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Neptune TC, Benard MF. Longer days, larger grays: carryover effects of photoperiod and temperature in gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241336. [PMID: 38981527 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions like temperature and photoperiod can strongly shape organisms' growth and development. For many ectotherms with complex life cycles, global change will cause their offspring to experience warmer conditions and earlier-season photoperiods, two variables that can induce conflicting responses. We experimentally manipulated photoperiod and temperature during gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larval development to examine effects at metamorphosis and during short (10-day) and long (56-day) periods post-metamorphosis. Both early- and late-season photoperiods (April and August) decreased age and size at metamorphosis relative to the average-season (June) photoperiod, while warmer temperatures decreased age but increased size at metamorphosis. Warmer larval temperatures reduced short-term juvenile growth but had no long-term effect. Conversely, photoperiod had no short-term carryover effect, but juveniles from early- and late-season larval photoperiods had lower long-term growth rates than juveniles from the average-season photoperiod. Similar responses to early- and late-season photoperiods may be due to reduced total daylight compared with average-season photoperiods. However, juveniles from late-season photoperiods selected cooler temperatures than early-season juveniles, suggesting that not all effects of photoperiod were due to total light exposure. Our results indicate that despite both temperature and photoperiod affecting metamorphosis, the long-term effects of photoperiod may be much stronger than those of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Neptune
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave , Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
| | - Michael F Benard
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave , Cleveland, OH 44106-7080, USA
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Neptune TC, Benard MF. Photoperiod effects in a freshwater community: Amphibian larvae develop faster and zooplankton abundance increases under an early-season photoperiod. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10400. [PMID: 37560180 PMCID: PMC10408251 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms that shift their phenologies in response to global warming will experience novel photic environments, as photoperiod (daylength) continues to follow the same annual cycle. How different organisms respond to novel photoperiods could result in phenological mismatches and altered interspecific interactions. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment exposing green frog (Rana clamitans) larvae, gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larvae, phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton to a three-month shift in photoperiod: an early-season photoperiod (simulating April) and a late-season photoperiod (simulating July). We manipulated photoperiod by covering and uncovering tanks with clear or light-blocking lids to mimic realistic changes in daylength. We assessed amphibian life history traits and measured phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton abundances. Green frog larvae and gray treefrog metamorphs were more developed under the early-season photoperiod. Gray treefrog total length was also reduced, but photoperiod did not affect green frog total length. Although phytoplankton and periphyton abundances were not affected by photoperiod, copepod nauplii were in greater abundance under the early-season photoperiod. Overall, this simplified aquatic community did not exhibit significant changes to structure when exposed to a three-month shift in photoperiod. Temperate amphibians that breed earlier in the year may develop faster, which may have long-term costs to post-metamorphic growth and performance. Asynchronous shifts in zooplankton abundances in response to altered photoperiods could subsequently affect freshwater community structure. While photoperiod has been shown to individually affect freshwater organisms, our study using replicated outdoor wetland communities shows that the comprehensive effects of photoperiod may be less important than other cues such as temperature and precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C. Neptune
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Michael F. Benard
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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Komine H, Yasumiba K, Schwarzkopf L. The country toad and the city toad: comparing morphology of invasive cane toads ( Rhinella marina) from rural and urban environments. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Urbanization is a principal driver of global biodiversity loss. Although many studies have examined the impacts of urbanization on biodiversity, we are only beginning to study urbanization as an evolutionary force. Urban environments are hotspots for invasive species, but most previous studies have focused on phenotypic changes in native species responding to urbanization. Quantifying the phenotypic responses of invasive species to urbanization may help reveal mechanisms promoting invasion. There are, however, few studies investigating the phenotypic response of invasive species to urbanization. We compared morphological traits of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) between urban and rural areas in three cities in north-eastern Australia using generalized linear mixed models. We found that the parotoid glands, which are the major anti-predator defence of toads were smaller in urban than in rural populations. The tibiofibula length of males in urban populations was longer than those in rural populations, but females showed opposite trends, suggesting potential effects of urbanization on sexual dimorphism. These results demonstrate that urbanization drives morphological changes in invasive toads, suggesting they may adapt to urban environments rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Komine
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University , 1-23, Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997 - 0037, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Yasumiba
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183 - 8509, Japan
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering, Centre for Biodiversity & Climate Change, James Cook University , Townsville , QLD 4811, Australia
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Shidemantle G, Blackwood J, Horn K, Velasquez I, Ronan E, Reinke B, Hua J. The morphological effects of artificial light at night on amphibian predators and prey are masked at the community level. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119604. [PMID: 35691446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a pervasive pollutant that influences wildlife at both the individual and community level. In this study, we tested the individual-level effects of ALAN on three species of tadpole prey and their newt predators by measuring prey pigmentation and predator and prey mass. Then we evaluated whether the individual-level effects of ALAN on pigmentation and mass had cascading community-level effects by assessing the outcome of predator-prey interactions. We found that spring peepers exposed to ALAN were significantly darker than those reared under control conditions. Additionally, wood frogs reared in ALAN conditions were significantly smaller than those reared in control conditions. In contrast, Eastern newts collected earlier in the spring that were exposed to ALAN were significantly larger than controls while those collected later in the spring were not affected by ALAN, suggesting phenological differences in the effect of ALAN. To understand how changes in pigmentation and size due to ALAN influence predation rates, we ran predation assays in both ALAN-polluted and ALAN-free outdoor environments. After the predation assay, the size disparity in wood frogs reared in ALAN was eliminated such that there was no longer a treatment difference in wood frog size, likely due to size-selective predation. This demonstrates the beneficial nature of predators' selective pressure on prey populations. Lastly, despite individual-level effects of ALAN on pigmentation and mass, we did not detect cascading community-level effects on predation rates. Overall, this study highlights important species-level distinctions in the effects of ALAN. It also emphasizes the need to incorporate ecological complexity to understand the net impact of ALAN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jurnee Blackwood
- Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Pkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Kelsey Horn
- Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Pkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Isabela Velasquez
- Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Pkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Emily Ronan
- Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Pkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Beth Reinke
- Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N St Louis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Jessica Hua
- Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Pkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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Singhal RK, Chauhan J, Jatav HS, Rajput VD, Singh GS, Bose B. Artificial night light alters ecosystem services provided by biotic components. Biol Futur 2021; 72:169-185. [PMID: 34554476 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The global catastrophe of natural biodiversity and ecosystem services are expedited with the growing human population. Repercussions of artificial light at night ALAN are much wider, as it varies from unicellular to higher organism. Subsequently, hastened pollution and over exploitation of natural resources accelerate the expeditious transformation of climatic phenomenon and further cause global biodiversity losses. Moreover, it has a crucial role in global biodiversity and ecosystem services losses via influencing the ecosystem biodiversity by modulating abundance, number and aggregation at every levels as from individual to biome levels. Along with these affects, it disturbs the population, genetics and landscape structures by interfering inter- and intra-species interactions and landscape formation processes. Furthermore, alterations in normal light/dark (diurnal) signalling disrupt the stable physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes and modulate the regulating, cultural and provisioning ecosystem services and ultimately disorganize the stable ecosystem structure and functions. Moreover, ALAN reshapes the abiotic component of the ecosystem, and as a key component of global warming via producing greenhouse gases via emitting light. By taking together the above facts, this review highlights the impact of ALAN on the ecosystem and its living and non-living components, emphasizing to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. Further, we summarize the means of minimizing strategies of ALAN in the environment, which are very crucial to reduce the further spread of night light contamination in the environment and can be useful to minimize the drastic impacts on the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singhal
- ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, U.P, 284003, India
| | - Jyoti Chauhan
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, 221005, India
| | - Hanuman S Jatav
- Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Rajasthan, 303329, India.
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | | | - Gopal S Singh
- Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Bandana Bose
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, 221005, India
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Manríquez PH, Jara ME, González CP, Seguel M, Quijón PA, Widdicombe S, Pulgar JM, Quintanilla-Ahumada D, Anguita C, Duarte C. Effects of artificial light at night and predator cues on foraging and predator avoidance in the keystone inshore mollusc Concholepas concholepas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 280:116895. [PMID: 33784562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The growth of Artificial Light At Night (ALAN) is potentially having widespread effects on terrestrial and coastal habitats. In this study we addressed both the individual effects of ALAN, as well as its combined effect with predation risk on the behaviour of Concholepas concholepas, a fishery resource and a keystone species in the southeastern Pacific coast. We measured the influence of ALAN and predation risk on this mollusc's feeding rate, use of refuge for light and crawling out of water behaviour. These behavioural responses were studied using light intensities that mimicked levels that had been recorded in coastal habitat exposed to ALAN. Cues were from two species known to prey on C. concholepas during its early ontogeny: the crab Acanthocyclus hassleri and the seastar Heliaster helianthus. The feeding rates of C. concholepas were 3-4 times higher in darkness and in the absence of predator cues. In contrast, ALAN-exposed C. concholepas showed lower feeding activity and were more likely to be in a refuge than those exposed to control conditions. In the presence of olfactory predator cues, and regardless of light treatment, C. concholepas tended to crawl-out of the waterline. We provide evidence to support the hypothesis that exposure to either ALAN or predation risk can alter the feeding behaviour of C. concholepas. However, predator cue recognition in C. concholepas was not affected by ALAN in situations where ALAN and predator cues were both present: C. concholepas continued to forage when predation risk was low, i.e., in darkness and away from predator cues. Whilst this response means that ALAN may not lead to increased predation mortality in C. concholepas, it will reduce feeding activity in this naturally nocturnal species in the absence of dark refugia. Such results may have implications for the long-term health, productivity and sustainability of this keystone species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de La Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - María Elisa Jara
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de La Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de La Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Mylene Seguel
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de La Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Stephen Widdicombe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - José M Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Quintanilla-Ahumada
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Anguita
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Vida Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de La Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
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Bumgarner JR, Nelson RJ. Light at Night and Disrupted Circadian Rhythms Alter Physiology and Behavior. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1160-1169. [PMID: 33787878 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Life on earth has evolved during the past several billion years under relatively bright days and dark nights. Virtually, all organisms on the planet display an internal representation of the solar days in the form of circadian rhythms driven by biological clocks. Nearly every aspect of physiology and behavior is mediated by these internal clocks. The widespread adoption of electric lights during the past century has exposed animals, including humans, to significant light at night for the first time in our evolutionary history. Importantly, endogenous circadian clocks depend on light for synchronization with the external daily environment. Thus, light at night can derange temporal adaptations. Indeed, disruption of natural light-dark cycles results in several physiological and behavioral changes. In this review, we highlight recent evidence demonstrating how light at night exposure can have serious implications for adaptive physiology and behavior, including immune, endocrine, and metabolic function, as well as reproductive, foraging, and migratory behavior. Lastly, strategies to mitigate the consequences of light at night on behavior and physiology will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Bumgarner
- Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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