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Byambaragchaa M, Park SH, Kim SG, Shin MG, Kim SK, Park MH, Kang MH, Min KS. Stable Production of a Recombinant Single-Chain Eel Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Analog in CHO DG44 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7282. [PMID: 39000389 PMCID: PMC11242883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to produce single-chain recombinant Anguillid eel follicle-stimulating hormone (rec-eel FSH) analogs with high activity in Cricetulus griseus ovary DG44 (CHO DG44) cells. We recently reported that an O-linked glycosylated carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) of the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) β-subunit contributes to high activity and time-dependent secretion in mammalian cells. We constructed a mutant (FSH-M), in which a linker including the eCG β-subunit CTP region (amino acids 115-149) was inserted between the β-subunit and α-subunit of wild-type single-chain eel FSH (FSH-wt). Plasmids containing eel FSH-wt and eel FSH-M were transfected into CHO DG44 cells, and single cells expressing each protein were isolated from 10 and 7 clones. Secretion increased gradually during the cultivation period and peaked at 4000-5000 ng/mL on day 9. The molecular weight of eel FSH-wt was 34-40 kDa, whereas that of eel FSH-M increased substantially, with two bands at 39-46 kDa. Treatment with PNGase F to remove the N glycosylation sites decreased the molecular weight remarkably to approximately 8 kDa. The EC50 value and maximal responsiveness of eel FSH-M were approximately 1.23- and 1.06-fold higher than those of eel FSH-wt, indicating that the mutant showed slightly higher biological activity. Phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK1/2) activation exhibited a sharp peak at 5 min, followed by a rapid decline. These findings indicate that the new rec-eel FSH molecule with the eCG β-subunit CTP linker shows potent activity and could be produced in massive quantities using the stable CHO DG44 cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Hyen Park
- Graduate School of Animal Biosciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gwon Kim
- Graduate School of Animal Biosciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Shin
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Kwon Kim
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Division of Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence Sciences, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
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Byambaragchaa M, Park SH, Kim SG, Shin MG, Kim SK, Hur SP, Park MH, Kang MH, Min KS. Stable Production of a Tethered Recombinant Eel Luteinizing Hormone Analog with High Potency in CHO DG44 Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6085-6099. [PMID: 38921034 PMCID: PMC11202772 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We produced a recombinant eel luteinizing hormone (rec-eel LH) analog with high potency in Chinese hamster ovary DG44 (CHO DG44) cells. The tethered eel LH mutant (LH-M), which had a linker comprising the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eLH/CG) β-subunit carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) region (amino acids 115 to 149), was inserted between the β-subunit and α-subunit of wild-type tethered eel LH (LH-wt). Monoclonal cells transfected with the tethered eel LH-wt and eel LH-M plasmids were isolated from five to nine clones of CHO DG44 cells, respectively. The secreted quantities abruptly increased on day 3, with peak levels of 5000-7500 ng/mL on day 9. The molecular weight of tethered rec-eel LH-wt was 32-36 kDa, while that of tethered rec-eel LH-M increased to approximately 38-44 kDa, indicating the detection of two bands. Treatment with the peptide N-glycanase F decreased the molecular weight by approximately 8 kDa. The oligosaccharides at the eCG β-subunit O-linked glycosylation sites were appropriately modified post-translation. The EC50 value and maximal responsiveness of eel LH-M increased by approximately 2.90- and 1.29-fold, respectively, indicating that the mutant exhibited more potent biological activity than eel LH-wt. Phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK1/2) activation resulted in a sharp peak 5 min after agonist treatment, with a rapid decrease thereafter. These results indicate that the new tethered rec-eel LH analog had more potent activity in cAMP response than the tethered eel LH-wt in vitro. Taken together, this new eel LH analog can be produced in large quantities using a stable CHO DG44 cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea; (M.B.); (M.-H.P.)
| | - Sei Hyen Park
- Graduate School of Animal Biosciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Gwon Kim
- Graduate School of Animal Biosciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min Gyu Shin
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea (M.G.S.); (S.-K.K.)
| | - Shin-Kwon Kim
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea (M.G.S.); (S.-K.K.)
| | - Sung-Pyo Hur
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myung-Hum Park
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea; (M.B.); (M.-H.P.)
- Graduate School of Animal Biosciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea; (M.B.); (M.-H.P.)
- Graduate School of Animal Biosciences, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence Sciences, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
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3
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Choi SH, Byambaragchaa M, Kim DJ, Lee JH, Kang MH, Min KS. Specific Signal Transduction of Constitutively Activating (D576G) and Inactivating (R476H) Mutants of Agonist-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone Receptor in Eel. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119133. [PMID: 37298083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of signal transduction using inactivating (R476H) and activating (D576G) mutants of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) of eel at the conserved regions of intracellular loops II and III, respectively, naturally occurring in mammalian LHR. The expression of D576G and R476H mutants was approximately 58% and 59%, respectively, on the cell surface compared to those of eel LHR-wild type (wt). In eel LHR-wt, cAMP production increased upon agonist stimulation. Cells expressing eel LHR-D576G, a highly conserved aspartic acid residue, exhibited a 5.8-fold increase in basal cAMP response; however, the maximal cAMP response by high-agonist stimulation was approximately 0.62-fold. Mutation of a highly conserved arginine residue in the second intracellular loop of eel LHR (LHR-R476H) completely impaired the cAMP response. The rate of loss in cell-surface expression of eel LHR-wt and D576G mutant was similar to the agonist recombinant (rec)-eel LH after 30 min. However, the mutants presented rates of loss higher than eel LHR-wt did upon rec-eCG treatment. Therefore, the activating mutant constitutively induced cAMP signaling. The inactivating mutation resulted in the loss of LHR expression on the cell surface and no cAMP signaling. These data provide valuable information regarding the structure-function relationship of LHR-LH complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Aquaculture Industry Division, South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Yeosu 59780, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyuk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal BioScience, School of Animal Life Convergence, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
- Carbon-Neutral Resources Research Center, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
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The N-Linked Glycosylation Site N191 Is Necessary for PKA Signal Transduction in Eel Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112792. [PMID: 36361582 PMCID: PMC9655291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) contains several N-linked glycosylation sites in its extracellular region. We conducted the present study to determine whether conserved glycosylated sites in eel FSHR are necessary for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signal transduction. We used site-directed mutagenesis to induce four mutations (N120Q, N191Q, N272Q, and N288Q) in the N-linked glycosylation sites of eel FSHR. In the eel FSHR wild-type (wt), the cAMP response was gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner (0.01–1500 ng/mL), displaying a high response (approximately 57.5 nM/104 cells) at the Rmax level. Three mutants (N120Q, N272Q, and N288Q) showed a considerably decreased signal transduction as a result of high-ligand treatment, whereas one mutant (N191Q) exhibited a completely impaired signal transduction. The expression level of the N191Q mutant was only 9.2% relative to that of the eel FSHR-wt, indicating a negligible expression level. The expression levels of the N120Q and N272Q mutants were approximately 35.9% and 24% of the FSHG-wt, respectively. The N288Q mutant had an expression level similar to that of the eel FSHR-wt, despite the mostly impaired cAMP responsiveness. The loss of the cell surface agonist-receptor complexes was very rapid in the cells expressing eel FSHR-wt and FSHR-N288Q mutants. Specifically, the N191Q mutant was completely impaired by the loss of cell surface receptors, despite treatment with a high concentration of the agonist. Therefore, we suggest that the N191 site is necessary for cAMP signal transduction. This finding implies that the cAMP response, mediated by G proteins, is directly related to the loss of cell surface receptors as a result of high-agonist treatment.
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Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Kim DW, Min KS. Constitutive Activating Eel Luteinizing Hormone Receptors Induce Constitutively Signal Transduction and Inactivating Mutants Impair Biological Activity. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:133-143. [PMID: 34950817 PMCID: PMC8670774 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the human lutropin receptor (hLHR) and rat LHR (rLHR), very few
naturally occurring mutants in other mammalian species have been identified. The
present study aimed to delineate the mechanism of signal transduction by three
constitutively activating mutants (designated M410T, L469R, and D590Y) and two
inactivating mutants (D383N and Y546F) of the eel LHR, known to be naturally
occurring in human LHR transmembrane domains. The mutants were constructed and
measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation via homogeneous
time-resolved fluorescence assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. The
activating mutant cells expressing eel LHR-M410T, L469R, and D590Y exhibited a
4.0-, 19.1-, and 7.8-fold increase in basal cAMP response without agonist
treatment, respectively. However, inactivating mutant cells expressing D417N and
Y558F did not completely impaired signal transduction. Specifically, signal
transduction in the cells expressing activating mutant L469R was not occurred
with a further ligand stimulation, showing that the maximal response exhibited
approximately 53% of those of wild type receptor. Our results suggested that the
constitutively activating mutants of the eel LHR consistently occurred without
agonist treatment. These results provide important information of LHR function
in fish and regulation with regard to mutations of highly conserved amino acids
in glycoprotein hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
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Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Joo HE, Kim SG, Kim YJ, Park GE, Kang MH, Min KS. Specific Biological Activity of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) Glycosylation Sites in Cells Expressing Equine Luteinizing Hormone/CG (eLH/CG) Receptor. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:199-211. [PMID: 35141446 PMCID: PMC8807129 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), produced by the endometrial cups of the
placenta after the first trimester, is a specific glycoprotein that displays
dual luteinizing hormone (LH)-like and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-like
effects in non-equid species. However, in equidaes, eCG exhibits only LH-like
activity. To identify the specific biological functions of glycosylated sites in
eCG, we constructed the following site mutants of N- and O-linked glycosylation:
eCGβ/αΔ56, substitution of α-subunit56
N-linked glycosylation site; eCGβ-D/α, deletion of the O-linked
glycosylation sites at the β-subunit, and
eCGβ-D/αΔ56, double mutant. We produced recombinant eCG
(rec-eCG) proteins in Chinese hamster ovary suspension (CHO-S) cells. We
examined the biological activity of rec-eCG proteins in CHO-K1 cells expressing
the eLH/CG receptor and found that signal transduction activities of
deglycosylated mutants remarkably decreased. The EC50 levels of
eCGβ/αΔ56, eCGβ-D/α, and
eCGβ-D/αΔ56 mutants decreased by 2.1-, 5.6-, and 3.4-fold,
respectively, compared to that of wild-type eCG. The Rmax values of the mutants
were 56%-80% those of wild-type eCG (141.9 nmol/104 cells). Our
results indicate that the biological activity of eCG is greatly affected by the
removal of N- and O-linked glycosylation sites in cells expressing eLH/CGR.
These results provide important information on rec-eCG in the regulation of
specific glycosylation sites and improve our understanding of the specific
biological activity of rec-eCG glycosylation sites in equidaes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Hyo-Eun Joo
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Sang-Gwon Kim
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Yean-Ji Kim
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Eun Park
- Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,Animal Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,Dept. of Animal Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
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Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Kim DW, Min KS. Cell-Surface Loss of Constitutive Activating and Inactivating Mutants of Eel Luteinizing Hormone Receptors. Dev Reprod 2021; 25:225-234. [PMID: 35141448 PMCID: PMC8807125 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of cell surface receptor loss by two constitutively activating mutants (designated L469R, and D590Y) and two inactivating mutants (D417N and Y558F) of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, known to naturally occur in human LHR transmembrane domains. We investigated cell surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in HEK 293 cells. The expression level of wild-type eel LHR was considered to be 100%, and the expression levels of L469R and D417N were 97% and 101%, respectively, whereas the expression levels of D590Y and Y558F slightly increased to approximately 110% and 106%, respectively. The constitutively activating mutants L469R and D590Y exhibited a decrease in cell surface loss in a manner similar to that of wild-type eel LHR. The rates of loss of cell surface agonist-receptor complexes were observed to be very rapid (2.6-6.2 min) in both the wild-type eel LHR and activating mutants. However, cell surface receptor loss in the cells expressing inactivating mutants D417N and Y558F was slightly observed in the cells expressing inactivating mutants D417N and Y558F, despite treatment with a high concentration of agonist. These results provide important information on LHR function in fish and the regulation of mutations of highly conserved amino acids in glycoprotein hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
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Byambaragchaa M, Seong HK, Choi SH, Kim DJ, Kang MH, Min KS. Constitutively Activating Mutants of Equine LH/CGR Constitutively Induce Signal Transduction and Inactivating Mutations Impair Biological Activity and Cell-Surface Receptor Loss In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910723. [PMID: 34639064 PMCID: PMC8509413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transduction of the equine lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor (eLH/CGR) is unclear in naturally occurring activating/inactivating mutants of this receptor, which plays an important role in reproductive physiology. We undertook the present study to determine whether conserved structurally related mutations in eLH/CGR exhibit similar mechanisms of signal transduction. We constructed four constitutively activating mutants (M398T, L457R, D564G, and D578Y) and three inactivating mutants (D405N, R464H, and Y546F); measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation via homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells; and investigated cell-surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The eLH/CGR-L457R-, -D564G-, and -D578Y-expressing cells exhibited 16.9-, 16.4-, and 11.2-fold increases in basal cAMP response, respectively. The eLH/CGR-D405N- and R464H-expressing cells presented a completely impaired signal transduction, whereas the Y546F-expressing cells exhibited a small increase in cAMP response. The cell-surface receptor loss was 1.4- to 2.4-fold greater in the activating-mutant-expressing cells than in wild-type eLH/CGR-expressing cells, but was completely impaired in the D405N- and Y546F-expressing cells, despite treatment with a high concentration of agonist. In summary, the state of activation of eLH/CGR influenced agonist-induced cell-surface receptor loss, which was directly related to the signal transduction of constitutively activating mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea; (M.B.); (H.-K.S.)
| | - Hoon-Ki Seong
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea; (M.B.); (H.-K.S.)
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea;
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Jeju 63610, Korea;
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea;
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea; (M.B.); (H.-K.S.)
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-670-5421; Fax: +82-31-670-5417
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Lee SY, Byambaragchaa M, Choi SH, Kang HJ, Kang MH, Min KS. Roles of N-linked and O-linked glycosylation sites in the activity of equine chorionic gonadotropin in cells expressing rat luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:52. [PMID: 34482828 PMCID: PMC8419929 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), which comprises highly glycosylated α-subunit and β-subunit, is a unique member of the glycoprotein hormone family as it elicits both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-like and luteinizing hormone (LH)-like responses in non-equid species. To examine the biological function of glycosylated sites in eCG, the following glycosylation site mutants were constructed: eCGβ/αΔ56, substitution of Asn56 of α-subunit with Gln; eCGβ-D/α, deletion of the O-linked glycosylation site at the carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP) region of the β-subunit; eCGβ-D/αΔ56, double mutant. The recombinant eCG (rec-eCG) mutants were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary suspension (CHO-S) cells. The FSH-like and LH-like activities of the mutants were examined using CHO-K1 cells expressing rat lutropin/CG receptor (rLH/CGR) and rat FSH receptor (rFSHR). Results Both rec-eCGβ/α and rec-eCGβ/αΔ56 were efficiently secreted into the CHO-S cell culture medium on day 1 post-transfection. However, the secretion of eCGβ-D/α and eCGβ-D/αΔ56, which lack approximately 12 O-linked glycosylation sites, was slightly delayed. The expression levels of all mutants were similar (200–250 mIU/mL) from days 3 to 7 post-transfection. The molecular weight of rec-eCGβ/α, rec-eCGβ/αΔ56 and rec-eCG β-D/α were in the ranges of 40–45, 37–42, and 34–36 kDa, respectively. Treatment with peptide-N-glycanase F markedly decreased the molecular weight to approximately 5–10 kDa. Rec-eCGβ/αΔ56 exhibited markedly downregulated LH-like activity. The signal transduction activity of both double mutants was completely impaired. This indicated that the glycosylation site at Asn56 of the α-subunit plays a pivotal role in the LH-like activity of eCG. Similarly, the FSH-like activity of the mutants was markedly downregulated. eCGβ-D/α exhibited markedly downregulated LH-like and FSH-like activities. Conclusions Rec-eCGβ/α exhibits potent biological activity in cells expressing rLH/CGR and rFSHR. The findings of this study suggest that the LH-like and FSH-like activities of eCG are regulated by the N-linked glycosylation site at Asn56 of the eCG α-subunit and/or by the O-linked glycosylation sites of the eCG β-subunit. These findings improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying both LH-like and FSH-like activities of eCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yun Lee
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea
| | - Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea
| | - Han-Ju Kang
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea. .,School of Animal Life Biotechnology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea.
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10
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Byambaragchaa M, Ahn TY, Choi SH, Kang MH, Min KS. Functional characterization of naturally-occurring constitutively activating/inactivating mutations in equine follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (eFSHR). Anim Biosci 2021; 35:399-409. [PMID: 34474536 PMCID: PMC8902225 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the central hormone involved in mammalian reproduction, maturation at puberty, and gamete production that mediates its function by control of follicle growth and function. The present study investigated the mutations involved in the regulation of FSH receptor (FSHR) activation. Methods We analyzed seven naturally-occurring mutations that were previously reported in human FSHR (hFSHR), in the context of equine FSHR (eFSHR); these include one constitutively activation variant, one allelic variant, and five inactivating variants. These mutations were introduced into wild-type eFSHR (eFSHR-wt) sequence to generate mutants that were designated as eFSHR-D566G, -A306T, -A189V, -N191I, -R572C, -A574V, and -R633H. Mutants were transfected into PathHunter EA-parental CHO-K1 cells expressing β-arrestin. The biological function of mutants was analyzed by quantitating cAMP accumulation in cells incubated with increasing concentrations of FSH. Results Cells expressing eFSHR-D566G exhibited an 8.6-fold increase in basal cAMP response, as compared to that in eFSHR-wt. The allelic variation mutant eFSHR-A306T was not found to affect the basal cAMP response or EC50 levels. On the other hand, eFSHR-D566G and eFSHR-A306T displayed a 1.5- and 1.4-fold increase in the maximal response, respectively. Signal transduction was found to be completely impaired in case of the inactivating mutants eFSHR-A189V, -R572C, and -A574V. When compared with eFSHR-wt, eFSHR-N191I displayed a 5.4-fold decrease in the EC50 levels (3910 ng/mL) and a 2.3-fold decrease in the maximal response. In contrast, cells expressing eFSHR-R633H displayed in a similar manner to that of the cells expressing the eFSHR-wt on signal transduction and maximal response. Conclusion The activating mutant eFSHR-D566G greatly enhanced the signal transduction in response to FSH, in the absence of agonist treatment. We suggest that the state of activation of the eFSHR can modulate its basal cAMP accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Ahn
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Choi
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea.,School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Korea
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Constitutive Activation and Inactivation of Mutations Inducing Cell Surface Loss of Receptor and Impairing of Signal Transduction of Agonist-Stimulated Eel Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197075. [PMID: 32992880 PMCID: PMC7583038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the signal transduction of mutants of the eel follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (eelFSHR). Specifically, we examined the constitutively activating mutant D540G in the third intracellular loop, and four inactivating mutants (A193V, N195I, R546C, and A548V). To directly assess functional effects, we conducted site-directed mutagenesis to generate mutant receptors. We measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation via homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assays in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and investigated cell surface receptor loss using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The cells expressing eelFSHR-D540G exhibited a 23-fold increase in the basal cAMP response without agonist treatment. The cells expressing A193V, N195I, and A548V mutants had completely impaired signal transduction, whereas those expressing the R546C mutant exhibited little increase in cAMP responsiveness and a small increase in signal transduction. Cell surface receptor loss in the cells expressing inactivating mutants A193V, R546C, and A548V was clearly slower than in the cell expressing the wild-type eelFSHR. However, cell surface receptor loss in the cells expressing inactivating mutant N195I decreased in a similar manner to that of the cells expressing the wild-type eelFSHR or the activating mutant D540G, despite the completely impaired cAMP response. These results provide important information regarding the structure–function relationships of G protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction.
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Wang Y, Minarsky A, Penner R, Soulé C, Morozova N. Model of Morphogenesis. J Comput Biol 2020; 27:1373-1383. [DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2019.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrey Minarsky
- St-Petersburg Academic University, National Research Academic University, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Robert Penner
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Soulé
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), Bures-sur-Yvette, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Nadya Morozova
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), Bures-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR9198, I2BC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIN RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
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Burow S, Mizrahi N, Maugars G, von Krogh K, Nourizadeh-Lillabadi R, Hollander-Cohen L, Shpilman M, Atre I, Weltzien FA, Levavi-Sivan B. Characterization of gonadotropin receptors Fshr and Lhr in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113276. [PMID: 31536722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction in vertebrates is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonad axis, where the two gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh) play vital parts by activating their cognate receptors in the gonads. The main purpose of this work was to study intra- and interspecies ligand promiscuity of teleost gonadotropin receptors, since teleost receptor specificity is unclear, in contrast to mammalian receptors. Receptor activation was investigated by transfecting COS-7 cells with either Fsh receptor (mdFshr, tiFshr) or Lh receptor (mdLhr, tiLhr), and tested for activation by recombinant homologous and heterologous ligands (mdFshβα, mdLhβα, tiFshβα, tiLhβα) from two representative fish orders, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes, Beloniformes) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Cichliformes). Results showed that each gonadotropin preferentially activates its own cognate receptor. Cross-reactivity was detected to some extent as mdFshβα was able to activate the mdLhr, and mdLhβα the mdFshr. Medaka pituitary extract (MPE) stimulated CRE-LUC activity in COS-7 cells expressing mdlhr, but could not stimulate cells expressing mdfshr. Recombinant tiLhβα, tiFshβα and tilapia pituitary extract (TPE) could activate the mdLhr, suggesting cross-species reactivity for mdLhr. Cross-species reactivity was also detected for mdFshr due to activation by tiFshβα, tiLhβα, and TPE, as well as for tiFshr and tiLhr due to stimulation by mdFshβα, mdLhβα, and MPE. Tissue distribution analysis of gene expression revealed that medaka receptors, fshr and lhr, are highly expressed in both ovary and testis. High expression levels were found for lhr also in brain, while fshr was expressed at low levels. Both fshr and lhr mRNA levels increased significantly during testis development. Amino acid sequence alignment and three-dimensional modelling of ligands and receptors highlighted conserved beta sheet domains of both Fsh and Lh between Japanese medaka and Nile tilapia. It also showed a higher structural homology and similarity of transmembrane regions of Lhr between both species, in contrast to Fshr, possibly related to the substitution of the conserved cysteine residue in the transmembrane domain 6 in medaka Fshr with glycine. Taken together, this is the first characterization of medaka Fshr and Lhr using homologous ligands, enabling to better understand teleost hormone-receptor interactions and specificities. The data suggest partial ligand promiscuity and cross-species reactivity between gonadotropins and their receptors in medaka and tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Burow
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Naama Mizrahi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine von Krogh
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lian Hollander-Cohen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Shpilman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ishwar Atre
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Kim JM, Munkhuu O, Byambaragchaa M, Lee BI, Kim SK, Kang MH, Kim DJ, Min KS. Site-specific roles of N-linked oligosaccharides in recombinant eel follicle-stimulating hormone for secretion and signal transduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 276:37-44. [PMID: 30836102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eel follicle-stimulating hormone (eelFSH) is composed of a common α-subunit and a hormone specific β-subunit, both of which contain two N-linked carbohydrate residues. We characterized the biologically active single chains by fusing the α-subunit to the carboxyl terminal region of the eelFSH β-subunit. Expression vectors were constructed and the biological activity of the recombinant hormones (rec-hormones) was characterized using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1 cells expressing the eelFSH receptor gene. Mutagenesis of the individual and double glycosylated sites was performed to determine the functions of the oligosaccharide chains on signal transduction. The absence of the Asn22 (eelFSHβΔ22/α) and Asn5.22 (eelFSHβΔ5.22/α) N-linked oligosaccharide chain in the eelFSH β-subunit completely reduced the secretion level in the medium and cell lysate of CHO-K1 cells. The expression levels of eelFSHβ/α wild-type in CHO suspension (CHO-S) cells was approximately 4-fold higher in CHO-k1 cells. The molecular weight of rec-eelFSHβ/α wild-type by western blotting analysis was found to be 34 kDa. Mutants (β/αΔ56, β/αΔ79, and βΔ5/α) lacking single oligosaccharide sites showed molecular weights that were reduced by approximately 10%. The digestion of N-linked oligosaccharides using PNGaseF treatment showed that the molecular weights of all mutants were reduced to 27-kDa. The oligosaccharide chains in rec-eelFSHβ/α wild-type were modified to a molecular weight of approximately 7-10 kDa in CHO-K1 and CHO-S cells. Oligosaccharide site deletions at positions Asn56 and Asn79 on the α-subunit and Asn5 on the β-subunit were found to play an essential role in cAMP signal transduction through the eelFSH receptor. The EC50 values of Asn56 and Asn5 resulted in a significant decrease in potency to 64% and 53% of the wild type, respectively. Specifically, the removal of the carbohydrates at Asn79 of the α-subunit (β/αΔ79) was drastically reduced to 53.8% of the wild-type levels in maximum response. These results have allowed for the identification of the site-specific roles of carbohydrate residues in eel FSH. Our data suggest that N-linked oligosaccharide chains play a pivotal role in biological activity through the eelFSH receptor as suggested in similar studies of other mammalian FSH hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Department of Animal Life Science, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Orgilkhatan Munkhuu
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Department of Animal Life Science, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Munkhzaya Byambaragchaa
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Department of Animal Life Science, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Ik Lee
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisher Science (NIFS), Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Kwon Kim
- Aquaculture Research Division, National Institute of Fisher Science (NIFS), Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Jeju 63610, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Department of Animal Life Science, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Ansung 17579, Republic of Korea.
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