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Anandhan Sujatha V, Gopalakrishnan C, Anbarasu A, Ponnusamy CS, Choudhary R, Saravanan Geetha SA, Ramalingam R. Beyond the venom: Exploring the antimicrobial peptides from Androctonus species of scorpion. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3613. [PMID: 38749486 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Prevalent worldwide, the Androctonus scorpion genus contributes a vital role in scorpion envenoming. While diverse scorpionisms are observed because of several different species, their secretions to protect themselves have been identified as a potent source of antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-like compounds. Distinctly, the venom of these species contains around 24 different AMPs, with definite molecules studied for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic agents. Our review focuses on the therapeutic potential of native and synthetic AMPs identified so far in the Androctonus scorpion genus, identifying research gaps in peptide therapeutics and guiding further investigations. Certain AMPs have demonstrated remarkable compatibility to be prescribed as anticancer drug to reduce cancer cell proliferation and serve as a potent antibiotic alternative. Besides, analyses were performed to explore the characteristics and affinities of peptides for membranes. Overall, the study of AMPs derived from the Androctonus scorpion genus provides valuable insights into their potential applications in medicine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinutha Anandhan Sujatha
- Quantitative Biology Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT, Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Gopalakrishnan
- Quantitative Biology Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT, Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amarnath Anbarasu
- Quantitative Biology Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT, Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandra Sekar Ponnusamy
- Quantitative Biology Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT, Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajkumar Choudhary
- Quantitative Biology Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT, Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sree Agash Saravanan Geetha
- Quantitative Biology Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT, Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajasekaran Ramalingam
- Quantitative Biology Lab, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT, Deemed to be University), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang X, Cheng D, Liu L, Yu H, Wang M. Magnolol ameliorates fumonisin B 1-induced oxidative damage and lipid metabolism dysfunction in astrocyte-like C6 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142300. [PMID: 38729444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of fumonisin B1 (FB1), a commonly detected mycotoxin in crops and the environment, has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, no effective method for eliminating FB1 completely exists due to the thermal stability and water solubility of this mycotoxin. Magnolol (MAG) is a neolignane with antioxidative and neuroprotective effects. It has been applied in neurotoxicity treatment. However, the application of MAG to attenuate FB1-induced toxicity has not been reported. This study explored the protective mechanism of MAG against FB1-induced damage in C6 cells through antioxidant and lipid metabolism modulation. Results showed that exposure to 15 μM FB1 caused oxidative stress by changing the levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, total superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total glutathione. These changes were reversed by MAG addition, especially at the concentration of 80 μM. The protective effects of MAG were further confirmed by the reduction in the phosphorylation levels of proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway. Lipidomics analysis identified 263 lipids, which belong to 24 lipid classes. Among all of the identified lipids, triglycerides (TGs), diglycerides (DGs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), wax monoesters (WEs), Cers, and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) were major categories. Moreover, nine categories of lipids showed the opposite change trend in the FB1 exposure and MAG 80 groups. A further investigation of the 34 co-occurring differential lipids with remarkable changes (P value < 0.05 and VIP value > 1) in the control, FB1 exposure, and MAG 80 groups was performed. Therein, nine lipids (PCs, LPCs, and SM) were screened out as potential biomarkers to reveal the cytoprotective effects of MAG. This work is the first to investigate the rescue mechanism of MAG in FB1-induced cytotoxicity. The obtained results may expand the application of MAG to alleviate the toxicity of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Haiqi Yu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Moussaoui H, Ladjel-Mendil A, Laraba-Djebari F. Neuromodulation of neurological disorders in a demyelination model: effect of a potassium channel inhibitor from Androctonus scorpion venom. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2022698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadjila Moussaoui
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amina Ladjel-Mendil
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Algiers, Algeria
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Zerouti K, Khemili D, Laraba-Djebari F, Hammoudi-Triki D. Nontoxic fraction of scorpion venom reduces bacterial growth and inflammatory response in a mouse model of infection. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2019.1614064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khedidja Zerouti
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Dalila Khemili
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
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Cheng R, Gong L, Li Z, Liang YK. Rice BIG gene is required for seedling viability. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:39-50. [PMID: 30530202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BIG (AtBIG) gene encodes an enormous protein that is required for auxin transport. Loss of AtBIG function not only profoundly changes plant architecture but also alters plant adaptability to environmental stimuli. A putative homolog of AtBIG exists in the rice genome, but no function has been ascribed to it. In this study, we focus on the characterization of the gene structure and function of OsBIG. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis shows that the homologs of OsBIG have high amino acid conservation in several domains across species. Transgenic rice plants in which the expression of OsBIG was disrupted through the CRISPR/Cas9 system-mediated genome editing were used for phenotypic analysis. The Osbig/- plants show high levels of cell death, enhanced electrolyte leakage and membrane lipid peroxidation, and reduced chlorophyll content, which likely accounted for the seedling lethality. Moreover, gene expression between Osbig/- and wild-type plants analyzed by RNA-seq indicates that a number of metabolic and hormonal pathways including ribosome, DNA replication, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll metabolism were significantly perturbed by OsBIG deficiency. In summary, OsBIG gene is integral to the normal growth and development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Luping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Science, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Dassi M, Souto NS, Braga ACM, Freitas ML, Vasconcelos C, Oliveira MS, Furian AF. Effects of repeated fumonisin B 1 exposure on markers of oxidative stress in liver, kidneys, and lungs of C57BL/6 mice. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:840-845. [PMID: 30265183 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1505258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fu monisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin commonly found in maize and maize-based products. Ingestion of FB1-contaminated causes a myriad of dose- and species-dependent toxic effects to human and animal health. In the present study we evaluated the effects of FB1 (8 mg/kg, i.p. for 4 days) on body weight and oxidative stress parameters in the liver, kidney and lung of C57BL/6 male mice. No changes in the organ-to-body weight ratio, organ-to-adrenal gland weight ratio or organ-to-brain weight ratio were found. On the other hand, FB1 exposure increased NPSH levels in liver and lungs whereas decreased FRAP content in liver and kidneys. Levels of TBARS, ascorbic acid and NOx content were not altered by FB1. In summary, four days of FB1 exposure are sufficient to disrupt antioxidant defenses in liver, kidneys and lungs of C57BL/6 male mice without concomitant changes in organs weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Dassi
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
| | - Naiéli S Souto
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
| | - Ana C M Braga
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
| | - Mayara L Freitas
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
| | - Clarissa Vasconcelos
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
| | - Mauro S Oliveira
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
| | - Ana F Furian
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brasil
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TNF-α antagonist improves oxidative stress and lipid disorders induced by scorpion venom in the intestinal tissue. Acta Trop 2018; 185:307-313. [PMID: 29909063 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that Androctonus australis hector (Aah) venom induces inflammation in several tissues, however limited information is available on its role in gastrointestinal tract. Here we evaluate the involvement of TNF-α in lipid metabolism in the small intestine after Aah envenomation. To address these issues, NMRI mice (3-month-old) were pre-treated with a TNF-α antagonist, 30 min prior to Aah venom injection. Redox status, cytotoxicity and histopathological changes were analyzed in small intestine 3 and 24 h after Aah injection. Lipid metabolism was evaluated through lipid tolerance test in sera. Lipid content in small intestine was also evaluated at different times after envenomation. Obtained results showed that Aah venom affects the intestinal integrity. This cytotoxicity could be associated with lipid peroxidation and altered or insufficient antioxidant system. These results also highlight the perturbation of lipid absorption in intestine tissue of envenomed mice. The use of TNF-α antagonist prior to Aah venom injection seems to be able to improve lipid profile, oxidative stress and antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that Aah venom induces lipid alterations in the intestinal tissue mechanisms involving of TNF- α.
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Qin X, Zhang RX, Ge S, Zhou T, Liang YK. Sphingosine kinase AtSPHK1 functions in fumonisin B1-triggered cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:70-80. [PMID: 28846870 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The fungal toxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a strong inducer to trigger plant hypersensitive responses (HR) along with increased long chain bases (LCB) and long chain base phosphates (LCBP) contents, though the regulatory mechanism of FB1 action and how the LCB/LCBP signalling cassette functions during the process is still not fully understood. Here, we report sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) as a key factor in FB1-induced HR by modulating the salicylic acid (SA) pathway and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of SPHK1 increases the FB1-induced accumulations of ROS and SA. The double mutant that simultaneously overexpresses SPHK1 and suppresses the SPPASE or DPL1, two enzymes are mainly responsible for Phyto-sphingosine-1-phosphate (Phyto-S1P) removal, showed enhanced susceptibility to FB1 killing and FB1-induced SA activation than the plants overexpress SPHK1 alone. Exogenous sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) can modulate the transcription of the SA-responsive marker gene PR1 in a concentration-dependent biphasic manner. Suppression of SPHK1 decreases SA production whereas promotes jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis in response to FB1 applications. Our findings indicate a role of SPHK1 in modulating FB1-triggered cell death via SA and JA pathway interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Bouafir Y, Ait-Lounis A, Laraba-Djebari F. Improvement of function and survival of pancreatic beta-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model by the scorpion venom fraction F1. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1260591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesmine Bouafir
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
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Béchohra L, Laraba-Djebari F, Hammoudi-Triki D. Cytotoxic activity of Androctonus australis hector venom and its toxic fractions on human lung cancer cell line. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2016; 22:29. [PMID: 27790250 PMCID: PMC5075196 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-016-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have showed that animal venoms are a source of bioactive compounds that may inhibit the growth of cancer cells, which makes them useful agents for therapeutic applications. Recently, it was established that venom toxins from scorpions induced cytotoxic, antiproliferative and apoptogenic effects on cancer cells. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the cytotoxic activity of Androctonus australis hector (Aah) scorpion venom and its toxic fractions (FtoxG-50 and F3) on NCI-H358 human lung cancer cells. Methods The cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities were estimated using MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase release and clonogenic assays. Apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33258 staining, DNA fragmentation assay and caspase-3 activity. Oxidative stress was analyzed by reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels along with assessment of antioxidant status. In addition, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by JC1 fluorescent dye. Results The present findings showed that F3 fraction was more cytotoxic towards NCI-H358 lung cancer cells with an IC50 of 27.05 ± 0.70 μg/mL than venom alone (396.60 ± 1.33 μg/mL) and its toxic fraction FtoxG-50 (45.86 ± 0.91 μg/mL). Nevertheless, F3 fraction was not cytotoxic at these concentrations on normal human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells. Inhibition of NCI-H358 cell proliferation after F3 fraction exposure occurred mainly by apoptosis as evidenced by damaged nuclei, significant DNA fragmentation level and caspase-3 activation in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, F3 fraction enhanced oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers and dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential in lung cancer cells along with significant depletion in cellular enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Further, the apoptosis induced by F3 fraction was markedly prevented by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) suggesting the potential mechanism of oxidative stress. Conclusion These findings suggest that F3 fraction could induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells through involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, these properties make F3 fraction a promising candidate for development of new anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Béchohra
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Laraba-Djebari
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djelila Hammoudi-Triki
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of cellular and Molecular Biology, BP32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Algiers, Algeria
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Salem ML, Shoukry NM, Teleb WK, Abdel-Daim MM, Abdel-Rahman MA. In vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of the Egyptian scorpion Androctonus amoreuxi venom in an Ehrlich ascites tumor model. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:570. [PMID: 27247867 PMCID: PMC4864766 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scorpion venom is a highly complex mixture of about 100-700 different components, where peptides are the major constituents with various biological and pharmacological properties including anticancer activities. In this study, anticancer efficacy of the venom of the Egyptian scorpion Androctonus amoreuxi has been evaluated. In vitro, the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line was treated with the venom and the IC50 was estimated. In vivo studies, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were inoculated into CD-1 mice intraperitoneally to form liquid tumor or subcutaneously to form solid tumor and then treated with intraperitoneal injection with venom (0.22 mg/kg) every other day. The total tumor cells in the ascitic fluid and the size of the solid tumor were assessed after 14 and 30 days, respectively. In addition, the mean survival time (MST), body weight, tumor volume, PCV, viability of tumor cells, CBC, AST, ALP, creatinine, oxidative stress biomarkers (GSH, MDA, PCC), tumor marker Ki67, growth factor VEGF and caspase-3 were measured in normal control, EAC control and venom-treated groups (n = 6). Treatment with venom induced anti-tumor effects against liquid and in solid tumors as indicated by a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in tumor volume/size, count of viable EAC cells, expression of Ki67 and VEGF as well as by remarkable increases in MST and caspase-3 expression as compared to non-treated group. Interestingly, the venom restored the altered hematological and biochemical parameters of tumor-bearing animals and significantly increased their life span. These data indicate to (1) the cytotoxic potential effects of A. amoreuxi on tumor cells via anti-proliferative, apoptotic and anti-angiogenic activities; (2) opening a new avenue for further studies on the anti-cancer effects of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L. Salem
- />Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nahla M. Shoukry
- />Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Wafaa K. Teleb
- />Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- />Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
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