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Wang T, Zhu C, Zhang K, Gao J, Xu Y, Duan C, Wu S, Peng C, Guan J, Wang Y. Targeting IGF1/IGF1r signaling relieve pain and autophagic dysfunction in NTG-induced chronic migraine model of mice. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:156. [PMID: 39304806 PMCID: PMC11414239 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic migraine is a severe and common neurological disorder, yet its precise physiological mechanisms remain unclear. The IGF1/IGF1r signaling pathway plays a crucial role in pain modulation. Studies have shown that IGF1, by binding to its receptor IGF1r, activates a series of downstream signaling cascades involved in neuronal survival, proliferation, autophagy and functional regulation. The activation of these pathways can influence nociceptive transmission. Furthermore, alterations in IGF1/IGF1r signaling are closely associated with the development of various chronic pain conditions. Therefore, understanding the specific mechanisms by which this pathway contributes to pain is of significant importance for the development of novel pain treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated the role of IGF1/IGF1r and its potential mechanisms in a mouse model of chronic migraine. METHODS Chronic migraine was induced in mice by repeated intraperitoneal injections of nitroglycerin. Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity responses were assessed using Von Frey filaments and radiant heat, respectively. To determine the role of IGF1/IGF1r in chronic migraine (CM), we examined the effects of the IGF1 receptor antagonist ppp (Picropodophyllin) on pain behaviors and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and c-Fos. RESULT In the nitroglycerin-induced chronic migraine model in mice, neuronal secretion of IGF1 is elevated within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Increased phosphorylation of the IGF1 receptor occurs, predominantly co-localizing with neurons. Treatment with ppp alleviated basal mechanical hypersensitivity and acute mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, ppp ameliorated autophagic dysfunction and reduced the expression of CGRP and c-Fos. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that in the chronic migraine (CM) model in mice, there is a significant increase in IGF1 expression in the TNC region. This upregulation of IGF1 leads to enhanced phosphorylation of IGF1 receptors on neurons. Targeting and inhibiting this signaling pathway may offer potential preventive strategies for mitigating the progression of chronic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Chenlu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kaibo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jinggui Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yunhao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Chenyang Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Shouyi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jisong Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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Liu Y, Liu Q, Shang H, Li J, Chai H, Wang K, Guo Z, Luo T, Liu S, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Wu C, Song SJ, Yang J. Potential application of natural compounds in ischaemic stroke: Focusing on the mechanisms underlying "lysosomocentric" dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 263:108721. [PMID: 39284368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke (IS) is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Currently, the clinical management of IS still depends on restoring blood flow via pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, with accompanying disadvantages of narrow therapeutic time window and risk of haemorrhagic transformation. Thus, novel pathophysiological mechanisms and targeted therapeutic candidates are urgently needed. The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP), as a dynamic cellular lysosome-based degradative process, has been comprehensively studied in recent decades, including its upstream regulatory mechanisms and its role in mediating neuronal fate after IS. Importantly, increasing evidence has shown that IS can lead to lysosomal dysfunction, such as lysosomal membrane permeabilization, impaired lysosomal acidity, lysosomal storage disorder, and dysfunctional lysosomal ion homeostasis, which are involved in the IS-mediated defects in ALP function. There is tightly regulated crosstalk between transcription factor EB (TFEB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and lysosomal function, but their relationship remains to be systematically summarized. Notably, a growing body of evidence emphasizes the benefits of naturally derived compounds in the treatment of IS via modulation of ALP function. However, little is known about the roles of natural compounds as modulators of lysosomes in the treatment of IS. Therefore, in this context, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying IS-mediated ALP dysfunction, from a lysosomal perspective. We also provide an update on the effect of natural compounds on IS, according to their chemical structural types, in different experimental stroke models, cerebral regions and cell types, with a primary focus on lysosomes and autophagy initiation. This review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of natural compounds that target lysosomal and ALP function for IS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Hanxiao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jichong Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - He Chai
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Tianyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Hangyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Zhang Y, Li D, Gao H, Zhao H, Zhang S, Li T. Rapamycin Alleviates Neuronal Injury and Modulates Microglial Activation After Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5699-5717. [PMID: 38224443 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Neurons and microglia are sensitive to cerebral microcirculation and their responses play a crucial part in the pathological processes, while they are also the main target cells of many drugs used to treat brain diseases. Rapamycin exhibits beneficial effects in many diseases; however, whether it can affect neuronal injury or alter the microglial activation after global cerebral ischemia remains unclear. In this study, we performed global cerebral ischemia combined with rapamycin treatment in CX3CR1GFP/+ mice and explored the effects of rapamycin on neuronal deficit and microglial activation. Our results showed that rapamycin reduced neuronal loss, neurodegeneration, and ultrastructural damage after ischemia by histological staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, rapamycin suppressed de-ramification and proliferation of microglia and reduced the density of microglia. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that rapamycin skewed microglial polarization toward an anti-inflammatory state. Furthermore, rapamycin as well suppressed the activation of astrocytes. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory factors as well as an elevation of anti-inflammatory factors upon rapamycin treatment. As a result of these effects, behavioral tests showed that rapamycin significantly alleviated the brain injury after stroke. Together, our study suggested that rapamycin attenuated neuronal injury, altered microglial activation state, and provided a more beneficial immune microenvironment for the brain, which could be used as a promising therapeutic approach to treat ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Donghai Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
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Caram DA, Inserra PIF, Vitullo AD, Leopardo NP. Autophagy favors survival of corpora lutea during the long-lasting pregnancy of the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha). Sci Rep 2024; 14:11220. [PMID: 38755206 PMCID: PMC11099099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining pregnancy. Although autophagy and apoptosis have been suggested as cooperative mechanisms, their interaction within the CL of pregnant mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. To understand the collaborative function of autophagy and apoptosis in the CL, we analyzed both mechanisms during pregnancy in the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. This rodent undergoes a decline in progesterone levels during mid-gestation, a reactivation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonadal axis, and the incorporation of new functional secondary CL. Our analysis of autophagy markers BECLIN 1 (BECN1), SEQUESTOSOME1 (SQSTM1), Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3B), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and anti- and pro-apoptotic markers BCL2 and ACTIVE CASPASE 3 (A-C3) revealed interactive behaviors between both processes. Healthy primary and secondary CL exhibited positive expression of BECN1, SQSTM1, LC3B, and LAMP1, while regressed CL displayed enhanced expression of these autophagy markers along with nuclear A-C3. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a significant formation of autophagic vesicles in regressed CL during full-term pregnancy, whereas healthy CL exhibited a low number of autophagy vesicles. The co-localization between LC3B and SQSTM1 and LC3B with LAMP1 was observed in both healthy and regressed CL during pregnancy, while co-localization of BECN1 and BCL2 was only detected in healthy CL. LC3B and ACTIVE CASPASE 3 co-localization were detected in a subset of luteal cells within the regressing CL. We propose that autophagy could act as a survival mechanism in the CL, allowing the pregnancy to progress until full-term, while also serving as a mechanism to eliminate remnants of regressed CL, thereby providing the necessary space for subsequent follicular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daira A Caram
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo I F Inserra
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo D Vitullo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia P Leopardo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Ferreira C, Vieira P, Sá H, Malva J, Castelo-Branco M, Reis F, Viana S. Polyphenols: immunonutrients tipping the balance of immunometabolism in chronic diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360065. [PMID: 38558823 PMCID: PMC10978763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence progressively appreciates the vital interplay between immunity and metabolism in a wide array of immunometabolic chronic disorders, both autoimmune and non-autoimmune mediated. The immune system regulates the functioning of cellular metabolism within organs like the brain, pancreas and/or adipose tissue by sensing and adapting to fluctuations in the microenvironment's nutrients, thereby reshaping metabolic pathways that greatly impact a pro- or anti-inflammatory immunophenotype. While it is agreed that the immune system relies on an adequate nutritional status to function properly, we are only just starting to understand how the supply of single or combined nutrients, all of them termed immunonutrients, can steer immune cells towards a less inflamed, tolerogenic immunophenotype. Polyphenols, a class of secondary metabolites abundant in Mediterranean foods, are pharmacologically active natural products with outstanding immunomodulatory actions. Upon binding to a range of receptors highly expressed in immune cells (e.g. AhR, RAR, RLR), they act in immunometabolic pathways through a mitochondria-centered multi-modal approach. First, polyphenols activate nutrient sensing via stress-response pathways, essential for immune responses. Second, they regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) balance in immune cells and are well-tolerated caloric restriction mimetics. Third, polyphenols interfere with the assembly of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites, inhibiting its activation while improving mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Finally, polyphenols impact chromatin remodeling and coordinates both epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. This work moves beyond the well-documented antioxidant properties of polyphenols, offering new insights into the multifaceted nature of these compounds. It proposes a mechanistical appraisal on the regulatory pathways through which polyphenols modulate the immune response, thereby alleviating chronic low-grade inflammation. Furthermore, it draws parallels between pharmacological interventions and polyphenol-based immunonutrition in their modes of immunomodulation across a wide spectrum of socioeconomically impactful immunometabolic diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Diabetes (type 1 and 2) or even Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, it discusses the existing challenges that thwart the translation of polyphenols-based immunonutritional interventions into long-term clinical studies. Overcoming these limitations will undoubtedly pave the way for improving precision nutrition protocols and provide personalized guidance on tailored polyphenol-based immunonutrition plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferreira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Sá
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Malva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT)/Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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Salaudeen MA, Allan S, Pinteaux E. Hypoxia and interleukin-1-primed mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as novel therapy for stroke. Hum Cell 2024; 37:154-166. [PMID: 37987924 PMCID: PMC10764391 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Promising preclinical stroke research has not yielded meaningful and significant success in clinical trials. This lack of success has prompted the need for refinement of preclinical studies with the intent to optimize the chances of clinical success. Regenerative medicine, especially using mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), has gained popularity in the last decade for treating many disorders, including central nervous system (CNS), such as stroke. In addition to less stringent ethical constraints, the ample availability of MSCs also makes them an attractive alternative to totipotent and other pluripotent stem cells. The ability of MSCs to differentiate into neurons and other brain parenchymal and immune cells makes them a promising therapy for stroke. However, these cells also have some drawbacks that, if not addressed, will render MSCs unfit for treating ischaemic stroke. In this review, we highlighted the molecular and cellular changes that occur following an ischaemic stroke (IS) incidence and discussed the physiological properties of MSCs suitable for tackling these changes. We also went further to discuss the major drawbacks of utilizing MSCs in IS and how adequate priming using both hypoxia and interleukin-1 can optimize the beneficial properties of MSCs while eliminating these drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Adenike Salaudeen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Stuart Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Neuroscience, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Plaza-Zabala A, Sierra A. Studying Autophagy in Microglia: Overcoming the Obstacles. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:45-70. [PMID: 37639114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an overview of the main techniques and experimental approaches that can be used to analyze autophagy flux in microglia, the brain-resident macrophages. For this purpose, we first briefly introduce the main peculiarities of microglial biology, describe the basic mechanisms and functions of autophagy, and summarize the evidence accumulated so far on the role of autophagy in the regulation of microglial survival and functions, mainly phagocytosis and inflammation. Then, we highlight conceptual and technical aspects of autophagic recycling and microglial physiology that need to be taken into account for the accurate evaluation of autophagy flux in microglia. Finally, we describe the main assays that can be used to analyze the complete sequence of autophagosome formation and degradation or autophagy flux, mainly in cultured microglia and in vivo. The main approaches include indirect tracking of autophagosomes by autophagic enzymes such as LC3 by western blot and fluorescence-based confocal microscopy, as well as direct analysis of autophagic vesicles by electron microscopy. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods in specific experimental contexts and highlight the need to complement LC3 and/or electron microscopy data with analysis of other autophagic effectors and lysosomal proteins that participate in the initiation and completion of autophagy flux, respectively. In summary, we provide an experimental guide for the analysis of autophagosome turnover in microglia, emphasizing the need to combine as many markers and complementary approaches as possible to fully characterize the status of autophagy flux in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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Bietar B, Tanner S, Lehmann C. Neuroprotection and Beyond: The Central Role of CB1 and CB2 Receptors in Stroke Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16728. [PMID: 38069049 PMCID: PMC10705908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, with its intricate presence in numerous cells, tissues, and organs, offers a compelling avenue for therapeutic interventions. Central to this system are the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R), whose ubiquity can introduce complexities in targeted treatments due to their wide-ranging physiological influence. Injuries to the central nervous system (CNS), including strokes and traumatic brain injuries, induce localized pro-inflammatory immune responses, termed neuroinflammation. Research has shown that compensatory immunodepression usually follows, and these mechanisms might influence immunity, potentially affecting infection risks in patients. As traditional preventive treatments like antibiotics face challenges, the exploration of immunomodulatory therapies offers a promising alternative. This review delves into the potential neuroprotective roles of the cannabinoid receptors: CB1R's involvement in mitigating excitotoxicity and CB2R's dual role in promoting cell survival and anti-inflammatory responses. However, the potential of cannabinoids to reduce neuroinflammation must be weighed against the risk of exacerbating immunodepression. Though the endocannabinoid system promises numerous therapeutic benefits, understanding its multifaceted signaling mechanisms and outcomes remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Bietar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sophie Tanner
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (B.B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Li S, Zhang R, Wang A, Li Y, Zhang M, Kim J, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Wang J. Panax notoginseng: derived exosome-like nanoparticles attenuate ischemia reperfusion injury via altering microglia polarization. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:416. [PMID: 37946257 PMCID: PMC10636993 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury is a clinical conundrum during the treatment of ischemic stroke. Cell-derived exosomes (CDE) were proved to be therapeutically effective for CI/R injury. However, production of CDE is time and effort consuming. Increasing studies reported that plants can also generate exosome-like nanoparticles (ELN) which are therapeutically effective and have higher yield compared with CDE. In this study, a commonly used Chinese herb Panax notoginseng (PN), whose active ingredients were well-documented in the treatment of CI/R injury, was chosen as a source of ELNs. It was found that Panax notoginseng derived exosome like nanoparticles (PDN) could enter the brain without modification and ameliorate cerebral infarct volume, improve behavior outcome and maintained the integrity of BBB. PDNs attenuated CI/R injury by altering the phenotype of microglia from "pro-inflammation" M1 type to "anti-inflammation" M2 type. Also, we found that lipids from PDNs were the major therapeutic effective component. As a mechanism of action, PDN was proved to exert therapeutic effect via activating pI3k/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Anni Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qizheng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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10
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Mahemuti Y, Kadeer K, Su R, Abula A, Aili Y, Maimaiti A, Abulaiti S, Maimaitituerxun M, Miao T, Jiang S, Axier A, Aisha M, Wang Y, Cheng X. TSPO exacerbates acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inducing autophagy dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114542. [PMID: 37717810 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is considered a double-edged sword, with a role in the regulation of the pathophysiological processes of the central nervous system (CNS) after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a highly conserved protein, with its expression level in the nervous system closely associated with the regulation of pathophysiological processes. In addition, the ligand of TSPO reduces neuroinflammation in brain diseases, but the potential role of TSPO in CIRI is largely undiscovered. On this basis, we investigated whether TSPO regulates neuroinflammatory response by affecting autophagy in microglia. In our study, increased expression of TSPO was detected in rat brain tissues with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and in BV2 microglial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation or reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment, respectively. In addition, we confirmed that autophagy was over-activated during CIRI by increased expression of autophagy activation related proteins with Beclin-1 and LC3B, while the expression of p62 was decreased. The degradation process of autophagy was inhibited, while the expression levels of LAMP-1 and Cathepsin-D were significantly reduced. Results of confocal laser microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that autophagy flux was disordered. In contrast, inhibition of TSPO prevented autophagy over-activation both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, suppression of TSPO alleviated nerve cell damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-6 in microglia cells. In summary, these results indicated that TSPO might affect CIRI by mediating autophagy dysfunction and thus might serve as a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusufu Mahemuti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China; School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China; Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, PR China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kaheerman Kadeer
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Riqing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Abudureheman Abula
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yirizhati Aili
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aierpati Maimaiti
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Subinuer Abulaiti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | | | - Tong Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Shihao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Aximujiang Axier
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Maimaitili Aisha
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China.
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11
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Pluta R. The Dual Role of Autophagy in Postischemic Brain Neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's Disease Proteinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13793. [PMID: 37762096 PMCID: PMC10530906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-defense and self-degrading intracellular system involved in the recycling and elimination of the payload of cytoplasmic redundant components, aggregated or misfolded proteins and intracellular pathogens to maintain cell homeostasis and physiological function. Autophagy is activated in response to metabolic stress or starvation to maintain homeostasis in cells by updating organelles and dysfunctional proteins. In neurodegenerative diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, autophagy is disturbed, e.g., as a result of the pathological accumulation of proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease and their structural changes. Postischemic brain neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein. After cerebral ischemia, autophagy was found to be activated in neuronal, glial and vascular cells. Some studies have shown the protective properties of autophagy in postischemic brain, while other studies have shown completely opposite properties. Thus, autophagy is now presented as a double-edged sword with possible therapeutic potential in brain ischemia. The exact role and regulatory pathways of autophagy that are involved in cerebral ischemia have not been conclusively elucidated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive look at the advances in the study of autophagy behavior in neuronal, glial and vascular cells for ischemic brain injury. In addition, the importance of autophagy in neurodegeneration after cerebral ischemia has been highlighted. The review also presents the possibility of modulating the autophagy machinery through various compounds on the development of neurodegeneration after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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12
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Khizar H, Hu Y, Wu Y, Yang J. The role and implication of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:332. [PMID: 37666811 PMCID: PMC10477247 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor that originates from the biliary epithelial cells. It is characterized by a difficult diagnosis and limited treatment options. Autophagy is a cellular survival mechanism that maintains nutrient and energy homeostasis and eliminates intracellular pathogens. It is involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including the development of cancer. However, the role, mechanism, and potential therapeutic targets of autophagy in CCA have not been thoroughly studied. In this review, we introduce the classification, characteristics, process, and related regulatory genes of autophagy. We summarize the regulation of autophagy on the progression of CCA and collect the latest research progress on some autophagy modulators with clinical potential in CCA. In conclusion, combining autophagy modulators with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy has great potential in the treatment of CCA. This combination may be a potential therapeutic target for CCA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Khizar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, International Institute of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth School of Clinical medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth School of Clinical medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of medicine, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Digestive Diseases, 310006, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Yilmaz U, Tanbek K, Gul S, Gul M, Koc A, Sandal S. Melatonin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Inducing Autophagy. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:1035-1050. [PMID: 37321200 DOI: 10.1159/000531567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate how melatonin administration for 3 days or 7 days following cerebral ischemia (CI) injury would affect autophagy and, therefore, survival in neurons of the penumbra region. Moreover, it was also aimed at determining how this melatonin treatment would affect the neurological deficit score and rotarod and adhesive removal test durations. METHODS Focal CI (90 min) was achieved in a total of 105 rats utilizing a middle cerebral artery occlusion model. After the start of reperfusion, the groups were treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 days or 7 days. In all groups, neurological deficit scoring, rotarod, and adhesive removal tests were executed during reperfusion. Infarct areas were determined by TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) staining at the end of the 3rd and 7th days of reperfusion. Beclin-1, LC3, p62, and caspase-3 protein levels were assessed using Western blot and immunofluorescence methods in the brain tissues. Moreover, penumbra areas were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS Following CI, it was observed that melatonin treatment improved the rotarod and adhesive removal test durations from day 5 and reduced the infarct area after CI. It also induced autophagic proteins Beclin-1, LC3, and p62 and suppressed the apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3. According to TEM findings, melatonin treatment partially reduced the damage in neurons after CI. CONCLUSION Melatonin treatment following CI reduced the infarct area and induced the autophagic proteins Beclin-1, LC3, and p62 by inhibiting the apoptotic caspase-3 protein. The functional reflection of melatonin treatment on neurological test scores was became significant from the 5th day onward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Kevser Tanbek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Semir Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Koc
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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14
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Yao C, Liu X, Tang Y, Wang C, Duan C, Liu X, Chen M, Zhou Y, Tang E, Xiang Y, Li Y, Ji A, Cai T. Lipopolysaccharide induces inflammatory microglial activation through CD147-mediated matrix metalloproteinase expression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:35352-35365. [PMID: 36534246 PMCID: PMC9761036 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathophysiological processes of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an environmental poison that can induce inflammatory microglial activation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are vital factors regulating microglial activation, and CD147 is a key MMP inducer, which can induce inflammation by inducing MMPs. However, whether it is involved in the regulation of microglial activation has not been reported. In this study, the role of CD147 in LPS-induced microglial inflammatory activation was investigated by establishing in vivo and in vitro models. The results suggested that LPS-induced microglial activation was accompanied by the induction of CD147 expression while the inhibition of CD147 expression could inhibit LPS-induced microglial inflammatory activation. In addition, the results also indicated that the role of CD147 in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory activation of microglia was related to its downstream MMP-3, MMP-8, and autophagy. Furthermore, the inhibition of MMP-3, MMP-8, and autophagy attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory activation of microglia. At the same time, there was a certain interaction between MMPs and autophagy, which is shown that inhibiting the expression of MMPs could inhibit autophagy, whereas inhibiting autophagy could inhibit the expression of MMPs. Taken together, we provided the first evidence that CD147/MMPs can be involved in LPS-induced inflammatory activation of microglia through an autophagy-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chenggang Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Enjie Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yafei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ailing Ji
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Tongjian Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
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15
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Beccari S, Sierra-Torre V, Valero J, Pereira-Iglesias M, García-Zaballa M, Soria FN, De Las Heras-Garcia L, Carretero-Guillen A, Capetillo-Zarate E, Domercq M, Huguet PR, Ramonet D, Osman A, Han W, Dominguez C, Faust TE, Touzani O, Pampliega O, Boya P, Schafer D, Mariño G, Canet-Soulas E, Blomgren K, Plaza-Zabala A, Sierra A. Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in stroke is driven by energy depletion and induction of autophagy. Autophagy 2023:1-30. [PMID: 36622892 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2165313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic debris prevents buildup damage of neighbor neurons and inflammatory responses. Whereas microglia are very competent phagocytes under physiological conditions, we report their dysfunction in mouse and preclinical monkey models of stroke (macaques and marmosets) by transient occlusion of the medial cerebral artery (tMCAo). By analyzing recently published bulk and single cell RNA sequencing databases, we show that the phagocytosis dysfunction was not explained by transcriptional changes. In contrast, we demonstrate that the impairment of both engulfment and degradation was related to energy depletion triggered by oxygen and nutrient deprivation (OND), which led to reduced process motility, lysosomal exhaustion, and the induction of a protective macroautophagy/autophagy response in microglia. Basal autophagy, in charge of removing and recycling intracellular elements, was critical to maintain microglial physiology, including survival and phagocytosis, as we determined both in vivo and in vitro using pharmacological and transgenic approaches. Notably, the autophagy inducer rapamycin partially prevented the phagocytosis impairment induced by tMCAo in vivo but not by OND in vitro, where it even had a detrimental effect on microglia, suggesting that modulating microglial autophagy to optimal levels may be a hard to achieve goal. Nonetheless, our results show that pharmacological interventions, acting directly on microglia or indirectly on the brain environment, have the potential to recover phagocytosis efficiency in the diseased brain. We propose that phagocytosis is a therapeutic target yet to be explored in stroke and other brain disorders and provide evidence that it can be modulated in vivo using rapamycin.Abbreviations: AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AMBRA1: autophagy/beclin 1 regulator 1; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CASP3: caspase 3; CBF: cerebral blood flow; CCA: common carotid artery; CCR2: chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2; CIR: cranial irradiation; Csf1r/v-fms: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; CX3CR1: chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DG: dentate gyrus; GO: Gene Ontology; HBSS: Hanks' balanced salt solution; HI: hypoxia-ischemia; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCA: medial cerebral artery; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; OND: oxygen and nutrient deprivation; Ph/A coupling: phagocytosis-apoptosis coupling; Ph capacity: phagocytic capacity; Ph index: phagocytic index; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; RNA-Seq: RNA sequencing; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; tMCAo: transient medial cerebral artery occlusion; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Beccari
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Sierra-Torre
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair Group, Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Pereira-Iglesias
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Zaballa
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Federico N Soria
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura De Las Heras-Garcia
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carretero-Guillen
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria Domercq
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Paloma R Huguet
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Ramonet
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Dominguez
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Omar Touzani
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000, Caen, Normandie, France
| | - Olatz Pampliega
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Laboratory of Autophagy, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid 28040, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland
| | - Dorothy Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland.,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33003, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
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16
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Peng L, Hu G, Yao Q, Wu J, He Z, Law BYK, Hu G, Zhou X, Du J, Wu A, Yu L. Microglia autophagy in ischemic stroke: A double-edged sword. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1013311. [PMID: 36466850 PMCID: PMC9708732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1013311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the major types of cerebrovascular diseases causing neurological morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the pathophysiological process of IS, microglia play a beneficial role in tissue repair. However, it could also cause cellular damage, consequently leading to cell death. Inflammation is characterized by the activation of microglia, and increasing evidence showed that autophagy interacts with inflammation through regulating correlative mediators and signaling pathways. In this paper, we summarized the beneficial and harmful effects of microglia in IS. In addition, we discussed the interplay between microglia autophagy and ischemic inflammation, as along with its application in the treatment of IS. We believe this could help to provide the theoretical references for further study into IS and treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Medicine Imaging, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guangqiang Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qianfang Yao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ziyang He
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guishan Hu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Junrong Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Medicine Imaging, School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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17
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Chen M, Zhang H, Chu YH, Tang Y, Pang XW, Qin C, Tian DS. Microglial autophagy in cerebrovascular diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1023679. [PMID: 36275005 PMCID: PMC9582432 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1023679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are considered core regulators for monitoring homeostasis in the brain and primary responders to central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Autophagy affects the innate immune functions of microglia. Recently some evidence suggests that microglial autophagy is closely associated with brain function in both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Herein, we will discuss the interaction between autophagy and other biological processes in microglia under physiological and pathological conditions and highlight the interaction between microglial metabolism and autophagy. In the end, we focus on the effect of microglial autophagy in cerebrovascular diseases.
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18
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Zeng Y, Zhang W, Xue T, Zhang D, Lv M, Jiang Y. Sphk1-induced autophagy in microglia promotes neuronal injury following cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4287-4303. [PMID: 35766986 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglial hyperactivation mediated by sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (SphK1/S1P) signalling and the consequent inflammatory mediator production serve as the key drivers of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Although SphK1 reportedly controls autophagy and microglial activation, it remains uncertain as to whether SphK1 is similarly capable of regulating damage mediated by CIRI-activated microglia. In the current study, we adopted both in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion (OGDR) models and in vivo rat models of focal CIRI to ascertain this possibility. It was found that CIRI upregulated SphK1 and induced autophagy in microglia, while inhibiting these changes significantly impaired to prevented neuronal apoptosis. Results of mechanistic investigation revealed that SphK1 promoted autophagy via the tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) pathway. Altogether, our findings unfolded to reveal a novel mechanism, whereby SphK1-induced autophagy in microglia contributed to the pathogenesis of CIRI, potentially highlighting novel avenues for future therapeutic intervention in ischaemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tengteng Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Department of New Media and Arts, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Manhua Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongjia Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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19
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HU K, GAO Y, CHU S, CHEN N. Review of the effects and Mechanisms of microglial autophagy in ischemic stroke. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Ischemic Stroke: Recent Insights into Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3450207. [PMID: 35720192 PMCID: PMC9200548 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3450207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Autophagy is a conserved cellular catabolic pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis by removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which is critical for the maintenance of energy and function homeostasis of cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy plays important roles in pathophysiological mechanisms under ischemic stroke. Previous investigations show that autophagy serves as a “double-edged sword” in ischemic stroke as it can either promote the survival of neuronal cells or induce cell death in special conditions. Following ischemic stroke, autophagy is activated or inhibited in several cell types in brain, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as microvascular endothelial cells, which involves in inflammatory activation, modulation of microglial phenotypes, and blood-brain barrier permeability. However, the exact mechanisms of underlying the role of autophagy in ischemic stroke are not fully understood. This review focuses on the recent advances regarding potential molecular mechanisms of autophagy in different cell types. The focus is also on discussing the “double-edged sword” effect of autophagy in ischemic stroke and its possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, potential therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke targeting autophagy are also reviewed.
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21
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Ma Z, Liu CF, Zhang L, Xiang N, Zhang Y, Chu L. The Construction and Analysis of Immune Infiltration and Competing Endogenous RNA Network in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:806200. [PMID: 35656537 PMCID: PMC9152092 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.806200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a common neurological disease that seriously endangers both the physical and mental health of human. After AIS, activated immune cells are recruited to the stroke site, where inflammatory mediators are released locally, and severe immune inflammatory reactions occur within a short time, which affects the progress and prognosis of IS. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with a closed-loop structure and high stability. Studies have found that circRNA can affect the course of IS. However, there is no report on ceRNA’s pathogenesis in AIS that is mediated by circRNA. In this study, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze the distribution of immune cells in patients with AIS. mRNA dataset was downloaded from the GEO database, and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method was used to construct weighted gene co-expression to determine 668 target genes, using GO, KEGG enrichment analysis, construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and molecular complex detection (MCODE) plug-in analysis. The results showed that the biological function of the target gene was in line with the activation and immune regulation of neutrophils; signal pathways were mostly enriched in immune inflammation-related pathways. A Venn diagram was used to obtain 52 intersection genes between target genes and disease genes. By analyzing the correlation between the intersection genes and immune cells, we found that the top 5 hub genes were TOM1, STAT3, RAB3D, MDM2, and FOS, which were all significantly positively correlated with neutrophils and significantly negatively correlated with eosinophils. A total of 52 intersection genes and the related circRNA and miRNA were used as input for Cytoscape software to construct a circRNA-mediated ceRNA competition endogenous network, where a total of 18 circRNAs were found. Further analysis of the correlation between circRNA and immune cells found that 4 circRNAs are positively correlated with neutrophils. Therefore, we speculate that there may be a regulatory relationship between circRNA-mediated ceRNA and the immune mechanism in AIS. This study has important guiding significance for the progress, outcome of AIS, and the development of new medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhaoLei Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lan Chu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Chu,
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22
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Hou W, Hao Y, Sun L, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Song L. The dual roles of autophagy and the GPCRs-mediating autophagy signaling pathway after cerebral ischemic stroke. Mol Brain 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 35109896 PMCID: PMC8812204 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by a lack of blood supply in brain tissues, is the third leading cause of human death and disability worldwide, and usually results in sensory and motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and in severe cases, even death. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosome-dependent process in which eukaryotic cells removal misfolded proteins and damaged organelles in cytoplasm, which is critical for energy metabolism, organelle renewal, and maintenance of intracellular homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy plays important roles in pathophysiological mechanisms under ischemic conditions. However, there are still controversies about whether autophagy plays a neuroprotective or damaging role after ischemia. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), one of the largest protein receptor superfamilies in mammals, play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Statistics show that GPCRs are the targets of about one-fifth of drugs known in the world, predicting potential values as targets for drug research. Studies have demonstrated that nutritional deprivation can directly or indirectly activate GPCRs, mediating a series of downstream biological processes, including autophagy. It can be concluded that there are interactions between autophagy and GPCRs signaling pathway, which provides research evidence for regulating GPCRs-mediated autophagy. This review aims to systematically discuss the underlying mechanism and dual roles of autophagy in cerebral ischemia, and describe the GPCRs-mediated autophagy, hoping to probe promising therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke through in-depth exploration of the GPCRs-mediated autophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Hou
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
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23
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Lin Y, Huang T, Shen W, Pang Q, Xie Q, Chen X, Tu F. TRPV1 Suppressed NLRP3 Through Regulating Autophagy in Microglia After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:792-801. [PMID: 35041191 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The microglia-mediated inflammatory response is one of the main causes of brain tissue damage after stroke. In recent years, it has been reported that autophagy in microglia played an important role in inflammatory response after stroke. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) has been shown to regulate autophagy and inflammatory in microglia; however, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether autophagy regulates inflammatory is associated with TRPV1. Model of oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was established in vitro to induce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R). siRNA of Atg5, inhibitors, and agonists of both autophagy and TRPV1 were involved in our study. Autophagy was assayed by immunofluorescence staining LC-3 and autophagosome was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Autophagy/inflammation-related markers as Atg5, LC-3II/LC-3I, Beclin-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, and Caspase-1 were also measured in the present study. Results indicated that I/R injury-induced inflammatory injury may be impeded by inhibition of autophagy, and TRPV1 could suppress OGD/R-induced autophagy of microglia. However, the effect of TRPV1's inhibitor on inflammatory response was attenuated when the autophagy was blocked. These findings suggested that TRPV1 exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect on OGD/R-induced microglia, which was at least correlated with the anti-autophagy action of TRPV1 partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weimin Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongyi Pang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Fengxia Tu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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24
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Yao ZA, Xu L, Jin LM, Wang TS, Wang BX, Li JZ, Bai Y, Wu HG. κ-Carrageenan oligosaccharides induce microglia autophagy through AMPK/ULK1 pathway to regulate their immune response. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:198-203. [PMID: 34871652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the main effector cells of immune response in central nervous system and are important targets for disease prevention and treatment. Κ-carrageenan Oligosaccharide (KOS), obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis from carrageenan of marine red algae, can inhibit the release of inflammatory factors from the over-activated microglia. The mechanism of microglia autophagy induced by KOS and its relationship with inflammation were studied to explore the development prospect of KOS in the research and treatment of inflammatory related diseases. The effect of KOS on inducing autophagy was detected by the secretion of cytokines by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia, respectively. The protein expression of autophagy-related signaling pathways were detected by Western Blot. The results showed that KOS could significantly protect the microglia from over-activated inflammatory by inducing the autophagy and inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines. And KOS could reduce the expression of the protein that related to the AMPK/ULK1 pathways in microglia, so as to regulate the autophagy pathway, and inhibit the inflammatory response of over-activated microglia. The study on the effect of KOS on microglia autophagy and excessive inflammatory response will provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the inhibition of nerve injury by regulating microglia autophagy and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ang Yao
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Li-Ming Jin
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Bai-Xiang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Jiang-Zhou Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of clinical laboratory, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116021, China
| | - Hai-Ge Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China.
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25
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Guo L, Zhu L. Multiple Roles of Peripheral Immune System in Modulating Ischemia/Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:752465. [PMID: 34881289 PMCID: PMC8645603 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.752465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given combined efforts of neuroscience and immunology, increasing evidence has revealed the critical roles of the immune system in regulating homeostasis and disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia have long been considered as the only immune cell type in parenchyma, while at the interface between CNS and the peripheral (meninges, choroid plexus, and perivascular space), embryonically originated border-associated macrophages (BAMs) and multiple surveilling leukocytes capable of migrating into and out of the brain have been identified to function in the healthy brain. Hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation is the key pathological procedure that can be detected in healthy people at high altitude or in various neurodegenerative diseases, during which a very thin line between a beneficial response of the peripheral immune system in maintaining brain homeostasis and a pathological role in exacerbating neuroinflammation has been revealed. Here, we are going to focus on the role of the peripheral immune system and its crosstalk with CNS in the healthy brain and especially in hypobaric or ischemic hypoxia-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Nanhua, Hengyang, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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26
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Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G, Penninger JM, Uversky VN, Pratico D, Henninger N, Reiter RJ, Bruno A, Joshipura K, Aslkhodapasandhokmabad H, Klionsky DJ, Ren J. Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107848. [PMID: 33823204 PMCID: PMC8263472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stroke constitutes the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Stroke is normally classified as either ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (HS) although 87% of cases belong to ischemic nature. Approximately 700,000 individuals suffer an ischemic stroke (IS) in the US each year. Recent evidence has denoted a rather pivotal role for defective macroautophagy/autophagy in the pathogenesis of IS. Cellular response to stroke includes autophagy as an adaptive mechanism that alleviates cellular stresses by removing long-lived or damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and surplus cellular components via the autophagosome-lysosomal degradation process. In this context, autophagy functions as an essential cellular process to maintain cellular homeostasis and organismal survival. However, unchecked or excessive induction of autophagy has been perceived to be detrimental and its contribution to neuronal cell death remains largely unknown. In this review, we will summarize the role of autophagy in IS, and discuss potential strategies, particularly, employment of natural compounds for IS treatment through manipulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; School of Medicine Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow region 142290, Russia
| | - Domenico Pratico
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nils Henninger
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Askiel Bruno
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kaumudi Joshipura
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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27
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Chen T, Zhou H, Xiong L. Single cell sequencing technology and its application in Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy research. IBRAIN 2021; 7:227-234. [PMID: 37786794 PMCID: PMC10528982 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the common etiology of neonatal morbidity and mortality, which exerts a negative seriously influence for the growth and development of children, and even threatens their life. Therapeutic methods are timely not adopted, it will cause serious irreversible damage to the neonatal nervous system. As no promising therapeutic strategies exist currently, it is important to elucidate the pathological mechanism for HIE, which requires us to explore the nucleic acid molecules, protein, and cell function in HIE patients, and to understand the process of the onset and progression, then research and invent better treatment methods and therapeutic drugs. Single cell sequencing (SCS) exhibits an distinctive advantages in cells research because of the particularity of each cell. This method solves an puzzle about heterogeneit, which could not be solved with multi cell sample research, and provides a new idea and perspective for the un-elucidated and events further analyzed, such as the behaviors, mechanisms and the relationship between single cell and organism in cell population. It also plays an extremely significant role in the basic research and precision medicine. Some studies have suggested that SCS serves a vital function in the study of HIE. Therefore, this review is aim to elaborate SCS and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and trace the role of microglia in HIE, and prospect its unknown and undiscovered mechanism by SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Bao Chen
- Laboratory Zoology DepartmentKunming Medical UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Hong‐Su Zhou
- Department of AnesthesiologyGraduate School of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Liu‐Lin Xiong
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide5000South AustraliaAustralia
- Department of AnesthesiologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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Tsai CY, Fang C, Wu JCC, Wu CJ, Dai KY, Chen SM. Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation at Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Underpin Cadmium-Induced Cardiovascular Dysregulation in Rats. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3863-3877. [PMID: 34408468 PMCID: PMC8364915 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s325528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cadmium is a heavy metal and environmental toxicant known to act on the central cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms, and one of its brain targets is the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a brainstem site that maintains blood pressure and sympathetic vasomotor tone. The present study assessed the hypothesis that cadmium elicits cardiovascular dysregulation by inducing neuroinflammation and microglial activation, two potential cellular mechanisms, in RVLM. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for measuring cardiovascular responses after intravenous administration of cadmium. We further conducted real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, in situ determination of mitochondrial superoxide, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression, microglia activation, superoxide production, and necrotic and apoptotic cell death in RVLM. Results We found animals maintained under propofol anesthesia, intravenous administration of cadmium acetate (4 mg/kg) resulted in an increase, followed by a rebound and a secondary decrease in spontaneous baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor tone, a progressive reduction in mean arterial pressure and heart rate, alongside augmentation of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine in RVLM. All those cardiovascular and neuroinflammatory events were reversed by pretreatment with an anti-inflammatory drug, pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg, i.p.). There were also concurrent microglial activation, reactive oxygen species production, hypoxia, reduced blood flow, and necrotic and apoptotic cell death in RVLM. Conclusion Based on these biochemical, pharmacological and morphological observations, we conclude that neuroinflammation and microglial activation at RVLM, and their downstream cellular mechanisms, causally underpin cadmium-induced cardiovascular dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi Fang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline C C Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ju Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Dai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mi Chen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan
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Normobaric Oxygen (NBO) Therapy Reduces Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through Inhibition of Early Autophagy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7041290. [PMID: 34306153 PMCID: PMC8263229 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7041290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Normobaric oxygen (NBO) therapy has great clinical potential in the treatment of ischemic stroke, but its underlying mechanism is unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy during the application of NBO on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats received 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by 2, 6, or 24 hours of reperfusion. At the beginning of reperfusion, rats were randomly given NBO (95% O2) or room air (21% O2) for 2 hours. In some animals, 3-methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) was administered 10 minutes before reperfusion. The severity of the ischemic injury was determined by infarct volume, neurological deficit, and apoptotic cell death. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of autophagy and apoptosis, while mRNA expression of apoptotic molecules was detected by real-time PCR. Results NBO treatment after ischemia/reperfusion significantly decreased infarct volume and neurobehavioral defects. The increased expression of the autophagy markers, including microtubule-associated protein 1A light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin 1, after ischemia/reperfusion was reversed by NBO, while promoting Sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) expression. In addition, NBO reduced cerebral apoptosis in association with alleviated BAX expression and increased BCL-2 expression. 3-MA reduced autophagy and apoptotic death but did not further improve NBO-attenuated ischemic damage. Conclusion NBO induced remarkable neuroprotection from ischemic injury, which was correlated with blocked autophagy activity.
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Hu ZW, Zhou LQ, Yang S, Chen M, Yu HH, Tao R, Wu LJ, Wang W, Zhang Q, Qin C, Tian DS. FTY720 Modulates Microglia Toward Anti-inflammatory Phenotype by Suppressing Autophagy via STAT1 Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:353-364. [PMID: 32342246 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since microglia-associated neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the progression of white matter diseases, modulating microglial activation has been suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of fingolimod (FTY720) on microglia and analyzed the crosstalk between microglia autophagy and neuroinflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced primary cultured microglia model was established. Microglial phenotypes were assessed by Western blot, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. Autophagy was evaluated by immunofluorescence, MDC staining and Western blot. Rapamycin was used to investigate the role of autophagic process in regulating microglial phenotypes. The signaling markers were screened by RT-PCR and Western blot. FTY720 shifted microglial phenotype from pro-inflammatory state to anti-inflammatory state and inhibited microglial autophagy under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Rapamycin reversed the effect of FTY720 on phenotype transformation of microglia. The results of mechanism studies have shown that FTY720 notably repressed LPS-induced STAT1 activity, which was reactivated by rapamycin. Our research suggested that FTY720 could significantly transform pro-inflammatory microglia into anti-inflammatory microglia by suppressing autophagy via STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Luo-Qi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Man Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hai-Han Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Wang L, Lei Q, Zhao S, Xu W, Dong W, Ran J, Shi Q, Fu J. Ginkgolide B Maintains Calcium Homeostasis in Hypoxic Hippocampal Neurons by Inhibiting Calcium Influx and Intracellular Calcium Release. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:627846. [PMID: 33679323 PMCID: PMC7928385 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.627846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolide B (GB), a terpene lactone and active ingredient of Ginkgo biloba, shows protective effects in neuronal cells subjected to hypoxia. We investigated whether GB might protect neurons from hypoxic injury through regulation of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis. Primary hippocampal neurons subjected to chemical hypoxia (0.7 mM CoCl2) in vitro exhibited an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ (measured from the fluorescence of fluo-4), but this effect was significantly diminished by pre-treatment with 0.4 mM GB. Electrophysiological recordings from the brain slices of rats exposed to hypoxia in vivo revealed increases in spontaneous discharge frequency, action potential frequency and calcium current magnitude, and all these effects of hypoxia were suppressed by pre-treatment with 12 mg/kg GB. Western blot analysis demonstrated that hypoxia was associated with enhanced mRNA and protein expressions of Cav1.2 (a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel), STIM1 (a regulator of store-operated Ca2+ entry) and RyR2 (isoforms of Ryanodine Receptor which mediates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release), and these actions of hypoxia were suppressed by GB. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that GB might protect neurons from hypoxia, in part, by regulating Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - Quan Lei
- The Department of Medical Administration, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- The Department of Medical Administration, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - WenJuan Xu
- The Department of Medical Administration, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Dong
- The First Division Health Team, Anti-aircraft Artillery of Liaoning Reserve, Shenyang, China
| | - JiHua Ran
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - QingHai Shi
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
| | - JianFeng Fu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Center, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Command, Urumqi, China
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Zhu Y, Yu J, Gong J, Shen J, Ye D, Cheng D, Xie Z, Zeng J, Xu K, Shen J, Zhou H, Weng Y, Pan J, Zhan R. PTP1B inhibitor alleviates deleterious microglial activation and neuronal injury after ischemic stroke by modulating the ER stress-autophagy axis via PERK signaling in microglia. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3405-3427. [PMID: 33495405 PMCID: PMC7906217 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) after ischemic stroke causes deleterious microglial activation. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) exacerbates neuroinflammation, yet the effect of the inhibition on microglial activation and cerebral IR injury is unknown. A cerebral IR rat model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. The PTP1B inhibitor, sc-222227, was administered intracerebroventricularly. Neurologic deficits, infarct volume, and brain water content were examined. An in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was established in primary microglia and BV-2 cells. Microglial activation/polarization, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis were detected using western blot, immunohistology, ELISA, and real-time PCR. Protein interaction was assessed by a proximity ligation assay. The results showed a significant increase in microglial PTP1B expression after IR injury. Sc-222227 attenuated IR-induced microglial activation, ER stress, and autophagy and promoted M2 polarization. Upon OGD/R, sc-222227 mitigated microglial activation by inhibiting ER stress-dependent autophagy, the effect of which was abolished by PERK activation, and PERK inhibition attenuated microglial activation. The PTP1B-phosphorylated PERK protein interaction was significantly increased after OGD/R, but decreased upon sc-222227 treatment. Finally, sc-222227 mitigated neuronal damage and neurologic deficits after IR injury. Treatment targeting microglial PTP1B might be a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiangbiao Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dexin Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhikai Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianping Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kangli Xu
- Emergency Department Trauma Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hengjun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Niu Y, Zeng X, Qin G, Zhang D, Zhou J, Chen L. Downregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 alleviates central sensitization by activating autophagy via inhibiting mTOR pathway in a rat model of chronic migraine. Neurosci Lett 2020; 743:135552. [PMID: 33352285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central sensitization is one of the important pathological mechanisms of chronic migraine (CM). Metabolic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) mediates pain by activating various intracellular pathways. However, whether mGluR5 contributes to central sensitization in CM and the exact mechanism remains unclear. Male rats were used to establish a CM model by repeated infusions of inflammatory soup (IS) for 7 days to stimulate the activation of the dural nociceptor. The mechanical and thermal thresholds were used to evaluate allodynia, and central sensitization was assessed by measuring calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and p62/SQSTM1 were used to assess autophagy. We found that the expression of mGluR5 in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) of CM rats was significantly increased. In addition, the downregulation of mGluR5 activated autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR pathway. Moreover, the activation of autophagy alleviated allodynia and central sensitization in CM rats. This study identified a novel strategy for the treatment of CM; the downregulation of mGluR5 in a rat model of CM decreased the expression of the inflammatory factor interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and the central sensitization-associated proteins CGRP and SP by activating autophagy via inhibiting the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Niu
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zeng
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Autophagy-Associated lncRNAs: Promising Targets for Neurological Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8881687. [PMID: 33029125 PMCID: PMC7528122 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8881687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are a major threat to global public health and prosperity. The number of patients with neurological diseases is increasing due to the population aging and increasing life expectancy. Autophagy is one of the crucial mechanisms to maintain nerve cellular homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that autophagy plays a dual role in neurological diseases. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a vital class of noncoding RNAs with a length of more than 200 nucleotides and cannot encode proteins themselves but are expressed in most neurological diseases. An early phase, emerging knowledge has revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in autophagy regulation. Furthermore, autophagy-associated lncRNAs can promote the development of neurological diseases or slow their progression. In this review, we introduce a general overview of lncRNA functional mechanisms and summarizes the recent progress of lncRNAs on autophagy regulation in neurological diseases to reveal possible novel therapeutic targets or useful biomarkers.
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Xiao Y, Fan M, Jin W, Li WA, Jia Y, Dong Y, Jiang X, Xu J, Meng N, Lv P. Lithium chloride ameliorated spatial cognitive impairment through activating mTOR phosphorylation and inhibiting excessive autophagy in the repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion mouse model. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:109. [PMID: 32989388 PMCID: PMC7517419 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium has been previously demonstrated to alleviate cognitive impairment caused by neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injuries; however, the specific mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, the C57BL/6 mouse model of spatial cognitive impairment induced by repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was established. Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the levels of spatial cognitive impairment. Nissl staining was used to observe any morphological alterations, whilst western blotting was performed to measure the expression levels of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin1 in addition to mTOR phosphorylation. LiCl was found to significantly improve spatial learning and memory impairments according to data from the Morris water maze test. Nissl staining indicated that LiCl inhibited neuronal damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Additionally, LiCl increased mTOR phosphorylation, reduced beclin1 expression and reduced the LC3 II/I expression ratio. Taken together, these findings suggest that LiCl may alleviate the spatial cognitive impairment induced by repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. This observation may be attributed to the inhibition of excessive autophagy by LiCl through mTOR signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Fan
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - William A Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yanqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Nan Meng
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
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Wang H, Liu Q, Zhang X. C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-1 attenuates microglia autophagy and inflammatory response by regulating the Akt/mTOR pathway. Life Sci 2020; 256:117992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Experimental Pretreatment with Chlorogenic Acid Prevents Transient Ischemia-Induced Cognitive Decline and Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus through Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163578. [PMID: 32781658 PMCID: PMC7463954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is among the phenolic acid compounds which can be naturally found in green coffee extract and tea. CGA has been studied since it displays significant pharmacological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CGA on cognitive function and neuroprotection including its mechanisms in the hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Memory and learning following the ischemia was investigated by eight-arm radial maze and passive avoidance tests. Neuroprotection was examined by immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclei-specific protein and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. For mechanisms of the neuroprotection, alterations in copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), SOD2 as antioxidant enzymes, dihydroethidium and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal as indicators for oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-2) were examined by Western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry. As a result, pretreatment with 30 mg/kg CGA attenuated cognitive impairment and displayed a neuroprotective effect against transient forebrain ischemia (TFI). In Western blotting, the expression levels of SOD2 and IL-4 were increased due to pretreatment with CGA and, furthermore, 4-HNE production and IL-4 expressions were inhibited by CGA pretreatment. Additionally, pretreated CGA enhanced antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines and, in contrast, attenuated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Based on these results, we suggest that CGA can be a useful neuroprotective material against ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacies.
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Zhang G, Ye M, Li M. Deregulated miR-384 serves as a biomarker in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and alleviates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5411-5420. [PMID: 32621118 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is important in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). This study aimed to investigate the expression of microRNA-384 (miR-384) in HIE newborns and evaluate the clinical and functional role of miR-384 in HIE diagnosis and neuroinflammation. The expression of miR-384 was estimated using quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were examined using ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to evaluate the diagnostic performance of miR-384. The oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) experiment was adopted to activate primary neonatal microglia. A putative target of miR-384 was analyzed by bioinformatics prediction and a luciferase reporter assay. The expression of miR-384 was decreased in the serum of HIE newborns and OGD-induced activated microglia. Serum miR-384 had relatively high diagnostic accuracy for the screening of HIE cases from healthy newborns and the differentiation between newborns with different HIE severities. The OGD-induced increase in microglial neuroinflammation was significantly attenuated by the overexpression of miR-384, and AKT3, as a downstream target of miR-384, was inhibited by miR-384 in activated microglia. The data of this study demonstrated that decreased serum miR-384 expression may be a novel noninvasive biomarker for the diagnosis and progression of neonatal HIE. miR-384 can inhibit the neuroinflammation in activated microglia, which may be mediated by targeting AKT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, 276001, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, No.1, Qinghe South Road, Linyi, 276001, Shandong, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neonatology, Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, No.1, Qinghe South Road, Linyi, 276001, Shandong, China.
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Geniposide inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation via autophagy in BV-2 microglial cells exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang L, Xiong X, Zhang X, Ye Y, Jian Z, Gao W, Gu L. Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy and Inflammation. Neuroscience 2020; 441:46-57. [PMID: 32505745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) can protect against brain damage induced by stroke. However, the neural protection mechanism of STS remains unclear. We investigated whether STS performs its protective function by suppressing autophagy and inflammatory activity during brain injury. We established a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model by blocking the left middle cerebral artery with a thread inserted through the internal carotid artery for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 48 h either with or without STS and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Neuroprotective effects were determined by evaluating infarction, brain edema, and neurological deficits. The numbers of microglia-derived macrophages, monocyte-derived microglia, T cells, and B cells in the brains were measured, based on the surface marker analyses of CD45, CD11b, B220, CD3, and CD4 using fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. STS (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was able to significantly reduce infarct volumes, improve neurological deficits, and reduce brain water contents. STS treatment reduced neuroinflammation, as assessed by the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, corresponding with reduced numbers of macrophages, T cells, and B cells in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brains. In addition, STS treatment also attenuated the upregulation of autophagy associated proteins, such as LC3-II, Beclin-1 and Sirt 6, which was induced by MCAO. These results demonstrated that STS can provide remarkable protection against ischemic stroke, possibly via the inhibition of autophagy and inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenwei Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
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A dual death/survival role of autophagy in the adult ovary of Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia- Rodentia). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232819. [PMID: 32469908 PMCID: PMC7259749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular atresia is a cell death event that occurs in the great majority of follicles before ovulation in the mature mammalian ovary. Germ cell loss has been mainly associated to apoptosis although autophagy also seems to be at play. Aimed to increase our understanding on the possible cooperating role of autophagy and apoptosis in follicular atresia and/or follicular survival, we analyzed both programmed cell death mechanisms in a rodent model, the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. Female vizcacha shows highly suppressed apoptosis-dependent follicular atresia in the adult ovary, with continuous folliculogenesis and massive polyovulation. This strategy of massive ovulation requires a permanent remodeling of the ovarian architecture to maintain the availability of quiescent primordial follicles throughout the individual's reproductive lifespan. We report here our analysis of autophagy (BECN1, LAMP1 and LC3B-I/II) and apoptosis (BCL2 and ACTIVE CASPASE-3) markers which revealed interactive behaviors between both processes, with autophagy promoting survival or cell death depending on the ovarian structure. Strong BECN1, LC3B-II and LAMP1 staining was observed in atretic follicles and degenerating corpora lutea that also expressed nuclear ACTIVE CASPASE-3. Healthy follicles showed a slight expression of autophagy proteins but a strong expression of BCL2 and no detectable ACTIVE CASPASE-3. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high formation of autophagosomes, autolysosomes and lysosomes in atretic follicles and degenerating corpora lutea and a low number of autophagic vesicles in normal follicles. The co-expression of LC3B-BECN1, LC3B-LAMP1 and LC3B-ACTIVE CASPASE-3 was only detected in atretic follicles and degenerating corpora lutea, while co-expression of BCL2-BECN1 was only observed in normal follicles. We propose that autophagy could act as a mechanism to eliminate altered follicles and remnant corpora lutea providing the necessary space for maturation of primordial follicles that continuously enter the growing follicular pool to sustain massive ovulation.
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Jiang CT, Wu WF, Deng YH, Ge JW. Modulators of microglia activation and polarization in ischemic stroke (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2006-2018. [PMID: 32323760 PMCID: PMC7115206 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, there is a current lack of effective therapies available. As the resident macrophages of the brain, microglia can monitor the microenvironment and initiate immune responses. In response to various brain injuries, such as ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and polarized into the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or the anti‑inflammatory M2 phenotype. The immunomodulatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, generated by these microglia are closely associated with secondary brain damage or repair, respectively, following ischemic stroke. It has been shown that M1 microglia promote secondary brain damage, whilst M2 microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. In addition, autophagy is also reportedly involved in the pathology of ischemic stroke through regulating the activation and function of microglia. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of microglia activation, their functions and changes, and the modulators of these processes, including transcription factors, membrane receptors, ion channel proteins and genes, in ischemic stroke. The effects of autophagy on microglia polarization in ischemic stroke were also reviewed. Finally, future research areas of ischemic stroke and the implications of the current knowledge for the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic stroke were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ting Jiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Feng Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Wen Ge
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
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Abstract
Appropriate autophagy has protective effects on ischemic nerve tissue, while excessive autophagy may cause cell death. The inflammatory response plays an important role in the survival of nerve cells and the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia. Many studies have found an interaction between autophagy and inflammation in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. This study outlines recent advances regarding the role of autophagy in the post-stroke inflammatory response as follows. (1) Autophagy inhibits inflammatory responses caused by ischemic stimulation through mTOR, the AMPK pathway, and inhibition of inflammasome activation. (2) Activation of inflammation triggers the formation of autophagosomes, and the upregulation of autophagy levels is marked by a significant increase in the autophagy-forming markers LC3-II and Beclin-1. Lipopolysaccharide stimulates microglia and inhibits ULK1 activity by direct phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, reducing the flux and autophagy level, thereby inducing inflammatory activity. (3) By blocking the activation of autophagy, the activation of inflammasomes can alleviate cerebral ischemic injury. Autophagy can also regulate the phenotypic alternation of microglia through the nuclear factor-κB pathway, which is beneficial to the recovery of neural tissue after ischemia. Studies have shown that some drugs such as resveratrol can exert neuroprotective effects by regulating the autophagy-inflammatory pathway. These studies suggest that the autophagy-inflammatory pathway may provide a new direction for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mo
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yin-Yi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang-Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai university of medicine & health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu hospital, Shanghai, China
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Wei X, Zhu Q, Liu N, Xu L, Wei S, Fan Z, Sun C, Zhao Y, Qiao M, Wu J, Hu D, Wang Y, Sun P. Neuroprotective Effects and Mechanisms of Zhenlong Xingnao Capsule in In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Hypoxia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1096. [PMID: 31611791 PMCID: PMC6775503 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zhenlong Xingnao Capsule (ZXC) is a Tibetan medicine used to treat ischemic stroke. In this study, we determined the in vitro and in vivo effects of ZXC on reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a mouse BV-2 microglial cell hypoxia-reoxygenation and rat middle cerebral artery occlusion infarction models. We aimed to clarify the role of ZXC in cerebral ischemia protection; reveal amino acid neurotransmitter changes in the frontal cortex after drug intervention; determine mRNA and protein expression changes in Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, P38, and nuclear factor (NF)-кB in the frontal cortex and changes in antioxidant indices in the brain; and elucidate the mechanisms underlying ZXC action. After hypoxia-reoxygenation, ROS levels were significantly increased in BV-2 cells, and their levels decreased after treatment with ZXC. ZXC had protective effects on ischemic/anoxic injury in vitro and in vivo by downregulating the expressions of caspase-3 and NF-кB mRNA during ischemia and reperfusion and that of p38 and caspase-3 during acute ischemia and reperfusion as well as the steady-state levels of excitatory amino acids/inhibitory amino acids and by improving the total antioxidant capacity and total superoxide dismutase activities during ischemia. These findings provide new molecular evidence for the mechanisms underlying ZXC action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Qingfen Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zhiyun Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Changhua Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Mingqi Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Defu Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
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45
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Perrone L, Squillaro T, Napolitano F, Terracciano C, Sampaolo S, Melone MAB. The Autophagy Signaling Pathway: A Potential Multifunctional Therapeutic Target of Curcumin in Neurological and Neuromuscular Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081881. [PMID: 31412596 PMCID: PMC6723827 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the major intracellular machinery for degrading proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and organelles. This cellular process is essential for the maintenance of the correct cellular balance in both physiological and stress conditions. Because of its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, dysregulation of autophagy leads to various disease manifestations, such as inflammation, metabolic alterations, aging, and neurodegeneration. A common feature of many neurologic and neuromuscular diseases is the alteration of the autophagy-lysosomal pathways. For this reason, autophagy is considered a target for the prevention and/or cure of these diseases. Dietary intake of polyphenols has been demonstrated to prevent/ameliorate several of these diseases. Thus, natural products that can modulate the autophagy machinery are considered a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, curcumin, a phenolic compound widely used as a dietary supplement, exerts an important effect in modulating autophagy. Herein, we report on the current knowledge concerning the role of curcumin in modulating the autophagy machinery in various neurological and neuromuscular diseases as well as its role in restoring the autophagy molecular mechanism in several cell types that have different effects on the progression of neurological and neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perrone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University Grenoble Alpes, 2231 Rue de la Piscine, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Terracciano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, BioLife Building (015-00)1900 North 12th Street, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA.
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Hao MQ, Xie LJ, Leng W, Xue RW. Trim47 is a critical regulator of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulating apoptosis and inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:651-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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47
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Liu B, Liu J, Zhang J, Mao W, Li S. Effects of autophagy on synaptic-plasticity-related protein expression in the hippocampus CA1 of a rat model of vascular dementia. Neurosci Lett 2019; 707:134312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Khandia R, Dadar M, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Iqbal HMN, Singh KP, Joshi SK, Chaicumpa W. A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070674. [PMID: 31277291 PMCID: PMC6678135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Autophagy dysfunction can have various pathological consequences, including tumor progression, pathogen hyper-virulence, and neurodegeneration. This review describes the mechanisms of autophagy and its associations with other cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autosis. Autophagy has both positive and negative roles in infection, cancer, neural development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, immunity, and iron homeostasis. Genetic defects in autophagy can have pathological consequences, such as static childhood encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood, Crohn's disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Further studies on the process of autophagy in different microbial infections could help to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies against important pathogenic microbes. This review on the progress and prospects of autophagy research describes various activators and suppressors, which could be used to design novel intervention strategies against numerous diseases and develop therapeutic drugs to protect human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31975/148, Iran
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600051, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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49
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An update on the interactions between Alzheimer's disease, autophagy and inflammation. Gene 2019; 705:157-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Hou K, Xu D, Li F, Chen S, Li Y. The progress of neuronal autophagy in cerebral ischemia stroke: Mechanisms, roles and research methods. J Neurol Sci 2019; 400:72-82. [PMID: 30904689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that autophagy may be a new target in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Moderate autophagy can clear damaged organelles, thereby protecting cells against various injuries. However, long-term excessive autophagy brings redundant degradation of cell contents, leading to cell death and eventually serious damage to tissues and organs. A number of different animal models of ischemic brain injury shows that autophagy is activated and involved in the regulation of neuronal death during ischemic brain injury. This article summarizes the role of autophagy, its underlying regulators and mechanisms in ischemic neuronal injury. We briefly introduce the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy and give a summary of research methods and modulators of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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