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Li H, Kang S, Gu X, Yang H, Chen H, Mao Z, Zeng Q, Chen Y, Wang W, Gong C. The toxicological effects of life-cycle exposure to harmful benthic cyanobacteria Oscillatoria on zebrafish growth and reproduction: A comparative study with planktonic Microcystis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169302. [PMID: 38104816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The risks of planktonic cyanobacteria blooms have been the focus of much scientific research, but studies on the ecotoxicological effects of benthic cyanobacteria are lagging. The impacts of cyanobacteria cells on fish populations might be more complex in contrast to purified cyanotoxins or cyanobacteria extracts. This study systematically compared the chronic effects of benthic Oscillatoria sp. (producing cylindrospermopsins) and planktonic Microcystis aeruginosa (producing microcystins) on the growth and reproduction of zebrafish through life-cycle exposure (5- 90 days post fertilization). The results showed that both Oscillatoria sp. and M. aeruginosa exposure caused growth inhibition and fecundity reduction in F0 generation by disrupting sex hormone levels, delayed ovarian and sperm development, and induced pathological lesions in zebrafish gonads. Furthermore, exposure to Oscillatoria sp. or M. aeruginosa in adult zebrafish increased mortality and teratogenicity in F1 embryos (without exposure), indicating a parental transmission effect of developmental toxicity. The difference was that M. aeruginosa exposure led to significant alterations in pathways, such as tissue development, redox processes, and steroid hormone synthesis. In contrast, Oscillatoria sp. exposure primarily disrupted the PPAR signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecules, and lipid transport pathways. Interestingly, the differentially expressed genes revealed that male fish were more sensitive to harmful cyanobacteria than females, whether exposed to Oscillatoria sp. or M. aeruginosa. These findings contribute to a better mechanistic understanding of the chronic toxic effects of distinct types of harmful cyanobacteria, suggesting that the ecological risk of benthic cyanobacteria requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Siqi Kang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Huiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China
| | - Chen Gong
- School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China
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de Sabóia-Morais SMT, de Lima Faria JM, da Silva Rabelo JC, Hanusch AL, Mesquita LA, de Andrade Silva R, de Oliveira JM, de Jesus LWO. Cylindrospermopsin exposure promotes redox unbalance and tissue damage in the liver of Poecilia reticulata, a neotropical fish species. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:120-132. [PMID: 37969104 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2282530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern regarding the adverse risks exposure to cylindrospermopsin (CYN) might exert on animals and humans. However, data regarding the toxicity of this cyanotoxin to neotropical fish species are scarce. Using the fish species Poecilia reticulata, the influence of CYN concentrations equal to and above the tolerable for drinking water may produce on liver was determined by assessing biomarkers of antioxidant defense mechanisms and correlated to qualitative and semiquantitative histopathological observations. Adult females were exposed to 0.0 (Control); 0.5, 1 and 1.5 μg/L pure CYN for 24 or 96 hr, in triplicate. Subsequently the livers were extracted for biochemical assays and histopathological evaluation. Catalase (CAT) activity was significantly increased only by 1.5 μg/L CYN-treatment, at both exposure times. Glutathione -S-transferase (GST) activity presented a biphasic response for both exposure times. It was markedly decreased after exposure by 0.5 μg/L CYN treatment but significantly elevated by 1.5 μg/L CYN treatment. All CYN treatments produced histopathological alterations, as evidenced by hepatocyte cords degeneration, steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, melanomacrophage centers, vessel congestion, and areas with necrosis. Further, an IORG >35 was achieved for all treatments, indicative of the presence of severe histological alterations in P. reticulata hepatic parenchyma and stroma. Taken together, data demonstrated evidence that CYN-induced hepatotoxicity in P. reticulata appears to be associated with an imbalance of antioxidant defense mechanisms accompanied by histopathological liver alterations. It is worthy to note that exposure to low environmentally-relevant CYN concentrations might constitute a significant risk to health of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Marcos de Lima Faria
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Custódio da Silva Rabelo
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Alves Mesquita
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Andrade Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Maria de Oliveira
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology, Histology and Embryology Section, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Wender Oliveira de Jesus
- Laboratory of Applied Animal Morphophysiology, Histology and Embryology Section, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Falfushynska H, Kasianchuk N, Siemens E, Henao E, Rzymski P. A Review of Common Cyanotoxins and Their Effects on Fish. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11020118. [PMID: 36850993 PMCID: PMC9961407 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and human-induced eutrophication drive the occurrence of various cyanotoxins in aquatic environments. These metabolites reveal diversified mechanisms of action, encompassing cyto-, neuro-, hepato-, nephro-, and neurotoxicity, and pose a threat to aquatic biota and human health. In the present paper, we review data on the occurrence of the most studied cyanotoxins, microcystins, nodularins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins, and saxitoxins, in the aquatic environment, as well as their potential bioaccumulation and toxicity in fish. Microcystins are the most studied among all known cyanotoxins, although other toxic cyanobacterial metabolites are also commonly identified in aquatic environments and can reveal high toxicity in fish. Except for primary toxicity signs, cyanotoxins adversely affect the antioxidant system and anti-/pro-oxidant balance. Cyanotoxins also negatively impact the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, fish exposed to microcystins and cylindrospermopsin exhibit various immunomodulatory, inflammatory, and endocrine responses. Even though cyanotoxins exert a complex pressure on fish, numerous aspects are yet to be the subject of in-depth investigation. Metabolites other than microcystins should be studied more thoroughly to understand the long-term effects in fish and provide a robust background for monitoring and management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Anhalt University for Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Nadiia Kasianchuk
- Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Eduard Siemens
- Faculty of Electrical, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Anhalt University for Applied Sciences, 06366 Köthen, Germany
| | - Eliana Henao
- Research Group Integrated Management of Ecosystems and Biodiversity XIUÂ, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61701 Poznan, Poland
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 61701 Poznań, Poland
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Casas-Rodriguez A, Cameán AM, Jos A. Potential Endocrine Disruption of Cyanobacterial Toxins, Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120882. [PMID: 36548779 PMCID: PMC9785827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), although classified as hepatotoxins and cytotoxins, respectively, have been shown to also induce toxic effects in many other systems and organs. Among them, their potential endocrine disruption (ED) activity has been scarcely investigated. Considering the increasing relevance of ED on humans, mammals, and aquatic organisms, this work aimed to review the state-of-the-art regarding the toxic effects of MCs and CYN at this level. It has been evidenced that MCs have been more extensively investigated than CYN. Reported results are contradictory, with the presence or absence of effects, but experimental conditions also vary to a great extent. In general, both toxins have shown ED activity mediated by very different mechanisms, such as estrogenic responses via a binding estrogen receptor (ER), pathological changes in several organs and cells (testis, ovarian cells), and a decreased gonad-somatic index. Moreover, toxic effects mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in transcriptional responses on several endocrine axes and steroidogenesis-related genes, and changes in hormone levels have also been reported. Further research is required in a risk assessment frame because official protocols for assessment of endocrine disrupters have not been used. Moreover, the use of advanced techniques would aid in deciphering cyanotoxins dose-response relationships in relation to their ED potential.
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Moraes ACND, Fallah HP, de Magalhães VF, Habibi HR. Cylindrospermopsin induces oocyte maturation and disrupts gene expression in zebrafish ovarian follicles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103915. [PMID: 35750255 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that cylindrospermopsin (CYN) exerts reproductive toxicity in mice. However, little information is available concerning the toxicity of CYN in nonmammalian vertebrates. Here, we investigated the direct action of CYN on female reproduction by studying germinal vesicle breakdown, transcript abundance, caspase-3 activity, and testosterone production using cultured follicle-enclosed zebrafish oocytes as a model system. Treatment of follicles with 1,000 μg/L CYN significantly increased GVBD, Caspase-3 activity, and hCG-induced testosterone secretion. Exposure to CYN also reduced the abundance of 3βhsd as well as hCG-induced fshr and era transcripts and increased cyp19a1 mRNA levels. In summary, this study provides a framework for a better understanding of the adverse action of CYN on female reproduction in zebrafish and other vertebrate species. The findings are also relevant to developing valid biomarkers for CYN by measuring zebrafish oocyte maturation and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carvalho Natal de Moraes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21.941-902, Brazil; Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | | | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Hamid R Habibi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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de Moraes ACN, Caires FO, Imperio GE, Nóbrega RH, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, de Magalhães VF. Cylindrospermopsin Disrupts Estrous Cycle and Increases Spermatogenesis in Mice. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2876-2884. [PMID: 35257354 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a water-soluble cyanotoxin that has been linked to several cases of poisoning in the world. In vitro studies have shown that CYN acts as an endocrine disruptor by inhibiting progesterone synthesis in primary cell cultures of women, showing estrogenic activity. However, in vivo assessment of CYN in the female and male reproductive systems remains unknown. We thus aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of CYN in both the female and male reproductive systems of mice. A single intraperitoneal exposure to 64 µg of CYN/kg body weight was performed in females. Estrous cycle was evaluated daily by vaginal cytology, and serum progesterone and estradiol levels were measured after 50 days. We showed an impairment in the estrous cycle as well as a decrease in circulating plasma progesterone levels. In males, weekly intraperitoneal doses of 20 μg of CYN/kg body weight were given and groups were killed after one, two, or four doses. CYN increased the testosterone levels in the groups that received one or two doses of CYN. Additionally, CYN induced a transient increase in spermatozoa in males after four doses. Our results highlight that CYN interferes with both male and female reproductive systems and may lead to infertility. As far as we know, this is the first report showing the impacts of CYN on the mammalian reproductive system, suggesting a threat from this cyanotoxin to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carvalho Natal de Moraes
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Caires
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Guinever Eustaquio Imperio
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rafael Henrique Nóbrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
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