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Carter P, Yuan S, Kar S, Vithayathil M, Mason AM, Burgess S, Larsson SC. Coffee consumption and cancer risk: a Mendelian randomisation study. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2113-2123. [PMID: 36067583 PMCID: PMC7613623 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee contains many bioactive chemicals and associations with cancer have been reported in observational studies. In this Mendelian randomisation (MR) study we investigated the causal associations of coffee consumption with a broad range of cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve independent genetic variants proxied coffee consumption. Genetically-predicted risk of any cancer (59,647 cases) and 22 site-specific cancers was estimated in European-descent individuals in UK Biobank. Univariable and multivariable MR analyses were conducted. RESULTS Genetically-predicted coffee consumption was not associated with risk of any cancer in the main analysis (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.98-1.14, p = 0.183) but was associated with an increased risk of digestive system cancer (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.09-1.51, p = 0.003), driven by a strong association with oesophageal cancer (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.73-4.50, p = 2.5×10-5). This association was consistent after adjustment for genetically-predicted body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption. There was no strong evidence supporting a causal relationship between genetically-predicted coffee consumption and the majority of cancers studied. However, genetically-predicted coffee consumption was associated with increased risk of multiple myeloma (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.30-3.89, p = 0.004) and reduced ovarian cancer risk (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.93, p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS This MR study provides strong support for a causal association of coffee consumption with oesophageal cancer, but not for the majority of cancer types, and the underlying mechanisms require investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amy M Mason
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Investigations concerning the impact of consumption of hot beverages on acute cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in oral mucosa cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23014. [PMID: 34836993 PMCID: PMC8626505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of very hot beverages and foods increases the incidence of oral and esophageal cancer but the mechanisms are not known and the critical temperature is not well defined. We realized a study with exfoliated cells from the oral cavity of individuals (n = 73) that live in an area in Iran which has the highest incidence of EC worldwide. Consumption of beverages at very high temperatures is a characteristic feature of this population. We analyzed biomarkers which are (i) indicative for genetic instability (micronuclei that are formed as a consequence of chromosomal damage, nuclear buds which are a consequence of gene amplifications and binucleated cells which reflect mitotic disturbances), (ii) markers that reflect cytotoxic effects (condensed chromatin, karyorrhectic, karyolitic and pyknotic cells), (iii) furthermore, we determined the number of basal cells which is indicative for the regenerative capacity of the buccal mucosa. The impact of the drinking temperature on the frequencies of these parameters was monitored with thermometers. We found no evidence for induction of genetic damage but an increase of the cytotoxic effects with the temperature was evident. This effect was paralleled by an increase of the cell division rate of the mucosa which was observed when the temperature exceeded 60 °C. Our findings indicate that cancer in the upper digestive tract in drinkers of very hot beverages is not caused by damage of the genetic material but by an increase of the cell division rate as a consequence of cytotoxic effects which take place at temperatures over 60 °C. It is known from earlier experiments with rodents that increased cell divisions lead to tumor promotion in the esophagus. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation and indicate that increased cancer risks can be expected when the drinking temperature of beverages exceeds 60 °C.
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3
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Zhong Y, Yang C, Wang N, Pan D, Wang S, Sun G. Hot Tea Drinking and the Risk of Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2384-2391. [PMID: 34818954 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the association between hot tea drinking and the risk of esophageal cancer. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane library were searched for relevant studies from inception to October 29, 2020 by using (Tea OR "Green Tea" OR "Black Tea") AND ("Esophageal Neoplasms" OR "Esophageal Cancer" OR "Esophagus Cancer") as key words. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the literatures. The meta-analysis was performed using the Revman 5.3 and Stata 13.0 software. The subgroup analyses were conducted on publication year, population regions, tea type, tea temperature, and type of esophageal cancer, and the publication bias was calculated using the funnel plot and Begg's regression. A total of 12 case-control studies with 5253 cases and 8273 controls were included. The meta-analysis displayed that hot tea drinking was significantly associated with the risk of esophageal cancer (pooled odds ratio, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.78-2.31). However, the research evidence is still limited, therefore, it needs further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Niannian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Soares-Lima SC, Gonzaga IM, Camuzi D, Nicolau-Neto P, Vieira da Silva R, Guaraldi S, Ferreira MA, Hernandez-Vargas H, Herceg Z, Ribeiro Pinto LF. IL6 and BCL3 Expression Are Potential Biomarkers in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:722417. [PMID: 34422669 PMCID: PMC8371528 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.722417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) ranks among the most lethal tumors worldwide, as a consequence of late detection and poor treatment response, evidencing the need for diagnosis anticipation and new therapeutic targets. First, we investigated the IL6 gene and protein expression in the esophagus of individuals without esophageal disorders (healthy), ESCC, and non-tumoral surrounding tissue (NTST). Our results showed that IL6 mRNA and protein expression is upregulated in tumor cells relative to NTST. In the TCGA dataset, we identified a set of genes whose expression was correlated with IL6 mRNA levels, including the antiapoptotic gene BCL3. By using an immortalized esophageal cell line, we confirmed that IL6 was capable of inducing BCL3 expression in esophageal cells. BCL3 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in ESCC and NTST compared to healthy esophagus, and BCL3 mRNA could distinguish the morphologically normal samples (healthy and NTST) with 100% sensitivity and 95.12% specificity. The spatial intratumoral heterogeneity of both IL6 and BCL3 expression was evaluated, corroborating IL6 upregulation throughout the tumor, while tumor and NTST showed a consistent increase of BCL3 expression relative to the healthy esophagus. Our study shows that IL6 overexpression seems to be a key event in ESCC carcinogenesis, contributing to ESCC through a homogeneous antiapoptotic signalling via BCL3 overexpression, thus suggesting anti-IL6 therapies to be further considered for ESCC treatment. Finally, our data support the use of BCL3 mRNA expression as a potential biomarker for ESCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabela Martins Gonzaga
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Camuzi
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Nicolau-Neto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raissa Vieira da Silva
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone Guaraldi
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Seção de Endoscopia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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The critical roles of somatic mutations and environmental tumor-promoting agents in cancer risk. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1139-1143. [PMID: 33106632 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is driven by genomic mutations in 'cancer driver' genes, which have essential roles in tumor development. These mutations may be caused by exposure to mutagens in the environment or by endogenous DNA-replication errors in tissue stem cells. Recent observations of abundant mutations, including cancer driver mutations, in histologically normal human tissues suggest that mutations alone are not sufficient for tumor development, thus prompting the question of how single mutant cells give rise to neoplasia. In a concept supported by decades-old data from mouse tumor models, non-mutagenic tumor-promoting agents have been posited to activate the proliferation of dormant mutated cells, thus generating actively growing lesions, with the promotion stage as the rate-limiting step in tumor formation. Non-mutagenic promoting agents, either endogenous or environmental, may therefore have a more important role in human cancer etiology than previously thought.
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6
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Grubic AD, Ayazi S, Zaidi AH, Schwameis K, Jobe BA. Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Thermal Injury. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111:e185-e187. [PMID: 32853572 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation is a common treatment for atrial fibrillation, and esophageal complications are exceedingly rare. This report describes the case of a patient with no other known cancer risk factors who had esophageal squamous cell carcinoma that developed at the site of esophageal thermal injury, which occurred during a radiofrequency catheter ablation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Grubic
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shahin Ayazi
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ali H Zaidi
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katrin Schwameis
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Blair A Jobe
- Esophageal and Lung Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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8
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Islami F, Poustchi H, Pourshams A, Khoshnia M, Gharavi A, Kamangar F, Dawsey SM, Abnet CC, Brennan P, Sheikh M, Sotoudeh M, Nikmanesh A, Merat S, Etemadi A, Nasseri Moghaddam S, Pharoah PD, Ponder BA, Day NE, Jamal A, Boffetta P, Malekzadeh R. A prospective study of tea drinking temperature and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:18-25. [PMID: 30891750 PMCID: PMC7477845 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an association between hot tea drinking and risk of esophageal cancer, but no study has examined this association using prospectively and objectively measured tea drinking temperature. We examined the association of tea drinking temperature, measured both objectively and subjectively at study baseline, with future risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a prospective study. We measured tea drinking temperature using validated methods and collected data on several other tea drinking habits and potential confounders of interest at baseline in the Golestan Cohort Study, a population-based prospective study of 50,045 individuals aged 40-75 years, established in 2004-2008 in northeastern Iran. Study participants were followed-up for a median duration of 10.1 years (505,865 person-years). During 2004-2017, 317 new cases of ESCC were identified. The objectively measured tea temperature (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.10-1.81; for ≥60°C vs. <60°C), reported preference for very hot tea drinking (HR 2.41, 95% CI 1.27-4.56; for "very hot" vs. "cold/lukewarm"), and reported shorter time from pouring tea to drinking (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.01-2.26; for <2 vs. ≥6 min) were all associated with ESCC risk. In analysis of the combined effects of measured temperature and amount, compared to those who drank less than 700 ml of tea/day at <60°C, drinking 700 mL/day or more at a higher-temperature (≥60°C) was consistently associated with an about 90% increase in ESCC risk. Our results substantially strengthen the existing evidence supporting an association between hot beverage drinking and ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Islami
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H. Poustchi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Pourshams
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Khoshnia
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastroenterology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - A. Gharavi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastroenterology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - F. Kamangar
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - S. M. Dawsey
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - C. C. Abnet
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - P. Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - M. Sheikh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - M. Sotoudeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Nikmanesh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. Merat
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Etemadi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - S. Nasseri Moghaddam
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - P. D. Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - B. A. Ponder
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - N. E. Day
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A. Jamal
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - P. Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - R. Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chetwood JD, Garg P, Finch P, Gordon M. Systematic review: the etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in low-income settings. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:71-88. [PMID: 30791842 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1543024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma causes over 380 000 deaths per year, ranking sixth worldwide in mortality amongst all malignancies. Globally, the squamous cell subtype is most common and accounts for 80% of esophageal cancers. Nonetheless, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is much more poorly understood than esophageal adenocarcinoma, including what is driving such high prevalences, why it often presents in young patients, and shows such marked geographical delineations Areas covered: The current literature was searched for articles focusing on aetiopathogenesis of squamous cell esophageal carcinoma via a systematic review, particularly in low-resource settings. This was supplemented by papers of interest known to the authors. Expert commentary: Current putative mechanisms include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, acetaldehyde, cyclo-oxygenase-2 pathways, androgen and their receptor levels, as well as smoking & alcohol, micronutrient deficiencies and diet, mycotoxins, thermal damage, oral hygiene and microbiotal factors, inhaled smoke, viral infections such as HPV, and chronic irritative states. Etiology is likely multifactorial and varies geographically. Though smoking and alcohol play a predominant role in high-income settings, there is strong evidence that mycotoxins, diet and temperature effects may play an under-recognized role in low and middle-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Chetwood
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi
| | - Priya Garg
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi
| | | | - Melita Gordon
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi.,b College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi.,c Institute of Infection and Global Health , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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10
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Cronin-Fenton D. A burning question: does hot green tea drinking increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma? Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1321-1323. [PMID: 30310325 PMCID: PMC6165739 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s183480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate an increased risk of esophageal cancer from the consumption of very hot foods and beverages. The contact time and the contact temperature are decisive for the risk of injury. However, measuring the contact temperature is not easy in practice. In the present study, a numerical simulation based on the solution of the heat conduction equation was initially used to investigate whether and for what period of time a constant contact temperature is to be expected under oral conditions. For small food samples (e.g., cooked potatoes) in contact with the tongue, the simulation results in constant contact temperatures of up to 10 s before cooling depending on thickness. Hot beverages, which spread as a thin film and thereby increase their surface area, can therefore be consumed at higher temperatures than solid foods. Furthermore, orientating measurements with a “measuring spoon” determined the contact temperature of 46.5 °C considered to be just comfortable for any period >10 s and about 48 °C for periods of less than 10 s The course of the contact temperatures determined in the experiment over time allows the corresponding threshold values of consumption temperatures for various hot foods to be calculated. In view of the fact that the contact temperature is obviously the determining factor for the risk of injury from burns in the oral cavity in addition to the contact time, it makes sense to reference threshold values to the contact temperature rather than to the surface or consumption temperature of a food product, which is current customary practice. If this contact temperature is defined as a threshold value, the surface or consumption temperature for any other food can be calculated.
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Maghsudlu M, Farashahi Yazd E. Heat-induced inflammation and its role in esophageal cancer. J Dig Dis 2017; 18:431-444. [PMID: 28749599 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer, the sixth most common cause of death from cancer worldwide, consists of different histological types and displays various patterns of incidence. Esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are the most prevalent types. As epidemiological studies report that ingesting hot substances is one major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma, evaluating the effect of this external stress on esophagus cells seems desirable. This specific kind of stress brings about cellular changes and stabilizes them by affecting different cellular features such as genetic stability, membrane integrity and the regulation of signaling pathways. It also causes tissue injury by affecting the extracellular matrix and cell viability. Thus, one of the main consequences of thermal injury is the activation of the immune system, which can result in chronic inflammation. The genetic alteration that has occurred during thermal injury and the consequent reduction in the function of repair systems is further strengthened by chronic inflammation, thereby increasing the probability that mutated cell lines may appear. The molecules that present in this circumstance, such as heat shock proteins, cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory factors, affect intercellular signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, signal transducer activator of transcription-3 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in supporting the survival and emergence of mutant phenotypes and the consequent malignant progression in altered cell lines. This investigation of these effective factors and their probable role in the tumorigenic path may improve current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddese Maghsudlu
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ehsan Farashahi Yazd
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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13
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Effects ofIlex paraguariensis(yerba mate) on the hypothalamic signalling of insulin and leptin and liver dysfunction in adult rats overfed during lactation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:123-132. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ilex paraguariensis(yerba mate) has a beneficial effect in the management of obesity. Here, we studied the effects of yerba mate on hypothalamic changes in leptin and insulin signalling, oxidative stress and liver morphology and metabolism in postnatal early overfeeding (EO) Wistar rats. To induce EO, the litter size was reduced to three pups per dam, and litters with 10 pups per dam were used as a control (10 litters each). On postnatal day (PN) 150, EO offspring were subdivided into EO and EO+mate groups (10 animals each), which were treated with water or mate tea [1 g/kg body weight (BW)/day, by gavage], respectively, for 30 days. The C offspring received water. On PN180, yerba mate treatment prevented BW gain and reduced total body fat, visceral fat and food intake in comparison with the EO group. Leptin and insulin signalling in the hypothalamus measured by Western blotting was reduced only in the EO group. Yerba mate treatment had a greater impact on insulin signalling normalization. In the liver, yerba mate treatment normalized antioxidant enzyme activities and, consequently, decreased lipid peroxidation, determined by malondialdehyde content. In addition, the steatosis level and the liver triglyceride content were also restored. Thus, for the first time, yerba mate was demonstrated to increase antioxidant defences and improve liver metabolism in adult rats that were overfed during lactation, possibly through improvements in the hypothalamic action of insulin. These findings may be important for the treatment of obesity-related disorders.
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