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Gao X, Huo H, Bao H, Wang J, Gao D. Changes of Active Substances in Ganoderma lucidum during Different Growth Periods and Analysis of Their Molecular Mechanism. Molecules 2024; 29:2591. [PMID: 38893471 PMCID: PMC11173900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum, renowned as an essential edible and medicinal mushroom in China, remains shrouded in limited understanding concerning the intrinsic mechanisms governing the accumulation of active components and potential protein expression across its diverse developmental stages. Accordingly, this study employed a meticulous integration of metabolomics and proteomics techniques to scrutinize the dynamic alterations in metabolite accumulation and protein expression in G. lucidum throughout its growth phases. The metabolomics analysis unveiled elevated levels of triterpenoids, steroids, and polyphenolic compounds during the budding stage (BS) of mushroom growth, with prominent compounds including Diplazium and Ganoderenic acids E, H, and I, alongside key steroids such as cholesterol and 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3beta-ol. Additionally, nutrients such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, and purines exhibited heightened presence during the maturation stage (FS) of ascospores. Proteomic scrutiny demonstrated the modulation of triterpenoid synthesis by the CYP450, HMGR, HMGS, and ERG protein families, all exhibiting a decline as G. lucidum progressed, except for the ARE family, which displayed an upward trajectory. Therefore, BS is recommended as the best harvesting period for G. lucidum. This investigation contributes novel insights into the holistic exploitation of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Huimin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Haiying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Jialu Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China;
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Fang Y, Wu D, Gao N, Lv M, Zhou M, Ma C, Sun Y, Cui B. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of the medicinal fungus Sanguinoderma infundibulare in Ganodermataceae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae005. [PMID: 38366555 PMCID: PMC10989896 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Sanguinoderma infundibulare is a newly discovered species of Ganodermataceae known to have high medicinal and ecological values. In this study, the whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses were conducted to further understand Ganodermataceae's genomic structural and functional characteristics. Using the Illumina NovaSeq and PacBio Sequel platforms, 88 scaffolds were assembled to obtain a 48.99-Mb high-quality genome of S. infundibulare. A total of 14,146 protein-coding genes were annotated in the whole genome, with 98.6% of complete benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs (BUSCO) scores. Comparative genomic analyses were conducted among S. infundibulare, Sanguinoderma rugosum, Ganoderma lucidum, and Ganoderma sinense to determine their intergeneric differences. The 4 species were found to share 4,011 orthogroups, and 24 specific gene families were detected in the genus Sanguinoderma. The gene families associated with carbohydrate esterase in S. infundibulare were significantly abundant, which was reported to be involved in hemicellulose degradation. One specific gene family in Sanguinoderma was annotated with siroheme synthase, which may be related to the typical characteristics of fresh pore surface changing to blood red when bruised. This study enriched the available genome data for the genus Sanguinoderma, elucidated the differences between Ganoderma and Sanguinoderma, and provided insights into the characteristics of the genome structure and function of S. infundibulare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832061, China
| | - Neng Gao
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Enhancement and Gene Resources Utilization, Biotechnology Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi 832061, China
| | - Mengxue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuangui Ma
- Beijing Jingcheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baokai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Ahmad MF, A. Alsayegh A, Ahmad FA, Akhtar MS, Alavudeen SS, Bantun F, Wahab S, Ahmed A, Ali M, Elbendary EY, Raposo A, Kambal N, H. Abdelrahman M. Ganoderma lucidum: Insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with development of secondary metabolites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25607. [PMID: 38356540 PMCID: PMC10865332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a versatile mushroom. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicinal mushrooms since ancient times. They are currently used as nutraceuticals and functional foods. G. lucidum extracts and their bioactive compounds have been used as an alternative to antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties make it a possible substitute that could be applied as immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic. The miraculous properties of secondary metabolites fascinate researchers for their development and production. Recent studies have paid close attention to the different physical, genetic, biochemical, and nutritional parameters that potentiate the production of secondary metabolites. This review is an effort to collect biologically active constituents from G. lucidum that reveal potential actions against diseases with the latest improvement in a novel technique to get maximum production of secondary metabolites. Studies are going ahead to determine the efficacy of numerous compounds and assess the valuable properties achieved by G. lucidum in favor of antimicrobial and antioxidant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, School of Engineering and Science, G.D Goenka University, Gru Gram, 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Md Sayeed Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudeen S. Alavudeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Ahmed
- Department of Management, Shri JJT University, Rajasthan, Post code; 333010, India
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, CBS College of Pharmacy & Technology (Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences), Chandpur, Faridabad, Haryana, 121101, India
| | - Ehab Y. Elbendary
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nahla Kambal
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelrahman
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Guo M, Lv H, Chen H, Dong S, Zhang J, Liu W, He L, Ma Y, Yu H, Chen S, Luo H. Strategies on biosynthesis and production of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:13-26. [PMID: 38375043 PMCID: PMC10874775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a valuable source of essential medicines and herbal products for healthcare and disease therapy. Compared with chemical synthesis and extraction, the biosynthesis of natural products is a very promising alternative for the successful conservation of medicinal plants, and its rapid development will greatly facilitate the conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants. Here, we summarize the advances in strategies and methods concerning the biosynthesis and production of natural products of medicinal plants. The strategies and methods mainly include genetic engineering, plant cell culture engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology based on multiple "OMICS" technologies, with paradigms for the biosynthesis of terpenoids and alkaloids. We also highlight the biosynthetic approaches and discuss progress in the production of some valuable natural products, exemplifying compounds such as vindoline (alkaloid), artemisinin and paclitaxel (terpenoids), to illustrate the power of biotechnology in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoxian Guo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haizhou Lv
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuting Dong
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liu He
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimian Ma
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
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He X, Chen Y, Li Z, Fang L, Chen H, Liang Z, Abozeid A, Yang Z, Yang D. Germplasm resources and secondary metabolism regulation in Reishi mushroom ( Ganoderma lucidum). CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:376-382. [PMID: 37538858 PMCID: PMC10394326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a valuable medical macrofungus with a myriad of diverse secondary metabolites, in which triterpenoids are the major constituents. This paper introduced the germplasm resources of genus Ganoderma from textual research, its distribution and identification at the molecular level. Also we overviewed G. lucidum in the components, the biological activities and biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acid, aiming to provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of G. lucidum germplasm resources and the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhenhao Li
- Zhejiang Shouxiangu Botanical Drug Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Zhejiang Shouxiangu Botanical Drug Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine Co., Ltd. of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Health Food, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Ann Abozeid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkoom 32511, Egypt
| | - Zongqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine Co., Ltd. of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Health Food, Shaoxing 312000, China
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Cai M, Wu X, Liang X, Hu H, Liu Y, Yong T, Li X, Xiao C, Gao X, Chen S, Xie Y, Wu Q. Comparative proteomic analysis of two divergent strains provides insights into thermotolerance mechanisms of Ganoderma lingzhi. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 167:103796. [PMID: 37146899 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is a major abiotic factor influencing fungal growth and metabolism. However, the genetic basis of thermotolerance in Ganoderma lingzhi (G. lingzhi) remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the thermotolerance capacities of 21 G. lingzhi strains and screened the thermo-tolerant (S566) and heat-sensitive (Z381) strains. The mycelia of S566 and Z381 were collected and subjected to a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteome assay. We identified 1493 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with 376 and 395 DEPs specific to the heat-tolerant and heat-susceptible genotypes, respectively. In the heat-tolerant genotype, upregulated proteins were linked to stimulus regulation and response. Proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor biosynthesis, and cell wall macromolecule metabolism were downregulated in susceptible genotypes. After HS, the mycelial growth of the heat-sensitive Z381 strain was inhibited, and mitochondrial cristae and cell wall integrity of this strain were severely impaired, suggesting that HS may inhibit mycelial growth of Z381 by damaging the cell wall and mitochondrial structure. Furthermore, thermotolerance-related regulatory pathways were explored by analyzing the protein-protein interaction network of DEPs considered to participate in the controlling the thermotolerance capacity. This study provides insights into G. lingzhi thermotolerance mechanisms and a basis for breeding a thermotolerant germplasm bank for G. lingzhi and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tianqiao Yong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Qingping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Characteristics of the Genome, Transcriptome and Ganoderic Acid of the Medicinal Fungus Ganoderma lingzhi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121257. [PMID: 36547590 PMCID: PMC9784716 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma (Ganodermaceae) is a genus of edible and medicinal mushrooms that create a diverse set of bioactive compounds. Ganoderma lingzhi has been famous in China for more than 2000 years for its medicinal properties. However, the genome information of G. lingzhi has not been characterized. Here, we characterized its 49.15-Mb genome, encoding 13,125 predicted genes which were sequenced by the Illumina and PacBio platform. A wide spectrum of carbohydrate-active enzymes, with a total number of 519 CAZymes were identified in G. lingzhi. Then, the genes involved in sexual recognition and ganoderic acid (GA, key bioactive metabolite) biosynthesis were characterized. In addition, we identified and deduced the possible structures of 20 main GA constituents by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, including a new special ganochlearic acid A. Furthermore, 3996 novel transcripts were discovered, and 9276 genes were predicted to have the possibility of alternative splicing from RNA-Seq data. The alternative splicing genes were enriched for functional categories involved in protein processing, endocytosis, and metabolic activities by KEGG. These genomic, transcriptomic, and GA constituents’ resources would enrich the toolbox for biological, genetic, and secondary metabolic pathways studies in G. lingzhi.
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Whole-Genome Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of Ganoderma lucidum Strain Yw-1-5 Provides New Insights into the Enhanced Effect of Tween80 on Exopolysaccharide Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101081. [PMID: 36294646 PMCID: PMC9605614 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is an important medicinal mushroom widely cultured in Asian countries. Exopolysaccharides are bioactive compounds of G. lucidum with health benefits. Limited exopolysaccharide content hinders its extraction from G. lucidum. The addition of Tween80 had an enhanced effect on G. lucidum exopolysaccharide production in submerged fermentation. However, the mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In this study, we report on a high-quality assembly of G. lucidum strain yw-1-5 to lay the foundation for further transcriptome analysis. The genome sequence was 58.16 Mb and consisted of 58 scaffolds with an N50 of 4.78 Mb. A total of 13,957 protein-coding genes were annotated and Hi-C data mapped to 12 pseudo-chromosomes. Genes encoding glycosyltransferases and glycoside hydrolases were also obtained. Furthermore, RNA-seq was performed in a Tween80-treated group and control group for revealing the enhanced effect of Tween80 on exopolysaccharide production. In total, 655 genes were identified as differentially expressed, including 341 up-regulated and 314 down-regulated. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that groups of MAPK, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, autophagy, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, peroxisome, starch and sucrose metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis KEGG pathway, glycosyltransferases and glycoside hydrolases played important roles in the enhanced effect of Tween80 on exopolysaccharide production. This work provides a valuable resource for facilitating our understanding of the synthesis of polysaccharides and accelerating the breeding of new strains with a high content of exopolysaccharides.
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Wang L, Ding X, Huang Q, Hu B, Liang L, Wang Q. Gllac7 Is Induced by Agricultural and Forestry Residues and Exhibits Allelic Expression Bias in Ganoderma lucidum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:890686. [PMID: 35847055 PMCID: PMC9279560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.890686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has a wide carbon spectrum, while the expression profile of key genes relevant to carbon metabolism on different carbon sources has been seldom studied. Here, the transcriptomes of G. lucidum mycelia cultured on each of 19 carbon sources were conducted. In comparison with glucose, 16 to 1,006 genes were upregulated and 7 to 1,865 genes were downregulated. Significant gene expression dynamics and induced activity were observed in laccase genes when using agricultural and forestry residues (AFRs) as solo carbon sources. Furthermore, study of laccase gene family in two haploids of G. lucidum GL0102 was conducted. Totally, 15 and 16 laccase genes were identified in GL0102_53 and GL0102_8, respectively, among which 15 pairs were allelic genes. Gene structures were conserved between allelic laccase genes, while sequence variations (most were SNPs) existed. Nine laccase genes rarely expressed on all the tested carbon sources, while the other seven genes showed high expression level on AFRs, especially Gllac2 and Gllac7, which showed 5- to 1,149-fold and 4- to 94-fold upregulation in mycelia cultured for 5 days, respectively. The expression of H53lac7 was consistently higher than that of H8lac7_1 on all the carbon sources except XM, exhibiting a case of allelic expression bias. A total of 47 SNPs and 3 insertions/deletions were observed between promoters of H53lac7 and H8lac7_1, which lead to differences in predicted binding sites of zinc fingers. These results provide scientific data for understanding the gene expression profile and regulatory role on different carbon sources and may support further functional research of laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfu Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Reddy B, Mehta S, Prakash G, Sheoran N, Kumar A. Structured Framework and Genome Analysis of Magnaporthe grisea Inciting Pearl Millet Blast Disease Reveals Versatile Metabolic Pathways, Protein Families, and Virulence Factors. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060614. [PMID: 35736098 PMCID: PMC9225118 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Herbert) M.E. Barr is a major fungal phytopathogen that causes blast disease in cereals, resulting in economic losses worldwide. An in-depth understanding of the basis of virulence and ecological adaptation of M. grisea is vital for devising effective disease management strategies. Here, we aimed to determine the genomic basis of the pathogenicity and underlying biochemical pathways in Magnaporthe using the genome sequence of a pearl millet-infecting M. grisea PMg_Dl generated by dual NGS techniques, Illumina NextSeq 500 and PacBio RS II. The short and long nucleotide reads could be draft assembled in 341 contigs and showed a genome size of 47.89 Mb with the N50 value of 765.4 Kb. Magnaporthe grisea PMg_Dl showed an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 86% and 98% with M. oryzae and Pyricularia pennisetigena, respectively. The gene-calling method revealed a total of 10,218 genes and 10,184 protein-coding sequences in the genome of PMg_Dl. InterProScan of predicted protein showed a distinct 3637 protein families and 695 superfamilies in the PMg_Dl genome. In silico virulence analysis revealed the presence of 51VFs and 539 CAZymes in the genome. The genomic regions for the biosynthesis of cellulolytic endo-glucanase and beta-glucosidase, as well as pectinolytic endo-polygalacturonase, pectin-esterase, and pectate-lyases (pectinolytic) were detected. Signaling pathways modulated by MAPK, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, and mTOR were also deciphered. Multicopy sequences suggestive of transposable elements such as Type LTR, LTR/Copia, LTR/Gypsy, DNA/TcMar-Fot1, and Type LINE were recorded. The genomic resource presented here will be of use in the development of molecular marker and diagnosis, population genetics, disease management, and molecular taxonomy, and also provide a genomic reference for ascomycetous genome investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Reddy
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (G.P.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (A.K.)
| | - Sahil Mehta
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Ganesan Prakash
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (G.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sheoran
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (G.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Aundy Kumar
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (G.P.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.R.); (A.K.)
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Mao Z, Yang P, Liu H, Mao Y, Lei Y, Hou D, Ma H, Liao X, Jiang W. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the White-Rot Fungus Ceriporia lacerata Reveals Its Phylogenetic Status and the Genetic Basis of Lignocellulose Degradation and Terpenoid Synthesis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:880946. [PMID: 35685935 PMCID: PMC9171200 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.880946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceriporia lacerata is an endophytic white-rot fungus that has lignocellulolytic and terpenoid-biosynthetic abilities. However, little is known about the genomic architecture of this fungus, even at the genus level. In this study, we present the first de novo genome assembly of C. lacerata (CGMCC No. 10485), based on PacBio long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing. The size of the C. lacerata genome is approximately 36 Mb (N50, 3.4 Mb). It encodes a total of 13,243 genes, with further functional analysis revealing that these genes are primarily involved in primary metabolism and host interactions in this strain's saprophytic lifestyle. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS demonstrated a primary evolutionary position for C. lacerata, while the phylogenetic analysis based on orthogroup inference and average nucleotide identity revealed high-resolution phylogenetic details in which Ceriporia, Phlebia, Phlebiopsis, and Phanerochaete belong to the same evolutionary clade within the order Polyporales. Annotation of carbohydrate-active enzymes across the genome yielded a total of 806 genes encoding enzymes that decompose lignocellulose, particularly ligninolytic enzymes, lytic polysaccharides monooxygenases, and enzymes involved in the biodegradation of aromatic components. These findings illustrate the strain's adaptation to woody habitats, which requires the degradation of lignin and various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The terpenoid-production potential of C. lacerata was evaluated by comparing the genes of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways across nine Polyporales species. The shared genes highlight the major part of terpenoid synthesis pathways, especially the mevalonic acid pathway, as well as the main pathways of sesquiterpenoid, monoterpenoid, diterpenoid, and triterpenoid synthesis, while the strain-specific genes illustrate the distinct genetic factors determining the synthesis of structurally diverse terpenoids. This is the first genomic analysis of a species from this genus that we are aware of, and it will help advance functional genome research and resource development of this important fungus for applications in renewable energy, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Mao
- Biodesign Center, Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yufeng Mao
- Biodesign Center, Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Lei
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongwei Hou
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Biodesign Center, Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Biodesign Center, Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxia Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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13
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Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids from basidiomycetes: exploration of new research. AMB Express 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 34779947 PMCID: PMC8594250 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes, also known as club fungi, consist of a specific group of fungi. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of secondary metabolites, of which sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids are the primary components. However, these terpenoids tend to be present in low amounts, which makes it difficult to meet application requirements. Terpenoid biosynthesis improves the quantity of these secondary metabolites. However, current understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of terpenoids in basidiomycetes is insufficient. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and summarizes the CYP450 involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes. We also propose opportunities and challenges for chassis microbial heterologous production of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and provide a reference basis for the better development of basidiomycete engineering.
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Jiang N, Hu S, Peng B, Li Z, Yuan X, Xiao S, Fu Y. Genome of Ganoderma Species Provides Insights Into the Evolution, Conifers Substrate Utilization, and Terpene Synthesis for Ganoderma tsugae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:724451. [PMID: 34603250 PMCID: PMC8481371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.724451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma tsugae is an endemic medicinal mushroom in Northeast China, providing important source of pharmaceutical product. Comparing with other Ganoderma species, wild G. tsugae can utilize coniferous wood. However, functional genes related to medicinal component synthesis and the genetic mechanism of conifer substrate utilization is still obscure. Here, we assembled a high-quality G. tsugae genome with 18 contigs and 98.5% BUSCO genes and performed the comparative genomics with other Ganoderma species. G. tsugae diverged from their common ancestor of G. lingzhi and G. sinense about 21 million years ago. Genes in G. tsugae-specific and G. tsugae-expanded gene families, such as salh, phea, cyp53a1, and cyp102a, and positively selected genes, such as glpk and amie, were functionally enriched in plant-pathogen interaction, benzoate degradation, and fanconi anemia pathway. Those functional genes might contribute to conifer substrate utilization of G. tsugae. Meanwhile, gene families in the terpene synthesis were identified and genome-wide SNP variants were detected in population. Finally, the study provided valuable genomic resources and offered useful hints for the functional gene mapping and investigation of key gene contributing to conifer cultivation substrate utilization and medicinal component biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Peng
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhao Li
- Shouxiangu Botanical Drug Institute Co., Ltd., Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory for New Germplasm Breeding of Economic Mycology, Jiaxing, China
| | - Shijun Xiao
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongping Fu
- International Cooperation Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushrooms, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Wang L, Liao B, Gong L, Xiao S, Huang Z. Haploid Genome Analysis Reveals a Tandem Cluster of Four HSP20 Genes Involved in the High-Temperature Adaptation of Coriolopsis trogii. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0028721. [PMID: 34406871 PMCID: PMC8552761 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00287-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Coriolopsis trogii is a typical thermotolerant basidiomycete fungus, but its thermotolerance mechanisms are currently unknown. In this study, two monokaryons of C. trogii strain Ct001 were assembled: Ct001_29 had a genome assembly size of 38.85 Mb and encoded 13,113 genes, while Ct001_31 was 40.19 Mb in length and encoded 13,309 genes. Comparative intra- and interstrain genomic analysis revealed the rich genetic diversity of C. trogii, which included more than 315,194 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 30,387 insertion/deletions (indels), and 1,460 structural variations. Gene family analysis showed that the expanded families of C. trogii were functionally enriched in lignocellulose degradation activities. Furthermore, a total of 14 allelic pairs of heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) genes were identified in the C. trogii genome. The expression profile obtained from RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) showed that four tandem-duplicated allelic pairs, HSP20.5 to HSP20.8, had more than 5-fold higher expression at 35°C than at 25°C. In particular, HSP20.5 and HSP20.8 were the most highly expressed HSP20 genes. Allelic expression bias was found for HSP20.5 and HSP20.8; the expression of Ct29HSP20.8 was at least 1.34-fold higher than that of Ct31HSP20.8, and that of Ct31HSP20.5 was at least 1.5-fold higher than that of Ct29HSP20.5. The unique structural and expression profiles of the HSP20 genes revealed by these haplotype-resolved genomes provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of high-temperature adaptation in C. trogii. IMPORTANCE Heat stress is one of the most frequently encountered environmental stresses for most mushroom-forming fungi. Currently available fungal genomes are mostly haploid because high heterozygosity hinders diploid genome assembly. Here, two haplotype genomes of C. trogii, a thermotolerant basidiomycete, were assembled separately. A conserved tandem cluster of four HSP20 genes showing allele-specific expression was found to be closely related to high-temperature adaptation in C. trogii. The obtained haploid genomes and their comparison offer a more thorough understanding of the genetic background of C. trogii. In addition, the responses of HSP20 genes at 35°C, which may contribute to the growth and survival of C. trogii at high temperatures, could inform the selection and breeding of elite strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baosheng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuiming Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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