Stromal vascular fraction promotes fibroblast migration and cellular viability in a hyperglycemic microenvironment through up-regulation of wound healing cytokines

Promotes M1-polarization and diabetic wound healing using Prussian blue nanozymes

Long-term inflammation and impaired angiogenesis are the main reasons for the difficulty of diabetic wound healing. What to do to effectively promote vascular endothelial cell response and immune cell reprogramming is the key to diabetic skin healing. However, contemporary therapies cannot simultaneously coordinate the promotion of vascular endothelial cells and macrophage polarization, which leads to an increased rate of disability in patients with chronic diabetes. Therefore, we developed a method of repair composed of self-assembling Prussian blue nanoenzymes, which achieved synergistic support for the immune microenvironment, and also contributed to macrophage polarization in the tissue regeneration cycle, and enhanced vascular endothelial cell activity. The template hydrothermal synthesis PB-Zr nanoplatform was prepared and locally applied to wounds to accelerate wound healing through the synergistic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS). PB-Zr significantly normalized the wound microenvironment, thereby inhibiting ROS production and inflammatory response, which may be because it inhibited the M1 polarization of macrophages in a rat model of wound. PB-Zr treatment significantly promoted the activity of vascular endothelial cells, which better promoted the growth and regeneration of other tissues in the body. The results confirmed the disease microenvironment of PB-Zr-mediated wound therapy and indicated its application in other inflammation-related diseases.

Geniposide promotes wound healing of skin ulcers in diabetic rats through PI3K/Akt pathway

Continuously hyperglycation-induced lesion and poor blood flow contributed to the wound incurable and susceptible to infection. About fifteen percent of people with diabetes would develop ulcers during their lifetime, especially on the feet, which could lead to severe tissue destruction and eventual amputation. Various strategies were limited to accelerate wound healing in diabetic patients for high cost and unsatisfied effects. Geniposide is well-known for its anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis in several pathological tissues. This study is to explore the protective effect of geniposide on wound healing rate, inflammatory response, nutritional function and cellular apoptosis in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats was induced by streptozotocin and defined as plasma glucose >300 mg/dl. Western blot and immunostaining technologies were performed to mark and quantify the target proteins. The oral administration of geniposide (200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) could significantly promote wound healing by the increment of lesion retraction in diabetic rats compared to model group. In the apoptotic study of skin wound in diabetic rats, the TUNEL-positive cells were greatly decreased in geniposide subgroups (P < 0.05). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly inhibited by geniposide with the IC50 value of 470 mg/kg, 464 mg/kg and 370 mg/kg body weight respectively, which might be related to the enhancement of the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt proteins. Geniposide enhanced the repairment of skin wound in diabetic rats by inhibiting inflammatory response and apoptosis.

Extracellular vesicles mediate the communication of adipose tissue with brain and promote cognitive impairment associated with insulin resistance

Type 2 diabetes with obesity-related insulin resistance as the main manifestation is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Adipose tissue plays an important role in this process. Here, we demonstrated that adipose tissue-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargo microRNAs (miRNAs) mediate inter-organ communication between adipose tissue and the brain, which can be transferred into the brain in a membrane protein-dependent manner and enriched in neurons, especially in the hippocampus. Further investigation suggests that adipose tissue-derived EVs from high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice or patients with diabetes induce remarkable synaptic loss and cognitive impairment. Depletion of miRNA cargo in these EVs significantly alleviates their detrimental effects on cognitive function. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting adipose tissue-derived EVs or their cargo miRNAs may provide a promising strategy for pharmaceutical interventions for cognitive impairment in diabetes.

Clinical applications of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction in veterinary practice

Adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (AdSVF) comprises a heterogeneous cell population, including the multipotent mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes. As such, multipotent adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs), are one of the important components of AdSVF. Commonly used techniques to harvest AdSVF involve enzymatic or non-enzymatic methods. The enzymatic method is considered to be the gold standard technique due to its higher yield. The cellular components of AdSVF can be resuspended in normal saline, platelet-rich plasma, or phosphate-buffered saline to produce a ready-to-use solution. Freshly isolated AdSVF has exhibited promising osteogenic and vasculogenic capacity. AdSVF has already been proven to possess therapeutic potential for osteoarthritis management. It is also an attractive therapeutic option for enhancing wound healing. In addition, the combined use of AdSVF and platelet-rich plasma has an additive stimulatory effect in accelerating wound healing and can be considered an alternative to AdMSC treatment. It is also widely used for managing various orthopaedic conditions in clinical settings and has the potential for regenerating bone, cartilage, and tendons. Autologous AdSVF cells are used along with bone substitutes and other biological factors as an alternative to conventional bone grafting techniques owing to their promising osteogenic and vasculogenic capacity. It can also be used for treating osteonecrosis, meniscus tear, chondromalacia, and tendon injuries in veterinary practice. It has several advantages over in vitro expanded AdMSC, including precluding the need for culturing, reduced risk of cell contamination, and cost-effectiveness, making it ideal for clinical use.

Therapeutic candidates for keloid scars identified by qualitative review of scratch assay research for wound healing

The scratch assay is an in vitro technique used to analyze cell migration, proliferation, and cell-to-cell interaction. In the assay, cells are grown to confluence and then ‘scratched’ with a sterile instrument. For the cells in the leading edge, the resulting polarity induces migration and proliferation in attempt to ‘heal’ the modeled wound. Keloid scars are known to have an accelerated wound closure phenotype in the scratch assay, representing an overactivation of wound healing. We performed a qualitative review of the recent literature searching for inhibitors of scratch assay activity that were already available in topical formulations under the hypothesis that such compounds may offer therapeutic potential in keloid treatment. Although several shortcomings in the scratch assay literature were identified, caffeine and allicin successfully inhibited the scratch assay closure and inflammatory abnormalities in the commercially available keloid fibroblast cell line. Caffeine and allicin also impacted ATP production in keloid cells, most notably with inhibition of non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The traditional Chinese medicine, shikonin, was also successful in inhibiting scratch closure but displayed less dramatic impacts on metabolism. Together, our results partially summarize the strengths and limitations of current scratch assay literature and suggest clinical assessment of the therapeutic potential for these identified compounds against keloid scars may be warranted.

Therapeutic application of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction in diabetic foot

Diabetic foot is one of the severest complications of diabetes. In severe cases, this disease may be lead to amputation or even death due to secondary infection and ischemic necrosis. Since the ineffectiveness of traditional therapy, autologous stem cell transplantation has been used to treat diabetic foot. This simple, safe, and effective therapy is expected to be applied and promoted in the future.In this review, we described the detailed pathogenesis of diabetic foot and the common clinical treatments currently used. We also revealed vascular remodeling as the potential mechanism of therapeutic functions of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in treating diabetic foot.

Combination of ions promotes cell migration via extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway in human gingival fibroblasts

Wound healing is a dynamic process that involves highly coordinated cellular events, including proliferation and migration. Oral gingival fibroblasts serve a central role in maintaining oral mucosa homeostasis, and their functions include the coordination of physiological tissue repair. Recently, surface pre‑reacted glass‑ionomer (S‑PRG) fillers have been widely applied in the field of dental materials for the prevention of dental caries, due to an excellent ability to release fluoride (F). In addition to F, S‑PRG fillers are known to release several types of ions, including aluminum (Al), boron (B), sodium (Na), silicon (Si) and strontium (Sr). However, the influence of these ions on gingival fibroblasts remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of various concentrations of an S‑PRG filler eluate on the growth and migration of gingival fibroblasts. The human gingival fibroblast cell line HGF‑1 was treated with various dilutions of an eluent solution of S‑PRG, which contained 32.0 ppm Al, 1,488.6 ppm B, 505.0 ppm Na, 12.9 ppm Si, 156.5 ppm Sr and 136.5 ppm F. Treatment with eluate at a dilution of 1:10,000 was observed to significantly promote the migration of HGF‑1 cells. In addition, the current study evaluated the mechanism underlying the mediated cell migration by the S‑PRG solution and revealed that it activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), but not of p38. Furthermore, treatment with a MEK inhibitor blocked the cell migration induced by the solution. Taken together, these results suggest that S‑PRG fillers can stimulate HGF‑1 cell migration via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, indicating that a dental material containing this type of filler is useful for oral mucosa homeostasis and wound healing.

Fibrin Glue Enhances Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell Cytokine Secretion and Survival Conferring Accelerated Diabetic Wound Healing

Introduction

Although chronic wounds are a major personal and economic burden, treatment options are still limited. Among those options, adipose-derived stromal cell- (ASC-) based therapies rank as a promising approach but are restricted by the harsh wound environment. Here we use a commercially available fibrin glue to provide a deliverable niche for ASCs in chronic wounds.

Material and Methods

To investigate the in vitro effect of fibrin glue, cultivation experiments were performed and key cytokines for regeneration were quantified. By using an established murine chronic diabetic wound-healing model, we evaluated the influence of fibrin glue spray seeding on cell survival (In Vivo Imaging System, IVIS), wound healing (wound closure kinetics), and neovascularization of healed wounds (CD31 immunohistochemistry).

Results

Fibrin glue seeding leads to a significantly enhanced secretion of key cytokines (SDF-1, bFGF, and MMP-2) of human ASCs in vitro. IVIS imaging showed a significantly prolonged murine ASC survival in diabetic wounds and significantly accelerated complete wound closure in the fibrin glue seeded group. CD31 immunohistochemistry revealed significantly more neovascularization in healed wounds treated with ASCs spray seeded in fibrin glue vs. ASC injected into the wound bed.

Conclusion

Although several vehicles have shown to successfully act as cell carrier systems in preclinical trials, regulatory issues have prohibited clinical usage for chronic wounds. By demonstrating the ability of fibrin glue to act as a carrier vehicle for ASCs, while simultaneously enhancing cellular regenerative function and viability, this study is a proponent of clinical translation for ASC-based therapies.

Clinical Impact of Highly Condensed Stromal Vascular Fraction Injection in Surgical Management of Depressed and Contracted Scars

BACKGROUND

Recent research on stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has demonstrated the presence of numerous growth factors that aid in tissue regeneration and suggest the potential for scar treatment. This study was conducted to clinically show that adding stem cells can improve the surgical outcomes of scar formation.

METHODS

Between March 2014 and February 2016, 17 patients underwent injections of fat and highly condensed SVF simultaneously with scar reduction surgeries and 15 patients received scar revision with or without simultaneous application of highly condensed SVF (4.90 × 107 stem cells/ml) at our institution. Clinical photographs were taken before and after surgery, and the scars were graded using the following standard scales: the Observer Scar Assessment Scale (OSAS), Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale (SBSES), Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS).

RESULTS

All patients showed improvement, registering significant increases in scar tissue scores (P < 0.05 in all four scoring systems). Patients in the SVF group showed more improved outcomes than patients in the non-SVF group for all scar tissue scores except the SBSES (OSAS, P = 0.029; SBSES, P = 0.281; VSS, P = 0.001; VAS, P = 0.021). Subcategories of these scales reflected more favorable outcomes in terms of height and pliability; however, there was no significant change in vascularity.

CONCLUSIONS

SVF injections enhance tissue regeneration by contributing stem cells and growth factors to improve outcomes in scar revisions or tissue grafts. Harvesting the SVF through liposuction also provides a cosmetic benefit. Significant SVF-related gains in the scoring of scars indicate the merit of SVF as an aspect of conventional scar management.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV

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A review: therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cells in cutaneous wound healing and regeneration

As the most important barrier for the human body, the skin often suffers from acute and chronic injuries, especially refractory wounds, which seriously affect the quality of life of patients. For these refractory wounds that cannot be cured by various surgical methods, stem cell transplantation becomes an effective research direction. As one of the adult stem cells, adipose-derived stem cells play an indispensable role in the repair of skin wounds more than other stem cells because of their advantages such as immune compatibility and freedom from ethical constraints. Here, we actively explore the role of adipose-derived stem cells in the repair of cutaneous wound and conclude that it can significantly promote cutaneous wound healing and regeneration. Based on a large number of animal and clinical trials, we believe that adipose-derived stem cells will have a greater breakthrough in the field of skin wound repair in the future, especially in chronic refractory wounds.