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Staniczek J, Manasar-Dyrbuś M, Drosdzol-Cop A, Stojko R. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome in Newborn of Mother with HELLP Syndrome/Preeclampsia: An Analysis of Literature and Case Report with Fetal Growth Restriction and Absence of CDKN1C Typical Pathogenic Genetic Variation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13360. [PMID: 37686168 PMCID: PMC10487691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder, which manifests by overgrowth and predisposition to embryonal tumors. The evidence on the relationship between maternal complications such as HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) and preeclampsia and the development of BWS in offspring is scarce. A comprehensive clinical evaluation, with genetic testing focused on screening for mutations in the CDKN1C gene, which is commonly associated with BWS, was conducted in a newborn diagnosed with BWS born to a mother with a history of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. The case study revealed typical clinical manifestations of BWS in the newborn, including hemihyperplasia, macroglossia, midfacial hypoplasia, omphalocele, and hypoglycemia. Surprisingly, the infant also exhibited fetal growth restriction, a finding less commonly observed in BWS cases. Genetic analysis, however, showed no mutations in the CDKN1C gene, which contrasts with the majority of BWS cases. This case report highlights the complex nature of BWS and its potential association with maternal complications such as preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. The atypical presence of fetal growth restriction in the newborn and the absence of CDKN1C gene mutations have not been reported to date in BWS.
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Papenhausen PR, Kelly CA, Harris S, Caldwell S, Schwartz S, Penton A. Clinical significance and mechanisms associated with segmental UPD. Mol Cytogenet 2021; 14:38. [PMID: 34284807 PMCID: PMC8290618 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-021-00555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole chromosome uniparental disomy (UPD) has been well documented with mechanisms largely understood. However, the etiology of segmental limited UPD (segUPD) is not as clear. In a 10-year period of confirming (> 300) cases of whole chromosome UPD, we identified 86 segmental cases in both prenatal and postnatal samples. Thirty-two of these cases showed mosaic segmental UPD at 11p due to somatic selection associated with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. This study focuses on apparent mechanisms associated with the remaining cases, many of which appear to represent corrections of genomic imbalance such as deletions and derivative chromosomes. In some cases, segmental UPD was associated with the generation of additional genomic imbalance while in others it apparently resulted in restoration of euploidy. Multiple tests utilizing noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT), chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniotic fluid samples from the same pregnancy revealed temporal evidence of correction and a “hotspot” at 1p. Although in many cases the genomic imbalance was dosage “repaired” in the analyzed tissue, clinical effects could be sustained due to early developmental effects of the original imbalance or due to its continued existence in other tissues. In addition, if correction did not occur in the gametes there would be recurrence risks for the offspring of those individuals. Familial microarray allele patterns are presented that differentiate lack of gamete correction from somatic derived gonadal mosaicism. These results suggest that the incidence of segUPD mediated correction is underestimated and may explain the etiology of some clinical phenotypes which are undetected by routine microarray analysis and many exome sequencing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Papenhausen
- Cytogenetics Department, Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Carla A Kelly
- Cytogenetics Department, Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Samuel Harris
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Samantha Caldwell
- Cytogenetics Department, Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Stuart Schwartz
- Cytogenetics Department, Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Andrea Penton
- Cytogenetics Department, Laboratory Corporation of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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3
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Blanluet M, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Chambon P, Cassinari K, Vera G, Goldenberg A, Keren B, Le Meur N, Hannequin D, Mace B, Siffroi JP, Frebourg T, Nicolas G, Joly-Helas G. Recurrence of an early postzygotic rescue of an inherited unbalanced translocation resulting in mosaic segmental uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 11q in siblings. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3057-3061. [PMID: 34043868 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Balanced translocations are associated with a risk of transmission of unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements in the offspring. Such inherited chromosomal abnormalities are typically non-mosaic as they are present in the germline. We report the recurrence in two siblings of a mosaicism for a chromosomal rearrangement inherited from their asymptomatic father who carried a balanced t(2;11)(q35;q25) translocation. Both siblings exhibited a similar phenotype including intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, kyphoscoliosis, and cervical spinal stenosis. Karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization and SNP array analysis of blood lymphocytes of both siblings identified two cell lines: one carrying a 2q35q37.3 duplication and a 11q25qter deletion (~90% cells), and one carrying an 11q uniparental isodisomy of maternal origin (~10% cells). We hypothesize that these mosaics were related to a postzygotic rescue mechanism which unexpectedly recurred in both siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Blanluet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Sandra Chantot-Bastaraud
- Department of Medical Genetics and Embryology, Armand-Trousseau Children Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Chambon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Kévin Cassinari
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Gabriella Vera
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Genetics Department, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Le Meur
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Bertrand Mace
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Embryology, Armand-Trousseau Children Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Géraldine Joly-Helas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics and reference center for developmental disorders, FHU G4 Génomique, F-76000, Rouen, France
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4
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Pignata L, Sparago A, Palumbo O, Andreucci E, Lapi E, Tenconi R, Carella M, Riccio A, Cerrato F. Mosaic Segmental and Whole-Chromosome Upd(11)mat in Silver-Russell Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040581. [PMID: 33923683 PMCID: PMC8073375 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular defects altering the expression of the imprinted genes of the 11p15.5 cluster are responsible for the etiology of two congenital disorders characterized by opposite growth disturbances, Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), associated with growth restriction, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), associated with overgrowth. At the molecular level, SRS and BWS are characterized by defects of opposite sign, including loss (LoM) or gain (GoM) of methylation at the H19/IGF2:intergenic differentially methylated region (H19/IGF2:IG-DMR), maternal or paternal duplication (dup) of 11p15.5, maternal (mat) or paternal (pat) uniparental disomy (upd), and gain or loss of function mutations of CDKN1C. However, while upd(11)pat is found in 20% of BWS cases and in the majority of them it is segmental, upd(11)mat is extremely rare, being reported in only two SRS cases to date, and in both of them is extended to the whole chromosome. Here, we report on two novel cases of mosaic upd(11)mat with SRS phenotype. The upd is mosaic and isodisomic in both cases but covers the entire chromosome in one case and is restricted to 11p14.1-pter in the other case. The segmental upd(11)mat adds further to the list of molecular defects of opposite sign in SRS and BWS, making these two imprinting disorders even more specular than previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pignata
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (L.P.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Angela Sparago
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (L.P.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (O.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Elena Andreucci
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (E.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Lapi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, 50139 Firenze, Italy; (E.A.); (E.L.)
| | - Romano Tenconi
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics, Università di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Massimo Carella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (O.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (L.P.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Flavia Cerrato
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (L.P.); (A.S.); (F.C.)
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5
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Papulino C, Chianese U, Nicoletti MM, Benedetti R, Altucci L. Preclinical and Clinical Epigenetic-Based Reconsideration of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Front Genet 2020; 11:563718. [PMID: 33101381 PMCID: PMC7522569 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.563718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics has achieved a profound impact in the biomedical field, providing new experimental opportunities and innovative therapeutic strategies to face a plethora of diseases. In the rare diseases scenario, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a pediatric pathological condition characterized by a complex molecular basis, showing alterations in the expression of different growth-regulating genes. The molecular origin of BWS is associated with impairments in the genomic imprinting of two domains at the 11p15.5 chromosomal region. The first domain contains three different regions: insulin growth like factor gene (IGF2), H19, and abnormally methylated DMR1 region. The second domain consists of cell proliferation and regulating-genes such as CDKN1C gene encoding for cyclin kinase inhibitor its role is to block cell proliferation. Although most cases are sporadic, about 5-10% of BWS patients have inheritance characteristics. In the 11p15.5 region, some of the patients have maternal chromosomal rearrangements while others have Uniparental Paternal Disomy UPD(11)pat. Defects in DNA methylation cause alteration of genes and the genomic structure equilibrium leading uncontrolled cell proliferation, which is a typical tumorigenesis event. Indeed, in BWS patients an increased childhood tumor predisposition is observed. Here, we summarize the latest knowledge on BWS and focus on the impact of epigenetic alterations to an increased cancer risk development and to metabolic disorders. Moreover, we highlight the correlation between assisted reproductive technologies and this rare disease. We also discuss intriguing aspects of BWS in twinning. Epigenetic therapies in clinical trials have already demonstrated effectiveness in oncological and non-oncological diseases. In this review, we propose a potential "epigenetic-based" approaches may unveil new therapeutic options for BWS patients. Although the complexity of the syndrome is high, patients can be able to lead a normal life but tumor predispositions might impair life expectancy. In this sense epigenetic therapies should have a supporting role in order to guarantee a good prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Papulino
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Chianese
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Nicoletti
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Benedetti
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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6
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Wang KH, Kupa J, Duffy KA, Kalish JM. Diagnosis and Management of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:562. [PMID: 32039119 PMCID: PMC6990127 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a human genomic imprinting disorder that presents with a wide spectrum of clinical features including overgrowth, abdominal wall defects, macroglossia, neonatal hypoglycemia, and predisposition to embryonal tumors. It is associated with genetic and epigenetic changes on the chromosome 11p15 region, which includes two imprinting control regions. Here we review strategies for diagnosing and managing BWS and delineate commonly used genetic tests to establish a molecular diagnosis of BWS. Recommended first-line testing assesses DNA methylation and copy number variation of the BWS region. Tissue mosaicism can occur in patients with BWS, posing a challenge for genetic testing, and a negative test result does not exclude a diagnosis of BWS. Further testing should analyze additional tissue samples or employ techniques with higher diagnostic yield. Identifying the BWS molecular subtype is valuable for coordinating patient care because of the (epi)genotype-phenotype correlations, including different risks and types of embryonal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen H Wang
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonida Kupa
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kelly A Duffy
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer M Kalish
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Jurkiewicz D, Kugaudo M, Skórka A, Śmigiel R, Smyk M, Ciara E, Chrzanowska K, Krajewska-Walasek M. A novelIGF2/H19domain triplication in the 11p15.5 imprinting region causing either Beckwith-Wiedemann or Silver-Russell syndrome in a single family. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:72-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Jurkiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Monika Kugaudo
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Agata Skórka
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
- Department of Pediatrics; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Robert Śmigiel
- Department of Pediatrics; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Marta Smyk
- Department of Medical Genetics; Institute of Mother and Child; Warsaw Poland
| | - Elżbieta Ciara
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Krystyna Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics; Children's Memorial Health Institute; Warsaw Poland
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8
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Robbins KM, Stabley DL, Holbrook J, Sahraoui R, Sadreameli A, Conard K, Baker L, Gripp KW, Sol-Church K. Paternal uniparental disomy with segmental loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11 are hallmark characteristics of syndromic and sporadic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3197-3206. [PMID: 27589201 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS) arises from a typically paternally derived germline mutation in the proto-oncogene HRAS, and is considered a rasopathy. CS results in failure-to-thrive, intellectual disabilities, short stature, coarse facial features, skeletal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, and a predisposition for cancer, most commonly embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS). The goal of this study was to characterize CS ERMS at the molecular level and to determine how divergent it is from sporadic ERMS. We characterized eleven ERMS tumors from eight unrelated CS patients, carrying paternally derived HRAS c.34G>A (p.Gly12Ser; 6) or c.35G>C (p.Gly12Ala; 2) mutations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was evaluated in all CS ERMS by microarray and/or short tandem repeat (STR) markers spanning the entire chromosome 11. Eight CS ERMS tumors displayed complete paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 11 (pUPD11), whereas two displayed UPD only at 11p and a second primary ERMS tumor showed UPD limited to 11p15.5, the classical hallmark for ERMS. Three sporadic ERMS cell lines (RD, Rh36, Rh18) and eight formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) ERMS tumors were also analyzed for RAS mutations and LOH status. We found a higher than anticipated frequency of RAS mutations (HRAS or NRAS; 50%) in sporadic ERMS cell lines/tumors. Unexpectedly, complete uniparental disomy (UPD11) was observed in five specimens, while the other six showed LOH extending across the p and q arms of chromosome 11. In this study, we are able to clearly demonstrate complete UPD11 in both syndromic and sporadic ERMS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Robbins
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware.,Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Deborah L Stabley
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Jennifer Holbrook
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Rebecca Sahraoui
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware.,Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware
| | - Alexa Sadreameli
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Katrina Conard
- Department of Pathology, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Laura Baker
- Division of Medical Genetics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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9
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Õunap K. Silver-Russell Syndrome and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: Opposite Phenotypes with Heterogeneous Molecular Etiology. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:110-21. [PMID: 27587987 DOI: 10.1159/000447413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) are 2 clinically opposite growth-affecting disorders belonging to the group of congenital imprinting disorders. The expression of both syndromes usually depends on the parental origin of the chromosome in which the imprinted genes reside. SRS is characterized by severe intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation with various additional clinical features such as hemihypertrophy, relative macrocephaly, fifth finger clinodactyly, and triangular facies. BWS is an overgrowth syndrome with many additional clinical features such as macroglossia, organomegaly, and an increased risk of childhood tumors. Both SRS and BWS are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and for clinical diagnosis, different diagnostic scoring systems have been developed. Six diagnostic scoring systems for SRS and 4 for BWS have been previously published. However, neither syndrome has common consensus diagnostic criteria yet. Most cases of SRS and BWS are associated with opposite epigenetic or genetic abnormalities in the 11p15 chromosomal region leading to opposite imbalances in the expression of imprinted genes. SRS is also caused by maternal uniparental disomy 7, which is usually identified in 5-10% of the cases, and is therefore the first imprinting disorder that affects 2 different chromosomes. In this review, we describe in detail the clinical diagnostic criteria and scoring systems as well as molecular causes in both SRS and BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Õunap
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Ohtsuka Y, Higashimoto K, Oka T, Yatsuki H, Jozaki K, Maeda T, Kawahara K, Hamasaki Y, Matsuo M, Nishioka K, Joh K, Mukai T, Soejima H. Identification of consensus motifs associated with mitotic recombination and clinical characteristics in patients with paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 11. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1406-19. [PMID: 26908620 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) is defined as the inheritance of both homologs of a given genomic region from only one parent. The majority of UPD includes an entire chromosome. However, the extent of UPD is sometimes limited to a subchromosomal region (segmental UPD). Mosaic paternal UPD (pUPD) of chromosome 11 is found in approximately 20% of patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and almost all pUPDs are segmental isodisomic pUPDs resulting from mitotic recombination at an early embryonic stage. A mechanism initiating a DNA double strand break (DSB) within 11p has been predicted to lead to segmental pUPD. However, no consensus motif has yet been found. Here, we analyzed 32 BWS patients with pUPD by SNP array and searched for consensus motifs. We identified four consensus motifs frequently appearing within breakpoint regions of segmental pUPD. These motifs were found in another nine BWS patients with pUPD. In addition, the seven motifs found in meiotic recombination hot spots could not be found within pUPD breakpoint regions. Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation, a marker of DSB initiation, could not be found either. These findings suggest that the mechanism(s) of mitotic recombination leading to segmental pUPD are different from that of meiotic recombination. Furthermore, we found seven patients with paternal uniparental diploidy (PUD) mosaicism. Comparison of clinical features between segmental pUPDs and PUDs showed that developmental disability and cardiac abnormalities were additional characteristic features of PUD mosaicism, along with high risk of tumor development. We also found that macroglossia was characteristic of segmental pUPD mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Ohtsuka
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Ken Higashimoto
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Takehiko Oka
- World Fusion Co., Ltd., Tokyo 103-0013, Japan and
| | - Hitomi Yatsuki
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kosuke Jozaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Toshiyuki Maeda
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | | | - Yuhei Hamasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Muneaki Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nishioka
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Keiichiro Joh
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Hidenobu Soejima
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
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Takatani R, Minagawa M, Molinaro A, Reyes M, Kinoshita K, Takatani T, Kazukawa I, Nagatsuma M, Kashimada K, Sato K, Matsushita K, Nomura F, Shimojo N, Jüppner H. Similar frequency of paternal uniparental disomy involving chromosome 20q (patUPD20q) in Japanese and Caucasian patients affected by sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (sporPHP1B). Bone 2015; 79:15-20. [PMID: 25997889 PMCID: PMC4501871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib (PHP1B) is caused by proximal tubular resistance to parathyroid hormone that occurs in most cases in the absence of Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO). Familial forms of PHP1B are caused by maternally inherited microdeletions within STX16, the gene encoding syntaxin 16, or within GNAS, a complex genetic locus on chromosome 20q13.3 encoding Gsα and several splice variants thereof. These deletions lead either to a loss-of-methylation affecting GNAS exon A/B alone or to epigenetic changes involving multiple differentially methylated regions (DMRs) within GNAS. Broad GNAS methylation abnormalities are also observed in most sporadic PHP1B (sporPHP1B) cases. However, with the exception of paternal uniparental disomy involving chromosome 20q (patUPD20q), the molecular mechanism leading to this disease variant remains unknown. We now investigated 23 Japanese sporPHP1B cases, who presented with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated PTH levels, and occasionally with TSH elevations and mild AHO features. Age at diagnosis was 10.6 ± 1.45 years. Calcium, phosphate, and PTH were 6.3 ± 0.23 mg/dL, 7.7 ± 0.33 mg/dL, and 305 ± 34.5 pg/mL, respectively, i.e. laboratory findings that are indistinguishable from those previously observed for Caucasian sporPHP1B cases. All investigated patients showed broad GNAS methylation changes. Eleven individuals were homozygous for SNPs within exon NESP and a pentanucleotide repeat in exon A/B. Two of these patients furthermore revealed homozygosity for numerous microsatellite markers on chromosome 20q raising the possibility of patUPD20q, which was confirmed through the analysis of parental DNA. Based on this and our previous reports, paternal duplication of the chromosomal region comprising the GNAS locus appears to be a fairly common cause of sporPHP1B that is likely to occur with equal frequency in Caucasians and Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Takatani
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masanori Minagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Angelo Molinaro
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Reyes
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaori Kinoshita
- Department of Pediatrics, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Tomozumi Takatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Itsuro Kazukawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Endocrinology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Misako Nagatsuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sato
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Nomura
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis & Division of Clinical Genetics and Proteomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ibrahim A, Kirby G, Hardy C, Dias RP, Tee L, Lim D, Berg J, MacDonald F, Nightingale P, Maher ER. Methylation analysis and diagnostics of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome in 1,000 subjects. Clin Epigenetics 2014; 6:11. [PMID: 24982696 PMCID: PMC4064264 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a congenital overgrowth disorder with variable expressivity and a predisposition to tumorigenesis, results from disordered expression and/or function of imprinted genes at chromosome 11p15.5. There are no generally agreed clinical diagnostic criteria, with molecular studies commonly performed to confirm diagnosis. In particular, methylation status analysis at two 11p15.5 imprinting control centres (IC1 and IC2) detects up to 80% of BWS cases (though low-level mosaicism may not be detected). In order to evaluate the relationship between the clinical presentation of suspected BWS and IC1/2 methylation abnormalities we reviewed the results of >1,000 referrals for molecular diagnostic testing. Results Out of 1,091 referrals, 507 (46.5%) had a positive diagnostic test for BWS. The frequency of tumours was 3.4% in those with a molecular diagnosis of BWS. Previously reported genotype-phenotype associations with paternal uniparental disomy, IC1, and IC2 epimutation groups were confirmed and potential novel associations detected. Predictive values of previously described clinical diagnostic criteria were compared and, although there were differences in their sensitivity and specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that these were not optimal in predicting 11p15.5 methylation abnormalities. Using logistic regression, we identified clinical features with the best predictive value for a positive methylation abnormality. Furthermore, we developed a weighted scoring system (sensitivity 75.9%, and specificity 81.8%) to prioritise patients presenting with the most common features of BWS, and ROC analysis demonstrated superior performance (area under the curve 0.85, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.87) compared to previous criteria. Conclusions We suggest that this novel tool will facilitate selection of patients with suspected BWS for routine diagnostic testing and so improve the diagnosis of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ; Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Gail Kirby
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carol Hardy
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Renuka P Dias
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Louise Tee
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Derek Lim
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK ; West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Jonathan Berg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Fiona MacDonald
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK
| | - Peter Nightingale
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK ; Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Azzi S, Abi Habib W, Netchine I. Beckwith-Wiedemann and Russell-Silver Syndromes: from new molecular insights to the comprehension of imprinting regulation. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014; 21:30-8. [PMID: 24322424 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The imprinted human 11p15.5 region encompasses two imprinted domains important for the control of fetal growth: the H19/IGF2 domain in the telomeric region and the KCNQ1OT1/CDKN1C domain in the centromeric region. These two domains are differentially methylated and each is regulated by its own imprinting control region (ICR): ICR1 in the telomeric region and ICR2 in the centromeric region. Aberrant methylation of the 11p15.5 imprinted region, through genetic or epigenetic mechanisms, leads to two clinical syndromes, with opposite growth phenotypes: Russell-Silver Syndrome (RSS; with severe fetal and postnatal growth retardation) and Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS; an overgrowth syndrome). RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we discuss the recently identified molecular abnormalities at 11p15.5 involved in RSS and BWS, which have led to the identification of cis-acting elements and trans-acting regulatory factors involved in the regulation of imprinting in this region. We also discuss the multilocus imprinting disorders identified in various human syndromes, their clinical outcomes and their impact on commonly identified metabolism disorders. SUMMARY These new findings and progress in this field will have direct consequence for diagnostic and predictive tools, risk assessment and genetic counseling for these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Azzi
- aAP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes bUPMC Paris 6, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Antoine cINSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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Tee L, Lim DH, Dias RP, Baudement MO, Slater AA, Kirby G, Hancocks T, Stewart H, Hardy C, Macdonald F, Maher ER. Epimutation profiling in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: relationship with assisted reproductive technology. Clin Epigenetics 2013; 5:23. [PMID: 24325814 PMCID: PMC3878854 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth disorder associated with abnormalities in 11p15.5 imprinted genes. The most common cause is loss of methylation (epimutation) at the imprinting control centre 2 (IC2/KvDMR1). Most IC2 epimutations occur sporadically but an association with conception after assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has been reported. A subgroup of IC2 epimutation cases also harbour epimutations at other imprinting centres (ICs) outside of 11p15.5. We have investigated the relationship between these multiple epimutation cases (ME+), history of ART and clinical phenotype in a cohort of 187 BWS IC2 epimutation patients. Results Methylation analysis at PLAGL1, MEST and IGF2R ICs demonstrated an over-representation of patients with abnormally low methylation (8.5%, 12% and 6% respectively). At IGF2R some patients (2%) had gain of methylation but this was also detected in controls. Though there were no significant correlations between the methylation index (MIs) at the three ICs tested, a subset of patients appeared to be susceptible to multiple epimutations (ME+) and 21.2% of ME + patients had been conceived by ART compared to 4.5% (P = 0.0033) without additional epimutations. Methylation array profiling (Illumina Goldengate®) of patients and controls (excluding 11p15.5 loci) demonstrated significant differences between patients and controls. No significant associations were found between aspects of the BWS phenotype and individual epimutations but we describe a case presenting with a post-ART BWS-like phenotype in which molecular analysis demonstrated loss of paternal allele methylation at the 11p15.5 IC1 locus (IC1 regulates imprinting of IGF2 and H19). Loss of paternal allele methylation at the IC1 is the molecular finding associated with Silver-Russell syndrome whereas BWS is associated with gain of maternal allele methylation at IC1. Further analysis demonstrated epimutations at PLAGL1 and MEST consistent with the hypothesis that the presence of multiple epimutations may be of clinical relevance. Conclusions These findings suggest that the ME + subgroup of BWS patients are preferentially, but not exclusively, associated with a history of ART and that, though at present, there are no clear epigenotype-phenotype correlations for ME + BWS patients, non-11p15.5 IC epimutations can influence clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eamonn R Maher
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Jobanputra V, Wilson A, Shirazi M, Feenstra H, Levy B, Anyane-Yeboa K, Warburton D. Partial uniparental disomy with mosaic deletion 13q in an infant with multiple congenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2393-5. [PMID: 23897564 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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SNP arrays in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: an improved diagnostic strategy. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:546-50. [PMID: 23892181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is an overgrowth disorder with an increased risk of childhood tumors that results from a dysregulation of imprinted gene expression in the 11p15 region. Since epigenetic defects are the most frequent anomalies, first-line diagnostic methods involve methylation analysis. When paternal isodisomy is suspected, it should be confirmed by a second technique capable of distinguishing true 11p15 paternal disomy (patUPD) from paternal 11p15 duplication or 11p15 trisomy. We sought to evaluate the interest of using SNP arrays in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome diagnostic strategy. We analyzed the SNP profiles of 25 Beckwith Wiedemann patients with previously determined methylation indexes. Among them, 3 had 11p15 trisomies, 13 had patUPD, 8 had an inconclusive methylation index and 1 had a normal result. All known trisomies and known patUPDs were detected. Moreover we found 7 low-rate mosaicisms 11p15 patUPDs among the 8 patients with an inconclusive methylation index. We were able to precisely characterize the sizes and mosaicism rates of the anomalies. We demonstrate that SNP arrays are of real diagnostic interest in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: 1) they help to distinguish patUPDs from trisomies more precisely than karyotyping and FISH, 2) they help determine the size and mosaicism rate of patUPDs, 3) they provide complementary information in inconclusive cases, helping to distinguish low-rate patUPD mosaicism from other BWS-related molecular defects.
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18
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Putoux A, Labalme A, André JM, Till M, Schluth-Bolard C, Berard J, Bertrand Y, Edery P, Putet G, Sanlaville D. Jacobsen and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes in a child with mosaicism for partial 11pter trisomy and partial 11qter monosomy. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:331-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Wilms' tumour (WT) is an embryonal cancer of childhood and is thought to be derived from embryonic kidney precursor cells. The Knudson two hit model was initially thought to occur in WT, but findings emerging from genetic and cytogenetic studies in the past two decades have implicated several genetic events. Recent techniques in genetic analysis have improved our ability to characterise changes in genes involved in WT which include WT1, CTNNB1, IGF2 and WTX. These genetic events have not only provided insight into the pathobiology of this malignancy, but the recognition of these candidate genes may offer potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we will provide an overview of the pathological, genetic and cytogenetic characteristics of WT.
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Demars J, Rossignol S, Netchine I, Lee KS, Shmela M, Faivre L, Weill J, Odent S, Azzi S, Callier P, Lucas J, Dubourg C, Andrieux J, Le Bouc Y, El-Osta A, Gicquel C. New insights into the pathogenesis of Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes: contribution of small copy number variations to 11p15 imprinting defects. Hum Mutat 2011; 32:1171-82. [PMID: 21780245 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The imprinted 11p15 region is organized in two domains, each of them under the control of its own imprinting control region (ICR1 for the IGF2/H19 domain and ICR2 for the KCNQ1OT1/CDKN1C domain). Disruption of 11p15 imprinting results in two fetal growth disorders with opposite phenotypes: the Beckwith-Wiedemann (BWS) and the Silver-Russell (SRS) syndromes. Various 11p15 genetic and epigenetic defects have been demonstrated in BWS and SRS. Among them, isolated DNA methylation defects account for approximately 60% of patients. To investigate whether cryptic copy number variations (CNVs) involving only part of one of the two imprinted domains account for 11p15 isolated DNA methylation defects, we designed a single nucleotide polymorphism array covering the whole 11p15 imprinted region and genotyped 185 SRS or BWS cases with loss or gain of DNA methylation at either ICR1 or ICR2. We describe herein novel small gain and loss CNVs in six BWS or SRS patients, including maternally inherited cis-duplications involving only part of one of the two imprinted domains. We also show that ICR2 deletions do not account for BWS with ICR2 loss of methylation and that uniparental isodisomy involving only one of the two imprinted domains is not a mechanism for SRS or BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Demars
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Romanelli V, Meneses HNM, Fernández L, Martínez-Glez V, Gracia-Bouthelier R, F Fraga M, Guillén E, Nevado J, Gean E, Martorell L, Marfil VE, García-Miñaur S, Lapunzina P. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and uniparental disomy 11p: fine mapping of the recombination breakpoints and evaluation of several techniques. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:416-21. [PMID: 21248736 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous overgrowth syndrome characterized by somatic overgrowth, macroglossia and abdominal wall defects. Other usual findings are hemihyperplasia, embryonal tumours, adrenocortical cytomegaly, ear anomalies, visceromegaly, renal abnormalities, neonatal hypoglycaemia, cleft palate, polydactyly and a positive family history. BWS is a complex, multigenic disorder associated, in up to 90% of patients, with alteration in the expression or function of one or more genes in the 11p15.5 imprinted gene cluster. There are several molecular anomalies associated with BWS and the large proportion of cases, about 85%, is sporadic and karyotypically normal. One of the major categories of BWS molecular alteration (10-20% of cases) is represented by mosaic paternal uniparental disomy (pUPD), namely patients with two paternally derived copies of chromosome 11p15 and no maternal contribution for that. In these patients, in addition to the effects of IGF2 overexpression, a decreased level of the maternally expressed gene CDKN1C may contribute to the BWS phenotype. In this paper, we reviewed a series of nine patients with BWS because of pUPD using several methods with the aim to evaluate the percentage of mosaicism, the methylation status at both loci, the extension of the pUPD at the short arm and the breakpoints of recombination. Fine mapping of mitotic recombination breakpoints by single-nucleotide polymorphism-array in individuals with UPD and fine estimation of epigenetic defects will provide a basis for understanding the aetiology of BWS, allowing more accurate prognostic predictions and facilitating management and surveillance of individuals with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanelli
- INGEMM, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IDIPaz, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Prakash S, LeMaire SA, Bray M, Milewicz DM, Belmont JW. Large deletions and uniparental disomy detected by SNP arrays in adults with thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2399-405. [PMID: 20683997 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Prakash
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sickle cell disease resulting from uniparental disomy in a child who inherited sickle cell trait. Blood 2010; 116:2822-5. [PMID: 20595515 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-284331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a classic example of a disorder with recessive Mendelian inheritance, in which each parent contributes one mutant allele to an affected offspring. However, there are exceptions to that rule. We describe here the first reported case of conversion of inherited sickle cell trait to SCD by uniparental disomy (UPD) resulting in mosaicism for SS and AS erythrocytes. A 14-year-old boy presented with splenomegaly and hemolysis. Although his father has sickle cell trait, his mother has no abnormal hemoglobin (Hb). DNA sequencing, performed to rule out Hb S/β-thalassemia, detected homozygous Hb SS. Further studies revealed mosaic UPD of the β-globin locus, more SS erythroid progenitors than AS, but a reverse ratio of erythrocytes resulting from the survival advantage of AS erythrocytes. This report exemplifies non-Mendelian genetics wherein a patient who inherited sickle cell trait has mild SCD resulting from postzygotic mitotic recombination leading to UPD.
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Houge G, Lybaek H, Gulati S. Mosaicism for combined tetrasomy of chromosomes 8 and 18 in a dysmorphic child: a result of failed tetraploidy correction? BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:42. [PMID: 19445731 PMCID: PMC2691399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Mosaic whole-chromosome tetrasomy has not previously been described as a cause of fetal malformations. Case presentation In a markedly dysmorphic child with heart malformations and developmental delay, CGH analysis of newborn blood DNA suggested a 50% dose increase of chromosomes 8 and 18, despite a normal standard karyotype investigation. Subsequent FISH analysis revealed leukocytes with four chromosomes 8 and four chromosomes 18. The child's phenotype had resemblance to both mosaic trisomy 8 and mosaic trisomy 18. The double tetrasomy was caused by mitotic malsegregation of all four chromatids of both chromosome pairs. A possible origin of such an error is incomplete correction of a tetraploid state resulting from failed cytokinesis or mitotic slippage during early embryonic development. Conclusion This unique case suggests that embryonic cells may have a mechanism for tetraploidy correction that involves mitotic pairing of homologous chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houge
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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25
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Santiago J, Muszlak M, Samson C, Goulois E, Glorion A, Atale A, Ranaivoarivony V, Hebert JC, Bouvier R, Cordier MP. [Malignancy risk and Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome: what follow-up to provide?]. Arch Pediatr 2008; 15:1498-502. [PMID: 18674889 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS) is a syndrome of excessive growing with a high predisposition to developing embryologic tumours within the first years of life. This risk is evaluated between 7.5 and 10%; it varies with the mechanisms of mutations involved. These take place in two distinct domains of 11p15, which are under parental printing. Emerging techniques of cytogenetic and molecular biology now have shown correlations between genotypes and phenotypes, and can identify the 30% of WBS who are especially at risk of developing tumours. A specific follow-up, integrating the specificity of developing tumours of each 11p15 mutations involved, is now proposed to patients with WBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santiago
- Service de pédiatrie, centre hospitalier de Mayotte, BP 04, 97600 Mamoudzou, Mayotte.
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Smith AC, Shuman C, Chitayat D, Steele L, Ray PN, Bourgeois J, Weksberg R. Severe presentation of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome associated with high levels of constitutional paternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 11p15. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:3010-5. [PMID: 18000906 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by macrosomia, macroglossia, omphalocele, hemihyperplasia, and increased tumor risk. BWS can be associated with genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that modify imprinted gene expression on chromosome 11p15.5. Somatic mosaicism for paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 11p15, found in 20% of BWS patients, is associated with specific features of BWS including hemihyperplasia, Wilms tumor, and hepatoblastoma. The highly variable phenotypic spectrum of BWS associated with UPD may well reflect the level of UPD 11 cells in specific organs and tissues such that very high levels of UPD might produce a more severe phenotypic expression of BWS. In this regard we report on two patients with severe presentations of BWS and extremely high levels of UPD in DNA from lymphocytes. Clinically, both patients demonstrated extreme macroglossia, persistent hypoglycemia, cardiomyopathy, hemihyperplasia, renal abnormalities, abdominal organomegaly, hepatoblastoma and died in the first 6 months of life. These two patients support the hypothesis that high levels of UPD define high expressivity in BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Smith
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Linhart HG, Lin H, Yamada Y, Moran E, Steine EJ, Gokhale S, Lo G, Cantu E, Ehrich M, He T, Meissner A, Jaenisch R. Dnmt3b promotes tumorigenesis in vivo by gene-specific de novo methylation and transcriptional silencing. Genes Dev 2007; 21:3110-22. [PMID: 18056424 PMCID: PMC2081977 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1594007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increased methylation of CpG islands and silencing of affected target genes is frequently found in human cancer; however, in vivo the question of causality has only been addressed by loss-of-function studies. To directly evaluate the role and mechanism of de novo methylation in tumor development, we overexpressed the de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a1 and Dnmt3b1 in Apc Min/+ mice. We found that Dnmt3b1 enhanced the number of colon tumors in Apc Min/+ mice approximately twofold and increased the average size of colonic microadenomas, whereas Dnmt3a1 had no effect. The overexpression of Dnmt3b1 caused loss of imprinting and increased expression of Igf2 as well as methylation and transcriptional silencing of the tumor suppressor genes Sfrp2, Sfrp4, and Sfrp5. Importantly, we found that Dnmt3b1 but not Dnmt3a1 efficiently methylates the same set of genes in tumors and in nontumor tissues, demonstrating that de novo methyltransferases can initiate methylation and silencing of specific genes in phenotypically normal cells. This suggests that DNA methylation patterns in cancer are the result of specific targeting of at least some tumor suppressor genes rather than of random, stochastic methylation followed by clonal selection due to a proliferative advantage caused by tumor suppressor gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz G. Linhart
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Haijiang Lin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department for Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Eva Moran
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Eveline J. Steine
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Sumita Gokhale
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Grace Lo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Erika Cantu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Timothy He
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alex Meissner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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