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Zhang J, Cong Q, Sun Y, Hua J, Luo S. Four New Furofuran Lignans from Phryma leptostachya Inhibit the Accumulation of Molting Hormones in Armyworm. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7081. [PMID: 39000185 PMCID: PMC11240949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Furofuran lignans have been identified as the main substances responsible for the biological activities of the plant genus Phryma. Here, four new phrymarolin-type leptolignans A-D (7-10) and eight previously known lignans were isolated from P. leptostachya. Of these, nine exhibited significant antifeedant activity against armyworm (Mythimna separata) through a dual-choice bioassay, with the EC50 values ranging from 0.58 to 10.08 μg/cm2. In particular, the newly identified lignan leptolignan A (7) showed strong antifeedant activity, with an EC50 value of 0.58 ± 0.34 μg/cm2. Further investigation found that leptolignan A can inhibit the growth and nutritional indicators in the armyworm M. separata. The concentrations of two molting hormones, 20-hydroxyecdysone and ecdysone, were also found to decrease significantly following the treatment of the armyworms with the lignan, implying that the target of the P. leptostachya lignan may be involved in 20-hydroxyecdysone and ecdysone synthesis. These results enrich our knowledge of P. leptostachya metabolite structural diversity, and provide a theoretical basis for the control of armyworm using lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Hua
- Engineering Research Center of Protection and Utilization of Plant Resources, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Protection and Utilization of Plant Resources, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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2
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Geng DQ, Wang XL, Lyu XY, Raikhel AS, Zou Z. Ecdysone-controlled nuclear receptor ERR regulates metabolic homeostasis in the disease vector mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011196. [PMID: 38466721 PMCID: PMC10957079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematophagous mosquitoes require vertebrate blood for their reproductive cycles, making them effective vectors for transmitting dangerous human diseases. Thus, high-intensity metabolism is needed to support reproductive events of female mosquitoes. However, the regulatory mechanism linking metabolism and reproduction in mosquitoes remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of estrogen-related receptor (ERR), a nuclear receptor, is activated by the direct binding of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and ecdysone receptor (EcR) to the ecdysone response element (EcRE) in the ERR promoter region during the gonadotropic cycle of Aedes aegypti (named AaERR). RNA interference (RNAi) of AaERR in female mosquitoes led to delayed development of ovaries. mRNA abundance of genes encoding key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism (CM)-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) and pyruvate kinase (PYK)-was significantly decreased in AaERR knockdown mosquitoes, while the levels of metabolites, such as glycogen, glucose, and trehalose, were elevated. The expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) was notably downregulated, and lipid accumulation was reduced in response to AaERR depletion. Dual luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) determined that AaERR directly activated the expression of metabolic genes, such as GPI, PYK, and FAS, by binding to the corresponding AaERR-responsive motif in the promoter region of these genes. Our results have revealed an important role of AaERR in the regulation of metabolism during mosquito reproduction and offer a novel target for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qian Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander S. Raikhel
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Yu J, Song H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Wang H, Xu B. 20-hydroxyecdysone Upregulates Ecdysone Receptor (ECR) Gene to Promote Pupation in the Honeybee, Apis mellifera Ligustica. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:288-303. [PMID: 37365683 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A heterodimeric complex of two nuclear receptors, the ecdysone receptor (ECR) and ultraspiracle (USP), transduces 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling to modulate insect growth and development. Here, we aimed to determine the relationship between ECR and 20E during larval metamorphosis and also the specific roles of ECR during larval-adult transition in Apis mellifera. We found that ECR gene expression peaked in the 7-day-old larvae, then decreased gradually from the pupae stage. 20E slowly reduced food consumption and then induced starvation, resulting in small-sized adults. In addition, 20E induced ECR expression to regulate larval development time. Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) were prepared using common dsECR as templates. After dsECR injection, larval transition to the pupal stage was delayed, and 80% of the larvae showed prolonged pupation beyond 18 h. Moreover, the mRNA levels of shd, sro, nvd, and spo, and ecdysteroid titers were significantly decreased in ECR RNAi larvae compared with those in GFP RNAi control larvae. ECR RNAi disrupted 20E signaling during larval metamorphosis. We performed rescuing experiments by injecting 20E in ECR RNAi larvae and found that the mRNA levels of ECR, USP, E75, E93, and Br-c were not restored. 20E induced apoptosis in the fat body during larval pupation, while RNAi knockdown of ECR genes reduced apoptosis. We concluded that 20E induced ECR to modulate 20E signaling to promote honeybee pupation. These results assist our understanding of the complicated molecular mechanisms of insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Hongyu Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
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4
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Bobrovskikh MA, Gruntenko NE. The Role of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in the Control of Carbohydrate Levels in Drosophila melanogaster under Short-Term Heat Stress. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 511:162-165. [PMID: 37833600 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
It is known that 20-hydroxyecdysone is one of the most important hormonal regulators of development, reproduction and adaptation to unfavorable conditions in insects. Here, we show for the first time that exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone increases the content of two main insect carbohydrates, trehalose and glucose, in Drosophila melanogaster females both in normal conditions and under short-term heat stress. It is found that the levels of both trehalose and glucose increase after 39 min of heat exposure and return to their original levels after 1.5 h. A scheme of hormonal regulation of carbohydrate content under heat stress, involving 20-hydroxyecdysone, juvenile hormone, and dopamine, is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bobrovskikh
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N E Gruntenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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5
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Fan B, Chen Y, Yasen A, Wu S, Wang M, Zhu J, Huang J, Tang S, Shen X. BmINR and BmAC6 genes involve in diapause regulation via the insulin/IGF signaling pathway in the silkworm (Bombyx mori). Gene 2023:147626. [PMID: 37423399 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Diapause of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important ecological adaptation strategy regulated by multiple signaling pathways. As an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway, the insulin/IGF signaling (IIS) pathway is essential in regulating lifespan, energy accumulation, and stress resistance in diapause insects. However, the regulatory mechanism of IIS on diapause in B. mori is still not fully understood. To investigate the role of the IIS pathway in regulating diapause, we first analyzed the transcription levels of the insulin receptor (BmINR) and its downstream gene adenylate cyclase 6 (BmAC6). The diapause-terminated eggs of a bivoltine strain QiuFeng (V2-QF) were incubated at 25℃ in natural room light for preparing diapause egg producers (DEPs) and at 17℃ in total darkness for preparing non-diapause egg producers (NDEPs), respectively. Then we investigated the effects of BmINR and BmAC6 on diapause phenotype and expression of diapause-related genes by RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression techniques. The results showed that the mRNA expression levels of BmINR and BmAC6 in the head and ovary of NDEPs were higher than those in DEPs during the early and middle pupal stages. Furthermore, when BmINR was knocked down in the NDEPs, approximately 14.43% of eggs were in light red color and subsequently changed into gray-purple color after 48 hours post-oviposition, then stayed in a diapause state. On the other hand, overexpression of BmINR or BmAC6 via recombinant baculoviruses did not cause any obvious phenotypic alterations in NDEPs, but it upregulated the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, which provides energy for embryonic growth and development. Therefore, it can be concluded that BmINR and BmAC6 genes regulate embryonic diapause in bivoltine B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ayinuer Yasen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sai Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meixian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Juan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinshan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shunming Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingjia Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Zhang SY, Gao H, Askar A, Li XP, Zhang GC, Jing TZ, Zou H, Guan H, Zhao YH, Zou CS. Steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone disturbs fat body lipid metabolism and negatively regulates gluconeogenesis in Hyphantria cunea larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:771-788. [PMID: 36342157 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) has been described to regulate fat body lipid metabolism in insects, but its accurate regulatory mechanism, especially the crosstalk between 20E-induced lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis remains largely unclear. Here, we specially investigated the effect of 20E on lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in the fat body of Hyphantria cunea larvae, a notorious pest in forestry. Lipidomics analysis showed that a total of 1 907 lipid species were identified in the fat body of H. cunea larvae assigned to 6 groups and 48 lipid classes. The differentially abundant lipids analysis showed a significant difference between 20E-treated and control samples, indicating that 20E caused a remarkable alteration of lipidomics profiles in the fat body of H. cunea larvae. Further studies demonstrated that 20E accelerated fatty acid β-oxidation, inhibited lipid synthesis, and promoted lipolysis. Meanwhile, the activities of pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase were dramatically suppressed by 20E in the fat body of H. cunea larvae. As well, the transcriptions of genes encoding these 4 rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes were significantly downregulated in the fat body of H. cunea larvae after treatment with 20E. Taken together, our results revealed that 20E disturbed fat body lipid homeostasis, accelerated fatty acid β-oxidation and promoted lipolysis, but negatively regulated gluconeogenesis in H. cunea larvae. The findings might provide a new insight into hormonal regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insect fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Gao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ankarjan Askar
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Guo-Cai Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tian-Zhong Jing
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Guan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yun-He Zhao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuan-Shan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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7
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Gu SH, Chen CH, Chang CH, Lin PL. Expression of tyrosine phosphatases in relation to PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 331:114165. [PMID: 36368438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a reversible, dynamic process regulated by the activities of tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. Although the involvement of tyrosine kinases in the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in insect prothoracic glands (PGs) has been documented, few studies have been conducted on the involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between PTPs and PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in Bombyx mori PGs. Our results showed that the basal PTP enzymatic activities exhibited development-specific changes during the last larval instar and pupation stage, with high activities being detected during the later stages of the last larval instar. PTP enzymatic activity was stimulated by PTTH treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with phenylarsine oxide (PAO) and benzylphosphonic acid (BPA), two chemical inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatase, reduced PTTH-stimulated enzymatic activity. Determination of ecdysteroid secretion showed that treatment with PAO and BPA did not affect basal ecdysteroid secretion, but greatly inhibited PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroid secretion, indicating that PTTH-stimulated PTP activity is indeed involved in ecdysteroid secretion. PTTH-stimulated phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and 4E-binding protein (4E-BP) was partially inhibited by pretreatment with either PAO or BPA, indicating the potential link between PTPs and phosphorylation of ERK and 4E-BP. In addition, we also found that in vitro treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone did not affect PTP enzymatic activity. We further investigated the expressions of two important PTPs (PTP 1B (PTP1B) and the phosphatase and tension homologue (PTEN)) in Bombyx PGs. Our immunoblotting analysis showed that B. mori PGs contained the proteins of PTP1B and PTEN, with PTP1B protein undergoing development-specific changes. Protein levels of PTP1B and PTEN were not affected by PTTH treatment. The gene expression levels of PTP1B and PTEN showed development-specific changes. From these results, we suggest that PTTH-regulated PTP signaling may crosstalk with ERK and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathways and is a necessary component for stimulation of ecdysteroid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hong Gu
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, 89 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Jen-Te Township, Tainan County 717, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ling Lin
- Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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8
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Yu J, Wang H, Chen W, Song H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Xu B. 20-Hydroxyecdysone and Receptor Interplay in the Regulation of Hemolymph Glucose Level in Honeybee ( Apis mellifera) Larvae. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010080. [PMID: 36677005 PMCID: PMC9865031 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the ecdysone receptors (ECR and USP) play critical roles in the growth and metabolism of insects, including honeybees. In this study, we investigated the effect of 20E on the growth and development of honeybee larvae by rearing them in vitro and found reduced food consumption and small-sized pupae with increasing levels of 20E. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based analysis of widely targeted metabolomics was used to examine the changes in the metabolites after an exogenous 20E application to honeybee larvae and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 374 different metabolites were detected between the control group and the 20E treatment group, covering 12 subclasses. The most significant changes occurred in 7-day-old larvae, where some monosaccharides, such as D-Glucose and UDP-galactose, were significantly upregulated. In addition, some metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and galactose metabolism, were affected by the 20E treatment, suggesting that the 20E treatment disrupts the metabolic homeostasis of honeybee larvae hemolymph and that the response of honeybee larvae to the 20E treatment is dynamic and contains many complex pathways. Many genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including genes of the glycolysis and glycogen synthesis pathways, were downregulated during molting and pupation after the 20E treatment. In contrast, the expression levels of the genes related to gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis were significantly increased, which directly or indirectly upregulated glucose levels in the hemolymph, whereas RNA interference with the 20E receptor EcR-USP had an opposite effect to that of the 20E treatment. Taken together, 20E plays a critical role in the changes in carbohydrate metabolism during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baohua Xu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13805488930
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9
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Wu J, Shen G, Liu D, Xu H, Jiao M, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Zhao P. The Response of the Estrogen-Related Receptor to 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Bombyx mori: Insight Into the Function of Estrogen-Related Receptor in Insect 20-Hydroxyecdysone Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2022; 12:785637. [PMID: 35115955 PMCID: PMC8804299 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.785637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor (ERR) is an orphan nuclear receptor that was first discovered in animals, and play an important role in metabolism, development, and reproduction. Despite extensive research on the function of ERR, its transcriptional regulation mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we obtained the upstream region of Bombyx mori ERR (BmERR) and confirmed the promoter activity of this region. Interestingly, we found that 10 and 50 nM 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) up-regulated the transcriptional activity of BmERR promoter. In addition, eight putative ecdysone response elements (EcREs) were predicted in the upstream sequence of BmERR. Based on their positions, the upstream sequence of BmERR was truncated into different fragments. Finally, an EcRE-like sequence (5′-AGTGCAGTAAACTGT-3′) was identified. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and cell transfection experiments confirmed that this motif specifically binds to the complex formed between ecdysone receptor (BmEcR) and the ultraspiracle (BmUSP), a key complex in the 20E signaling pathway. Interference of BmERR or BmEcR mRNA in the embryonic cells of Bombyx mori significantly affected the expression of BmEcR and BmUSP. Overall, these results suggested that an EcRE element was identified from BmERR, and this will help understanding the detailed regulatory mechanism of ERR in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Wu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanwang Shen
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyao Jiao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yungui Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Lin,
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Ping Zhao,
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10
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Qiu Q, Zou H, Zou H, Jing T, Li X, Yan G, Geng N, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Yao B, Zhang G, Zou C. 3-Bromopyruvate-induced glycolysis inhibition impacts larval growth and development and carbohydrate homeostasis in fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104961. [PMID: 34802511 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a typical glycolytic inhibitor, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) has been extensively studied in cancer therapy in recent decades. However, few studies focused on 3-BrPA in regulating the growth and development of insects, and the relationship and regulatory mechanism between glycolysis and chitin biosynthesis remain largely unknown. The Hyphantria cunea, named fall webworm, is a notorious defoliator, which caused a huge economic loss to agriculture and forestry. Here, we investigated the effects of 3-BrPA on the growth and development, glycolysis, carbohydrate homeostasis, as well as chitin synthesis in H. cunea larvae. To elucidate the action mechanism of 3-BrPA on H. cunea will provide a new insight for the control of this pest. The results showed that 3-BrPA dramatically restrained the growth and development of H. cunea larvae and resulted in larval lethality. Meanwhile, we confirmed that 3-BrPA caused a significant decrease in carbohydrate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), pyruvic acid (PA), and triglyceride (TG) levels by inhibiting glycolysis in H. cunea larvae. Further studies indicated that 3-BrPA significantly affected the activities of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and trehalase, as well as expressions of the genes related to glycolysis, resulting in carbohydrate homeostasis disorder. Moreover, it was found that 3-BrPA enhanced 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling by upregulating HcCYP306A1 and HcCYP314A1, two critical genes in 20E synthesis pathway, and accelerated chitin synthesis by upregulating transcriptional levels of genes in the chitin synthesis pathway in H. cunea larvae. Taken together, our findings provide a novel insight into the mechanism of glycolytic inhibitor in regulating the growth and development of insects, and lay a foundation for the potential application of glycolytic inhibitors in pest control as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qiu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Tianzhong Jing
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - XingPeng Li
- School of Forestry, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Gaige Yan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Nannan Geng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Bihan Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Shengyu Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Bin Yao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Guocai Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
| | - Chuanshan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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11
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Muñiz-González AB, Silva CJM, Patricio Silva AL, Campos D, Pestana JLT, Martínez-Guitarte JL. Suborganismal responses of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius to polyethylene microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146981. [PMID: 34088153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater riverbeds are a major repository of microplastics (MPs) from inland activities. Benthic macroinvertebrates that live in close contact with sediments seem to ingest a considerable amount of such plastic particles. The effects of MPs on life-history traits are relatively well-known, but the suborganismal mechanisms underlying such effects remain unclear. This study addressed the potential effects of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs on Chironomus riparius larvae at cellular and molecular levels. Fourth instar C. riparius larvae were exposed to 0.025 and 2.5 g/kg LDPE of dry sediment (sizes: <32 and 32-45 μm; with irregular shape) under laboratory conditions for 48 h. These short-term exposures to environmental concentrations of LDPE MPs induced changes in the energy reserves (mostly by decreasing carbohydrates and increasing lipids), increased antioxidant and detoxification responses (tGSH, CAT, and GST), and induced increases in the activity of AChE (related to neurotransmission). In addition, at the gene level, exposure to MPs modified mRNA levels of InR, Dis, EcR, Dronc, Met (endocrine system), Def (immune system), PARP, ATM, NLK, and Decay (DNA repair), generating important alterations in the C. riparius development and response to unfavorable situations. This study provides new evidence of the effects of LDPE MPs at the suborganismal level, filling the gap in knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of MPs and spotlighting gene expression analyses as early indicators of MP toxicity in C. riparius which were confirmed by Integrated biomarker response analyses highlighting the gene expression as sensible and useful endpoints for LPDE pollution in freshwaters. These results, coupled with previous investigations on responses at the organismal level, emphasizes the potential adverse effects of LDPE MPs on C. riparius, which may compromise freshwater benthic communities, considering its ecological role within these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Muñiz-González
- Environmental Toxicology and Biology Group, Mathematical and Fluid Physics, Department, Sciences Faculty, UNED, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos J M Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana L Patricio Silva
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Campos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Environmental Toxicology and Biology Group, Mathematical and Fluid Physics, Department, Sciences Faculty, UNED, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Kh SD, Keshan B. Larval feeding status regulates the transcript levels of genes encoding PTTH and allatoregulatory peptides in silkworm Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:680-691. [PMID: 32401387 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Bombyx mori, two dorsolateral neurosecretory cells (NSCs) in each of the two brain lobes have been identified as prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) producing cells. This neuropeptide in insects stimulates the prothoracic gland for the synthesis and release of ecdysone, responsible for the molting events. Allatotropin (AT) and allatostatin (AST) are allatoregulatory neuropeptides that regulate juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Here, by using RT-qPCR, we showed that in B. mori, nutritional stress modulates the mRNA expression of AT and AST-C (allatostain type C) in the central nervous system consisting of the brain lobes and all the associated ganglia. Using whole-mount in situ hybridization, we showed that the feeding status of Bombyx larvae also influences the expression of PTTH in the NSCs of the brain. Food deprivation significantly decreased the mRNA expression levels of PTTH in larvae at active or terminal growth period. Further, we showed that insulin modulates the expression level of PTTH. However, its action was dependent on the feeding status of the larvae. At feeding, the insulin decreased the PTTH expression level, while at food deprivation, the insulin increased the PTTH expression level. The data thus indicates that larval feeding status plays an important role in altering the mRNA expression levels of allatoregulatory peptide genes and PTTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanathoibi D Kh
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bela Keshan
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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13
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Kh SD, Keshan B. The feeding status regulates the action of insulin and 20-hydroxyecdysone on haemolymph trehalose level in Bombyx larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110579. [PMID: 33609805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Insulin in mammals is known for its effect on carbohydrate metabolism and maintenance of blood sugar levels. In the present study, we explored the effect of exogenous insulin and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) on carbohydrate metabolism in Bombyx mori under the fed and food-deprived conditions. The study showed that insulin and 20E regulate the trehalose (major circulating sugar) level in B. mori, and larval feeding status plays a decisive role in influencing the action of these two hormones. At feeding, both insulin and 20E showed its hypertrehalosemic action but at food deprivation, these hormones acted as hypotrehalosemic factors. Although both insulin and 20E showed the same effect on the haemolymph trehalose level either at feeding or food deprivation, the metabolic regulation was different for these two hormones. Insulin treatment to fed larvae increased the haemolymph trehalose level without altering the effectiveness of trehalose utilization but possibly by inducing the activity of glycogen phosphorylase enzyme and releasing glucose-1-P for the increased synthesis of trehalose. The treatment of 20E to fed larvae also increased the trehalose level, but concurrently it also increased both the enzyme activity of trehalase and glycogen phosphorylase. Insulin treatment to food-deprived larvae decreased the circulating trehalose level by increasing the trehalose breakdown as the mRNA expression level of trehalase-2 and enzyme activity of trehalase increased in these larvae. The treatment of 20E to food-deprived larvae decreased the haemolymph trehalose possibly by decreasing its synthesis, as glycogen phosphorylase enzyme activity decreased in these larvae, thus restricting the availability of glucose-1-P for trehalose synthesis. The study, thus suggests that both insulin and 20E regulate carbohydrate metabolism in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanathoibi D Kh
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bela Keshan
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India.
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14
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The AMPK-PP2A axis in insect fat body is activated by 20-hydroxyecdysone to antagonize insulin/IGF signaling and restrict growth rate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9292-9301. [PMID: 32277029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000963117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) limits the growth period by triggering developmental transitions; 20E also modulates the growth rate by antagonizing insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Previous work has shown that 20E cross-talks with IIS, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we found that, in both the silkworm Bombyx mori and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, 20E antagonized IIS through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) axis in the fat body and suppressed the growth rate. During Bombyx larval molt or Drosophila pupariation, high levels of 20E activate AMPK, a molecular sensor that maintains energy homeostasis in the insect fat body. In turn, AMPK activates PP2A, which further dephosphorylates insulin receptor and protein kinase B (AKT), thus inhibiting IIS. Activation of the AMPK-PP2A axis and inhibition of IIS in the Drosophila fat body reduced food consumption, resulting in the restriction of growth rate and body weight. Overall, our study revealed an important mechanism by which 20E antagonizes IIS in the insect fat body to restrict the larval growth rate, thereby expanding our understanding of the comprehensive regulatory mechanisms of final body size in animals.
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15
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Zhang G, Zou H, Geng N, Ding N, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zou C. Fenoxycarb and methoxyfenozide (RH-2485) affected development and chitin synthesis through disturbing glycometabolism in Lymantria dispar larvae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 163:64-75. [PMID: 31973871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fenoxycarb as a juvenile hormone analogue and methoxyfenozide (RH-2485) as a 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) agonist are two main insect growth regulators (IGRs) used for pest control, whose insecticidal mechanisms had been widely reported in past decades. However, there were few studies focused on their effects on the carbohydrate metabolism of insects. Here, we reported that two IGRs (fenoxycarb and RH-2485) significantly affected growth and development of L. dispar larvae and caused larval lethality. Furthermore, both contens of three sugars (glycogen, threhalose, glucose) in four tissues (fat body, midgut, hemolymph and epidermis) and trehalase activity in three tissues (fat body, midgut and hemolymph) of L. dispar larvae were markedly affected by these two IGRs. Moreover, we found that mRNA expression levels of LdTPS, LdTre1 and LdTre2 in L. dispar larvae were dramatically suppressed by two IGRs. Additionally, chitin content in both midgut and epidermis decreased significantly after L. dispar larvae treated with fenoxycarb or RH-2485. Summarily, these results indicated that these two IGRs disturbed glycometabolism in L. dispar larvae, resulting in impeding chitin synthesis, generating new epidermis failure, disrupting molting and larval lethality in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocai Zhang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Hang Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Nannan Geng
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Nan Ding
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Yuejie Wang
- Library of Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China
| | - Chuanshan Zou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, PR China.
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16
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Mobilization of fat body glycogen and haemolymph trehalose under nutritional stress in Bombyx mori larvae in relation to their physiological age and the duration of food deprivation. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Chowański S, Pacholska-Bogalska J, Rosiński G. Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists Have an Effect on the Metabolism of the Beetle Tenebrio Molitor. Molecules 2018; 24:E17. [PMID: 30577556 PMCID: PMC6337165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides are still widely used in plant protection. The main target for their action is the nervous system, in which the cholinergic system plays a vital role. Currently available insecticides have low selectivity and act on the cholinergic systems of invertebrates and vertebrates. Acetylcholine, a cholinergic system neurotransmitter, acts on cells by two types of receptors: nicotinic and muscarinic. In mammals, the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) is quite well-known but in insects, is still not enough. Based on data indicating that the muscarinic cholinergic system strongly affects mammalian metabolism, we investigated if it similarly occurs in insects. We investigated the influence of agonists (acetylcholine, carbachol, and pilocarpine) and antagonists (tropane alkaloids: atropine and scopolamine) of mAChRs on the level of selected metabolites in Tenebrio molitor beetle trophic tissues. We analyzed the glycogen content in the fat body and midgut, the total free sugar concentration in the hemolymph and the lipid amount in the fat body. Moreover, we analyzed the levels of insulin-like peptides in the hemolymph. The tested compounds significantly influenced the mentioned parameters. They increased the glycogen content in the fat body and midgut but decreased the concentration of free sugars in the hemolymph. The observed effects were tissue-specific, and were also time- and dose-dependent. We used nonligated and neck-ligated larvae (to eliminate the influence of head factors on tissue metabolism) to determine whether the observed changes are the result of direct or indirect impacts on tissues. The obtained data suggest that the cholinergic system affects the fat body and midgut indirectly and directly and a pleiotropic role for mAChRs exists in the regulation of energy metabolism in insects. Moreover, tested compounds significantly affected the level of insulin-like peptides in hemolymph. Our studies for the first time showed that mAChRs are involved in regulation of insect metabolism of trophic tissues, and act on them directly and indirectly. Improved knowledge about insect cholinergic system may help in searching more selective and environment-friendly solutions in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Joanna Pacholska-Bogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznań, Poland.
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18
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Pan J, Di YQ, Li YB, Chen CH, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Insulin and 20-hydroxyecdysone oppose each other in the regulation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 expression during insect pupation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:18613-18623. [PMID: 30305395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin promotes larval growth of insects by stimulating the synthesis of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which induces pupation and apoptosis. However, the mechanism underlying the coordinate regulation of insect pupation and apoptosis by these two functionally opposing hormones is still unclear. Here, using the lepidopteran insect and serious agricultural pest Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) as a model, we report that phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) and forkhead box O (FoxO) play key roles in these processes. We found that the transcript levels of the PDK1 gene are increased during the larval feeding stages. Moreover, PDK1 expression was increased by insulin, but repressed by 20E. dsRNA-mediated PDK1 knockdown in the H. armigera larvae delayed pupation and resulted in small pupae and also decreased Akt/protein kinase B expression and increased FoxO expression. Furthermore, the PDK1 knockdown blocked midgut remodeling and decreased 20E levels in the larvae. Of note, injecting larvae with 20E overcame the effect of the PDK1 knockdown and restored midgut remodeling. FoxO overexpression in an H. armigera epidermal cell line (HaEpi) did not induce apoptosis, but promoted autophagy and repressed cell proliferation. These results reveal cross-talk between insulin and 20E and that both hormones oppose each other's activities in the regulation of insect pupation and apoptosis by controlling PDK1 expression and, in turn, FoxO expression. We conclude that sufficiently high 20E levels are a key factor for inducing apoptosis during insect pupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qin Di
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yong-Bo Li
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Cai-Hua Chen
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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19
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Thounaojam B, Keshan B. Modulation of gene expression by nutritional state and hormones in Bombyx larvae in relation to its growth period. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 25-26:175-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Shi ZK, Wang S, Wang SG, Zhang L, Xu YX, Guo XJ, Zhang F, Tang B. Effects of starvation on the carbohydrate metabolism in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). Biol Open 2017; 6:1096-1103. [PMID: 28606937 PMCID: PMC5550912 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose plays an important role in energy storage, metabolism, and protection from extreme environmental conditions in insects. Trehalose is the main blood sugar in insects, and it can be rapidly used as an energy source in times of need. To elucidate the mechanisms of the starvation response, we observed the effects of starvation on trehalose and glycogen, trehalase activity, and the relative gene expression of genes in the trehalose and glycogen metabolic pathways in the invasive beetle Harmonia axyridis. Our results show that trehalose levels and the activities of two types of trehalases decreased significantly in the first 8 h of starvation, while the relative expression of HaTreh1-1 increased. While trehalose remained nearly constant at a relatively high level from 8 to 24 h, glycogen levels decreased significantly from 8 h to 24 h of starvation. Likewise, glycogen phosphorylase (HaGP) expression was significantly higher at 12 to 24 h starvation than the first 8 h, while the expression of glycogen synthase (HaGS) was relatively stable. Furthermore, trehalose decreased significantly from 24 h starvation to 72 h starvation, while trehalase activities and the relative expression of some HaTreh genes generally increased toward the end of the starvation period. The expression of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (HaTPS) increased significantly, supporting the increase in trehalose synthesis. These results show that trehalose plays a key role in the energy provided during the starvation process through the molecular and biochemical regulation of trehalose and glycogen metabolism. Summary: Effects of starvation on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism were regulated by trehalose and glycogen metabolism genes' expression changed in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Kun Shi
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Yan-Xia Xu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
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21
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Tian JH, Xue B, Hu JH, Li JX, Cheng XY, Hu JS, Li FC, Chen YH, Li B. Exogenous substances regulate silkworm fat body protein synthesis through MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:202-207. [PMID: 28024205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insect fat body is an important intermediate metabolic organ that plays an important role in protein metabolism and detoxification. In order to study the effects of TiO2 NPs and phoxim on fat body protein synthesis through MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in silkworms, we determined the effects of TiO2 NPs and phoxim, alone and in combination, on fat body protein content of silkworms, analyzed the gene expression profile of the fat body, and verified the expression of characteristic genes. We found that TiO2 NPs and phoxim alone increased the total protein content of the fat body, and up-regulated MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway genes. TiO2 NPs up-regulated the expression of two growth and development-related genes-insulin-like peptide and neuropeptide receptor B-by 5.17 and 3.89-fold, respectively. Phoxim up-regulated the expression of detoxification genes-P450, GST, and CarE2. Pretreatment with TiO2 NPs could reduce phoxim-increased total protein content and up-regulated MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway genes and detoxification genes; the activities of detoxification enzymes were consistent with the gene expression pattern. Our results showed that MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways both regulate fat body protein synthesis in silkworms, but the target proteins induced to express were different under different inducing factors. Our finding may provide a reference for investigating the mechanism of protein synthesis regulation through MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Tian
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - B Xue
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - J H Hu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - J X Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - X Y Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - J S Hu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - F C Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Y H Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - B Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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