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Dong X, Chen J, Xu R, Li X, Wang Y, Pan X, Zhang C, Li Y, Wang F, Li C. Molecular identification and lipid mobilization role of adipokinetic hormone receptor in Spodoptera litura (F.). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:758-765. [PMID: 35431022 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485322000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is essential for organisms to maintain fluctuation in energy accumulation, mobilization. Lipids as the main energy reserve in insects, their metabolism is under the control of many physiological program. This study aimed to determine whether the adipokinetic hormone receptor (AKHR) was involved in the lipid mobilization in the Spodoptera litura. A full-length cDNA encoding AKHR was isolated from S. litura. The SlAKHR protein has a conserved seven-transmembrane domain which is the character of a putative G protein receptor. Expression profile investigation revealed that SlAKHR mRNA was highly expressed in immatural stage and abundant in fat body in newly emerged female adults. Knockdown of SlAKHR expression was achieved through RNAi by injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the 6th instar larvae. The content of triacylgycerol (TAG) in the fat body increased significantly after the SlAKHR gene was knockdown. And decrease of TAG releasing to hemolymph with increase of free fatty acid (FFA) in hemolymph were observed when the SlAKHR gene was knowned-down. In addition, lipid droplets increased in fat body was also found. These results suggested that SlAKHR is critical for insects to regulate lipids metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Dong
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Junyuan Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Rubing Xu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430002, Hubei, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430002, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Cuici Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430002, Hubei, China
| | - Fulian Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Chuanren Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
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Hlávková D, Skoková Habuštová O, Půža V, Vinokurov K, Kodrík D. Role of adipokinetic hormone in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata infected with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109466. [PMID: 36108997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae on the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Leptinotarsa decemlineata and the involvement of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) in the responsive reactions were examined in this study. It was observed that nematode application doubled the amount of AKH (Peram-CAH-I and Peram-CAH-II) in the central nervous system of L. decemlineata, indicating mobilization of anti-stress reactions in the body. Furthermore, the external co-application of Peram-CAH-II with the nematode significantly increased beetle mortality (5.6 and 1.8 times, 1 and 2 days after application, respectively). The mechanism underlying this phenomenon was investigated. As the effect on gut characteristics was equivocal, it was assumed that the nematodes profited from the observed mobilization of metabolites from the fat body into the Peram-CAH-II-induced hemolymph. This phenomenon supplied nematodes with a more nutrient-dense substrate on which they propagated. Furthermore, Peram-CAH-II lowered vitellogenin expression in the fat body, particularly in males, thus limiting the anti-pathogen defense capacity of the protein. However, there could be other possible mechanisms underpinning this chain of events. The findings could be theoretically intriguing but could also aid in developing real insect pest control methods in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hlávková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Oxana Skoková Habuštová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Půža
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Konstantin Vinokurov
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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3
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Bodláková K, Černý J, Štěrbová H, Guráň R, Zítka O, Kodrík D. Insect Body Defence Reactions against Bee Venom: Do Adipokinetic Hormones Play a Role? Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010011. [PMID: 35050987 PMCID: PMC8780464 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bees originally developed their stinging apparatus and venom against members of their own species from other hives or against predatory insects. Nevertheless, the biological and biochemical response of arthropods to bee venom is not well studied. Thus, in this study, the physiological responses of a model insect species (American cockroach, Periplaneta americana) to honeybee venom were investigated. Bee venom toxins elicited severe stress (LD50 = 1.063 uL venom) resulting in a significant increase in adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) in the cockroach central nervous system and haemolymph. Venom treatment induced a large destruction of muscle cell ultrastructure, especially myofibrils and sarcomeres. Interestingly, co-application of venom with cockroach Peram-CAH-II AKH eliminated this effect. Envenomation modulated the levels of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in the haemolymph and the activity of digestive amylases, lipases, and proteases in the midgut. Bee venom significantly reduced vitellogenin levels in females. Dopamine and glutathione (GSH and GSSG) insignificantly increased after venom treatment. However, dopamine levels significantly increased after Peram-CAH-II application and after co-application with bee venom, while GSH and GSSG levels immediately increased after co-application. The results suggest a general reaction of the cockroach body to bee venom and at least a partial involvement of AKHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bodláková
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Černý
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Štěrbová
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
| | - Roman Guráň
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.G.); (O.Z.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Zítka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1665/1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.G.); (O.Z.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (J.Č.); (H.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31a, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Tang B, Cheng Y, Li Y, Li W, Ma Y, Zhou Q, Lu K. Adipokinetic hormone regulates cytochrome P450-mediated imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127490. [PMID: 32650166 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect resistance to chemical insecticide is a global problem that presents an ongoing threat to sustainable agriculture. Although the increased production of detoxification enzymes has been frequently implicated in resistance development, the mechanisms employed by insecticide-resistant insects for overexpression of these genes remain elusive. Here we report that neuropeptide adipokinetic hormone (AKH) negatively regulates the expression of CYP6ER1 and CYP6AY1, two important cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) that confer resistance to neonicotinoid imidacloprid in the brown planthopper (BPH). Imidacloprid exposure suppresses AKH synthesis in the susceptible BPH, and AKH is inhibited in the imidacloprid-resistant strain. RNA interference (RNAi) and AKH peptide injection revealed that imidacloprid exposure inhibits the AKH signaling cascade and then provokes reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. These in turn activate the transcription factors cap 'n' collar isoform-C (CncC) and muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis (MafK). RNAi and ROS scavenger assays showed that ROS induces CYP6ER1 expression by activating CncC and MafK, while ROS mediates induction of CYP6AY1 through another unidentified pathway in the resistant BPH. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the regulation of insecticide resistance and implicate both the neuropeptide AKH-mediated ROS burst and transcription factors are involved in the overexpression of P450 detoxification genes in insecticide-resistant insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Yibei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Wenru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| | - Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Kazek M, Boguś MI. Metamorphosis-related changes in the free fatty acid profiles of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). Sci Rep 2020; 10:17337. [PMID: 33060748 PMCID: PMC7562915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flies of the Sarcophagidae, widespread throughout the temperate zone, are of great significance in Medicine, Veterinary science, Forensics and Entomotoxicology. Lipids are important elements of cell and organelle membranes and a source of energy for embryogenesis, metamorphosis and flight. Cuticular lipids protect from desiccation and act as recognition cues for species, nest mates and castes, and are a source of various pheromones. The free fatty acid (FFA) profile of cuticular and internal extracts of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) larvae, pupae and adults was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The larvae, pupae and adults contained FFAs from C5:0 to C28:0. The extracts differed quantitatively and qualitatively from each other: C18:1 > C16:1 > C16:0 > C18:0 predominated in the cuticular and internal extracts from the larvae and adults, while 18:1 > C16:0 > C16:1 > C18:0 predominated in the pupae. The FFA profile of the cuticle varies considerably between each development stage: C23:0 and C25:0 are only present in larvae, C28:0 in the pupal cuticle, and C12:1 and C18:3 in internal extracts from adults. The mechanisms underlying this diversity are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- The Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Biomibo, Warsaw, Poland
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Abdulganiyyu IA, Sani MA, Separovic F, Marco H, Jackson GE. Phote-HrTH (Phormia terraenovae Hypertrehalosaemic Hormone), the Metabolic Hormone of the Fruit Fly: Solution Structure and Receptor Binding Model. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit flies are a widely distributed pest insect that pose a significant threat to food security. Flight is essential for the dispersal of the adult flies to find new food sources and ideal breeding spots. The supply of metabolic fuel to power the flight muscles of insects is regulated by adipokinetic hormones (AKHs). The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has the same AKH that is present in the blowfly, Phormia terraenovae; this AKH has the code-name Phote-HrTH. Binding of the AKH to the extra-cellular binding site of a G protein-coupled receptor causes its activation. In this paper, the structure of Phote-HrTH in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle solution was determined using NMR restrained molecular dynamics. The peptide was found to bind to the micelle and be fairly rigid, with an S2 order parameter of 0.96. The translated protein sequence of the AKH receptor from the fruit fly, D. melanogaster, Drome-AKHR, was used to construct two models of the receptor. It is proposed that these two models represent the active and inactive state of the receptor. The model based on the crystal structure of the β-2 adrenergic receptor was found to bind Phote-HrTH with a binding constant of −102kJmol−1, while the other model, based on the crystal structure of rhodopsin, did not bind the peptide. Under molecular dynamic simulation, in a palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) membrane, the receptor complex changed from an inactive to an active state. The identification and characterisation of the ligand binding site of Drome-AKHR provide novel information of ligand–receptor interaction, which could lead to the development of species-specific control substances to use discriminately against the fruit fly.
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Karbusová N, Gautam UK, Kodrík D. Effect of natural toxins and adipokinetic hormones on the activity of digestive enzymes in the midgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21586. [PMID: 31180597 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of two natural toxins (a venom from the parasitic wasp Habrobracon hebetor and destruxin A from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae), and one pathogen (the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea) on the activity of basic digestive enzymes in the midgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Simultaneously, the role of adipokinetic hormones (AKH) in the digestive processes was evaluated. The results showed that all tested toxins/pathogens elicited stress responses when applied into the cockroach body, as documented by an increase of AKH level in the central nervous system. The venom from H. hebetor showed no effect on digestive enzyme activities in the ceca and midgut in vitro. In addition, infection by I. fumosorosea caused a decrease in activity of all enzymes in the midgut and a variable decrease in activity in the ceca; application of AKHs did not reverse the inhibition. Destruxin A inhibited the activity of all enzymes in the midgut but none in the ceca in vitro; application of AKHs did reverse this inhibition, and no differences between both cockroach AKHs were found. Overall, the results demonstrated the variable effect of the tested toxins/pathogens on the digestive processes of cockroaches as well as the variable ability of AKH to counteract these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umesh K Gautam
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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8
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Role of adipokinetic hormone during starvation in Drosophila. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 226:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lu K, Zhang X, Chen X, Li Y, Li W, Cheng Y, Zhou J, You K, Zhou Q. Adipokinetic Hormone Receptor Mediates Lipid Mobilization to Regulate Starvation Resistance in the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1730. [PMID: 30555355 PMCID: PMC6281999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid storage must be efficiently mobilized to sustain the energy demands during processes of exercise or starvation. In insects, adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and brummer lipase are well-known regulators of lipid mobilization. We recently demonstrated that brummer-dependent lipolysis regulates starvation resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, one of the most destructive rice pests. The present work investigated the roles of the AKH signaling system in lipid mobilization during the starvation process in N. lugens. NlAKHR is a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and possesses high structure and sequence similarity to other insect AKHRs. Spatial and developmental expression profiles suggested that NlAKH is released from the corpora cardiaca to activate NlAKHR mainly expressed in the fat body. Starvation significantly induced the expression of NlAKH and NlAKHR, indicating a potential role of the AKH signaling system in starvation resistance. To reveal the functions of the AKH signaling system, a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated knockdown of NlAKHR and NlAKH peptide injection was performed. The results show NlAKHR silencing decreased the levels of 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) in the hemolymph and increased triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in the fat body, whereas NlAKH injection led to a critical accumulation of DAG in the hemolymph and a severe reduction of TAG content in the fat body. Knockdown of NlAKHR resulted in prolonged lifespan and high levels of whole-body TAG, indicating an inability to mobilize TAG reserves during starvation. Conversely, the NlAKH injection reduced the survival and accelerated TAG mobilization during starvation, which further confirms the role of NlAKH in lipolysis. Moreover, NlAKHR silencing caused obesity in N. lugens, whereas NlAKH injection depleted organismal TAG reserves in vivo and produced a slim phenotype. These results indicate that lipid mobilization is regulated by the AKH signaling system, which is essential for adjusting body lipid homeostasis and ensuring energy supplement during starvation in N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yibei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke You
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ibrahim E, Dobeš P, Kunc M, Hyršl P, Kodrík D. Adipokinetic hormone and adenosine interfere with nematobacterial infection and locomotion in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:167-174. [PMID: 29627353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and adenosine affect defense responses in Drosophila melanogaster larvae infected with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora). Three loss-of-function mutant larvae were tested: Akh1, AdoR1 (adenosine receptor), and Akh1 AdoR1. Mortality decreased in all mutants post-EPN infection compared with the control (w1118). Additionally, co-application of external AKH with EPN significantly increased mortality beyond rates observed in EPN-only treatment, while also elevating carbon dioxide production, a measure of metabolism. Furthermore trehalose levels increased in both w1118 and Akh1 larvae post-EPN infection, but the latter group exhibited a lower increase and total trehalose levels. Interestingly, baseline trehalose was relatively high in untreated AdoR1 and Akh1 AdoR1 mutants, with levels remaining unaffected by infection. Infection also elevated haemolymph lipid content overall, but the different mutations did not substantially influence this change. In contrast, haemolymph protein content dropped after EPN infection in all tested groups, but this decline was more intense among Akh1. In uninfected larvae mutations decreased antioxidative capacity in Akh1 and increased in AdoR1, however, its post-infection increases were similar in all mutants, suggesting that antioxidant response in Drosophila involves mechanisms also beyond AKH and adenosine. Furthermore, AKH application in w1118 larvae significantly increased movement distance and percentage of larval activity, but reduced velocity. Mutations of Akh and AdoR did not strongly affect locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Ibrahim
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Pavel Dobeš
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kunc
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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11
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Shaik HA, Mishra A, Kodrík D. Beneficial effect of adipokinetic hormone on neuromuscular paralysis in insect body elicited by braconid wasp venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 196:11-18. [PMID: 28257925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Habrobracon hebetor venom and the role of the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) in poisoned adult females of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus were studied 24 and 48h after treatments. Venom application elicited total neuromuscular paralysis in firebugs, but the co-application of venom and Pyrap-AKH significantly reduced paralysis (up to 3.2 times) compared to the application of venom only. Although the mechanisms of their action are unknown, both agents might affect neuromuscular junctions. Venom application significantly increased the expression of both P. apterus Akh genes (Pyrap-Akh 5.4 times and Peram-Cah-II 3.6 times), as well as the level of AKHs in the central nervous system (2.5 times) and haemolymph (3.0 times). In the haemolymph, increased AKH levels might have led to the mobilization of stored lipids, which increased 1.9 times, while the level of free carbohydrates remained unchanged. Total metabolism, monitored by carbon dioxide production, significantly declined in paralysed P. apterus individuals (1.4 times and 1.9 times, 24 and 48h after the treatment, respectively), probably because of a malfunction of the muscular system. The results suggest an active role of AKH in the defence mechanism against the stress elicited by neuromuscular paralysis, and the possible involvement of this hormone in neuronal/neuromuscular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Archana Mishra
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Bodláková K, Jedlička P, Kodrík D. Adipokinetic hormones control amylase activity in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) gut. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:259-269. [PMID: 26782629 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the biochemical characteristics of α-amylase and hormonal (adipokinetic hormone: AKH) stimulation of α-amylase activity in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) midgut. We applied two AKHs in vivo and in vitro, then measured resultant amylase activity and gene expression, as well as the expression of AKH receptor (AKHR). The results revealed that optimal amylase activity is characterized by the following: pH: 5.7, temperature: 38.4 °C, Km (Michaelis-Menten constant): 2.54 mg starch/mL, and Vmax (maximum reaction velocity): 0.185 μmol maltose/mL/min. In vivo application of AKHs resulted in significant increase of amylase activity: by two-fold in the gastric caeca and 4-7 fold in the rest of the midgut. In vitro experiments supported results seen in vivo: a 24-h incubation with the hormones resulted in the increase of amylase activity by 1.4 times in the caeca and 4-9 times in the midgut. Further, gene expression analyses reveal that AKHR is expressed in both the caeca and the rest of the midgut, although expression levels in the former were 23 times higher than levels in the latter. A similar pattern was found for the amylase (AMY) gene. Hormonal treatment did not affect the expression of either gene. This study is the first to provide evidence indicating direct AKH stimulation of digestive enzyme activity in the insect midgut, supported by specific AKHR gene expression in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Jedlička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, CAS, Flemingovo sq. 2, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Ibrahim E, Hejníková M, Shaik HA, Doležel D, Kodrík D. Adipokinetic hormone activities in insect body infected by entomopathogenic nematode. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:347-355. [PMID: 28254268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) in the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus adults infected by the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae was examined in this study. It was found that co-application of EPN and AKH enhanced firebug mortality about 2.5 times within 24h (from 20 to 51% in EPN vs. EPN+AKH treatments), and resulted in metabolism intensification, as carbon dioxide production in firebugs increased about 2.1 and 1.6times compared to control- and EPN-treated insects, respectively. Accordingly, firebugs with reduced expression of AKH receptors showed a significantly lower mortality (by 1.6 to 2.9-folds), and lower general metabolism after EPN+AKH treatments. In addition, EPN application increased Akh gene expression in the corpora cardiaca (1.6times), AKH level in the corpora cardiaca (1.3times) and haemolymph (1.7times), and lipid and carbohydrate amounts in the haemolymph. Thus, the outcomes of the present study demonstrate involvement of AKH into the anti-stress reaction elicited by the nematobacterial infection. The exact mechanism by which AKH acts is unknown, but results suggested that the increase of metabolism and nutrient amounts in haemolymph might play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Ibrahim
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Markéta Hejníková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Doležel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Gáliková M, Klepsatel P, Xu Y, Kühnlein RP. The obesity-related Adipokinetic hormone controls feeding and expression of neuropeptide regulators ofDrosophilametabolism. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
| | - Ronald P. Kühnlein
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry; Research Group Molecular Physiology; Göttingen Germany
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Bil M, Timmermans I, Verlinden H, Huybrechts R. Characterization of the adipokinetic hormone receptor of the anautogenous flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 89:52-59. [PMID: 27063262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) is an insect neuropeptide mainly involved in fat body energy mobilization. In flies (Phormia regina, Sarcophaga crassipalpis), bugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) AKH was also demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of digestion. This makes AKH an important peptide for anautogenous female flies that need to feed on a supplementary protein meal to initiate vitellogenesis, the large scale synthesis of yolk proteins and their uptake by the developing oocytes. Flesh fly AKH, originally identified as Phormia terraenovae hypertrehalosemic hormone (PhoteHrTH), functions through activation of the AKH receptor (AKHR). This is a G protein-coupled receptor that is the orthologue of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Pharmacological characterization indicated that the receptor can be activated by two related dipteran AKH ligands with an EC50 value in the low nanomolar range, whereas micromolar concentrations of the Tribolium castaneum AKH were needed. Consistent with the energy mobilizing function of AKH, the receptor transcript levels were most abundant in the fat body tissue. Nonetheless, Sarcophaga crassipalpis AKHR transcript levels were also high in the brain, the foregut and the hindgut. Interestingly, the receptor transcript numbers were reduced in almost all measured tissues after protein feeding. These changes may enforce the use of ingested energy carrying molecules prior to stored energy mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bil
- Research Group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Iris Timmermans
- Research Group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Heleen Verlinden
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Research Group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000, Belgium.
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Caers J, Janssen T, Van Rompay L, Broeckx V, Van Den Abbeele J, Gäde G, Schoofs L, Beets I. Characterization and pharmacological analysis of two adipokinetic hormone receptor variants of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 70:73-84. [PMID: 26690928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adipokinetic hormones (AKH) are well known regulators of energy metabolism in insects. These neuropeptides are produced in the corpora cardiaca and perform their hormonal function by interacting with specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell membranes of target tissues, mainly the fat body. Here, we investigated the sequences, spatial and temporal distributions, and pharmacology of AKH neuropeptides and receptors in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. The open reading frames of two splice variants of the Glomo-akh receptor (Glomo-akhr) gene and of the AKH neuropeptide encoding genes, gmmhrth and gmmakh, were cloned. Both tsetse AKHR isoforms show strong sequence conservation when compared to other insect AKHRs. Glomo-AKH prepropeptides also have the typical architecture of AKH precursors. In an in vitro Ca(2+) mobilization assay, Glomo-AKH neuropeptides activated each receptor isoform up to nanomolar concentrations. We identified structural features of tsetse AKH neuropeptides essential for receptor activation in vitro. Gene expression profiles suggest a function for AKH signaling in regulating Glossina energy metabolism, where AKH peptides are released from the corpora cardiaca and activate receptors mainly expressed in the fat body. This analysis of the ligand-receptor coupling, expression, and pharmacology of the two Glomo-AKHR variants facilitates further elucidation of the function of AKH in G. m. morsitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Caers
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tom Janssen
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liesbeth Van Rompay
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Valérie Broeckx
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium; Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Gerd Gäde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, 7701, Rondebosch, South Africa.
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Beets
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Bil M, Huybrechts R. PHARMACOLOGICAL REGULATION OF DIGESTION IN THE ANAUTOGENOUS FLESH FLY, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, BY SIMPLE INJECTION OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:137-151. [PMID: 26728276 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Female anautogenous Sarcophaga flesh flies need a protein meal to start large-scale yolk polypeptides (YPs) production and oocyte maturation. Protein meal rapidly elicits a brain-dependent increase in midgut proteolytic activity. Trypsin and chymotrypsin together represent over 80% of protease activity in liver-fed flies. Abdominal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) dose-dependently prohibits this increase in proteolytic activity at translational level in a similar way as post liver feeding decapitation. Delayed injection of 6-OHDA later than 6 h post liver meal has no effect. In flesh flies, chemical decapitation by 6-OHDA, by interrupting the brain-gut dopaminergic signaling, can be used as tool for the controlled inhibition of midgut proteolytic activity and subsequent ovarial development. Inhibition of ovarial development is probably indirect due to a deficit in circulating amino acids needed for YPs synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bil
- Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Research group of Insect Physiology and Molecular Ethology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Alves-Bezerra M, De Paula IF, Medina JM, Silva-Oliveira G, Medeiros JS, Gäde G, Gondim KC. Adipokinetic hormone receptor gene identification and its role in triacylglycerol metabolism in the blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 69:51-60. [PMID: 26163435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH) has been associated with the control of energy metabolism in a large number of arthropod species due to its role on the stimulation of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid mobilization/release. In the insect Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of Chagas' disease, triacylglycerol (TAG) stores must be mobilized to sustain the metabolic requirements during moments of exercise or starvation. Besides the recent identification of the R. prolixus AKH peptide, other components required for the AKH signaling cascade and its mode of action remain uncharacterized in this insect. In the present study, we identified and investigated the expression profile of the gene encoding the AKH receptor of R. prolixus (RhoprAkhr). This gene is highly conserved in comparison to other sequences already described and its transcript is abundant in the fat body and the flight muscle of the kissing bug. Moreover, RhoprAkhr expression is induced in the fat body at moments of increased TAG mobilization; the knockdown of this gene resulted in TAG accumulation both in fat body and flight muscle after starvation. The inhibition of Rhopr-AKHR transcription as well as the treatment of insects with the peptide Rhopr-AKH in its synthetic form altered the transcript levels of two genes involved in lipid metabolism, the acyl-CoA-binding protein-1 (RhoprAcbp1) and the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase-1 (RhoprGpat1). These results indicate that the AKH receptor is regulated at transcriptional level and is required for TAG mobilization under starvation. In addition to the classical view of AKH as a direct regulator of enzymatic activity, we propose here that AKH signaling may account for the regulation of nutrient metabolism by affecting the expression profile of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iron F De Paula
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge M Medina
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Silva-Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas S Medeiros
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerd Gäde
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, John Day Building, Rondebosch ZA-7701, South Africa
| | - Katia C Gondim
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Kodrík D, Bednářová A, Zemanová M, Krishnan N. Hormonal Regulation of Response to Oxidative Stress in Insects-An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25788-816. [PMID: 26516847 PMCID: PMC4632827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects, like other organisms, must deal with a wide variety of potentially challenging environmental factors during the course of their life. An important example of such a challenge is the phenomenon of oxidative stress. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of adipokinetic hormones (AKH) as principal stress responsive hormones in insects involved in activation of anti-oxidative stress response pathways. Emphasis is placed on an analysis of oxidative stress experimentally induced by various stressors and monitored by suitable biomarkers, and on detailed characterization of AKH’s role in the anti-stress reactions. These reactions are characterized by a significant increase of AKH levels in the insect body, and by effective reversal of the markers—disturbed by the stressors—after co-application of the stressor with AKH. A plausible mechanism of AKH action in the anti-oxidative stress response is discussed as well: this probably involves simultaneous employment of both protein kinase C and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate pathways in the presence of extra and intra-cellular Ca2+ stores, with the possible involvement of the FoxO transcription factors. The role of other insect hormones in the anti-oxidative defense reactions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrea Bednářová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Milada Zemanová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Shi M, Dong S, Li MT, Yang YY, Stanley D, Chen XX. The endoparasitoid, Cotesia vestalis, regulates host physiology by reprogramming the neuropeptide transcriptional network. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8173. [PMID: 25640113 PMCID: PMC4313088 DOI: 10.1038/srep08173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoparasitoids develop inside another insect by regulating host immunity and development via maternal factors injected into hosts during oviposition. Prior results have provided insights into parasitism-induced immunosuppression, including the neuropeptide accumulation in parasitized insects. Nonetheless, our understanding of neuropeptide influence on host development and behavior is not yet complete. We posed the hypothesis that parasitization alters expression of genes encoding pro-neuropeptides and used larvae of Plutella xylostella and its endoparasitoid, Cotesia vestalis to test our hypothesis. We prepared transcriptomes from the larval P. xylostella brain-CC-CA complex and identified transcripts encoding 19 neuropeptides. All corresponding cDNAs were confirmed by RACE. Our results demonstrate that parasitism significantly down-regulated, or delayed, expression of genes encoding pro-neuropeptides within 48 h post-parasitization. Changing expression of these genes may account for the previously reported decreased feeding behavior, reduced growth rates and aborted development in the host larvae. In effect, parasitization may operate at the molecular level within the CNS to create global changes in larval host biology. The significance of our finding is that, in addition to the known effects on immunity, parasitoids influence host pro-neuropeptide gene transcription. This finding reveals a new mechanism operating in host-parasitoid relationships to the advantage of the parasitoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming-tian Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-yan Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia MO 65203, USA
| | - Xue-xin Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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