and Cytology; University Hospital Center Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Vesna Čapkun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Split University Hospital Center; Split Croatia
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Wang Z, Chen Q, Yang Y, Yang H, He P, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Liao R, Tu Y, Zhang X, Wang Q, Pan Y. A genome-wide scan for selection signatures in Yorkshire and Landrace pigs based on sequencing data. Anim Genet 2014; 45:808-16. [PMID: 25327778 PMCID: PMC4276287 DOI: 10.1111/age.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pigs have experienced dramatic selection due to domestication, which has led to many different phenotypes when compared to their wild counterparts, especially in the last several decades. Currently, genome-wide scans in both cattle and humans showing positive selection footprints have been investigated. However, few studies have focused on porcine selection footprints, particularly on a genome-wide scale. Surveying for selection footprints across porcine genomes can be quite valuable for revealing the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic diversity. Here, we employed a medium sequencing depth (5–20x/site per individual, on average) approach called genotyping by genome reducing and sequencing (GGRS) to detect genome-wide selection signatures of two domestic pig breeds (Yorkshire and Landrace) that have been under intensive selection for traits of muscle development, growth and behavior. The relative extended haplotype homozygosity test, which identifies selection signatures by measuring the characteristics of haplotypes’ frequency distribution within a single population, was also applied to identify potential positively selected regions. As a result, signatures of positive selection were found in each breed. However, most selection signatures were population specific and related to genomic regions containing genes for biological categories including brain development, metabolism, growth and olfaction. Furthermore, the result of the gene set enrichment analysis indicated that selected regions of the two breeds presented a different over-representation of genes in the Gene Ontology annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Our results revealed a genome-wide map of selection footprints in pigs and may help us better understand the mechanisms of selection in pig breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Kumar G, Breen EJ, Ranganathan S. Identification of ovarian cancer associated genes using an integrated approach in a Boolean framework. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:12. [PMID: 23383610 PMCID: PMC3605242 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Cancer is a complex disease where molecular mechanism remains elusive. A systems approach is needed to integrate diverse biological information for the prognosis and therapy risk assessment using mechanistic approach to understand gene interactions in pathways and networks and functional attributes to unravel the biological behaviour of tumors. Results We weighted the functional attributes based on various functional properties observed between cancerous and non-cancerous genes reported from literature. This weighing schema was then encoded in a Boolean logic framework to rank differentially expressed genes. We have identified 17 genes to be differentially expressed from a total of 11,173 genes, where ten genes are reported to be down-regulated via epigenetic inactivation and seven genes are up-regulated. Here, we report that the overexpressed genes IRAK1, CHEK1 and BUB1 may play an important role in ovarian cancer. We also show that these 17 genes can be used to form an ovarian cancer signature, to distinguish normal from ovarian cancer subjects and that the set of three genes, CHEK1, AR, and LYN, can be used to classify good and poor prognostic tumors. Conclusion We provided a workflow using a Boolean logic schema for the identification of differentially expressed genes by integrating diverse biological information. This integrated approach resulted in the identification of genes as potential biomarkers in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Meszaros E, Malemud CJ. Prospects for treating osteoarthritis: enzyme-protein interactions regulating matrix metalloproteinase activity. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2013; 3:219-29. [PMID: 23342237 DOI: 10.1177/2040622312454157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is a musculoskeletal disorder of unknown etiology. OA is characterized by an imbalance between anabolism and catabolism in, and altered homeostasis of articular cartilage. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif are upregulated in OA joints. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are critical for resistance to compressive forces and for maintaining the tensile properties of the tissue. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is the endogenous inhibitor of MMPs, but in OA, TIMPs do not effectively neutralize MMP activity. Upregulation of MMP gene expression occurs in OA in a milieu of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Presently, the medical therapy of OA includes mainly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids which dampen pain and inflammation but appear to have little effect on restoring joint function. Experimental interventions to restore the imbalance between anabolism and catabolism include small molecule inhibitors of MMP subtypes or inhibitors of the interaction between IL-1 and its receptor. Although these agents have some positive effects on reducing MMP subtype activity they have little efficacy at the clinical level. MMP-9 is one MMP subtype implicated in the degradation of articular cartilage ECM proteins. MMP-9 was found in OA synovial fluid as a complex with neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) which protected MMP-9 from autodegradation. Suppressing NGAL synthesis or promoting NGAL degradation may result in reducing the activity of MMP-9. We also propose initiating a search for enzyme-protein interactions to dampen other MMP subtype activity which could suppress ECM protein breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Meszaros
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Mannelqvist M, Stefansson IM, Wik E, Kusonmano K, Raeder MB, Øyan AM, Kalland KH, Moses MA, Salvesen HB, Akslen LA. Lipocalin 2 expression is associated with aggressive features of endometrial cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:169. [PMID: 22559235 PMCID: PMC3493289 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased expression of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) has been observed in several cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate LCN2 in endometrial cancer in relation to clinico-pathologic phenotype, angiogenesis, markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and patient survival. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a human LCN2 antibody on a population-based series of endometrial cancer patients collected in Hordaland County (Norway) during 1981-1990 (n = 256). Patients were followed from the time of primary surgery until death or last follow-up in 2007. The median follow-up time for survivors was 17 years. Gene expression data from a prospectively collected endometrial cancer series (n = 76) and a publicly available endometrial cancer series (n = 111) was used for gene correlation studies. Results Expression of LCN2 protein, found in 49% of the cases, was associated with non-endometrioid histologic type (p = 0.001), nuclear grade 3 (p = 0.001), >50% solid tumor growth (p = 0.001), ER and PR negativity (p = 0.028 and 0.006), and positive EZH2 expression (p < 0.001). LCN2 expression was significantly associated with expression of VEGF-A (p = 0.021), although not with other angiogenesis markers examined (vascular proliferation index, glomeruloid microvascular proliferation, VEGF-C, VEGF-D or bFGF2 expression). Further, LCN2 was not associated with several EMT-related markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, P-cadherin, β-catenin), nor with vascular invasion (tumor cells invading lymphatic or blood vessels). Notably, LCN2 was significantly associated with distant tumor recurrences, as well as with the S100A family of metastasis related genes. Patients with tumors showing no LCN2 expression had the best outcome with 81% 5-year survival, compared to 73% for intermediate and 38% for the small subgroup with strong LCN2 staining (p = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, LCN2 expression was an independent prognostic factor in addition to histologic grade and FIGO stage. Conclusion Increased LCN2 expression is associated with aggressive features and poor prognosis in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mannelqvist
- The Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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