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Genetic variability of the HPV16 early genes and LCR. Present and future perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Med 2021; 23:e19. [PMID: 34847982 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2021.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) infection is the aetiologic factor for the development of cervical dysplasia and is regarded as highly carcinogen, because it is implicated in more than 50% of cervical cancer cases, worldwide. The tumourigenic potential of HPV16 has triggered the extensive sequence analysis of viral genome in order to identify nucleotide variations and amino acid substitutions that influence viral oncogenicity and subsequently the initiation and progression of cervical cancer. Nowadays, specific mutations of HPV16 DNA have been associated with an increased risk of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) development, including E6: Q14H, H78Y, L83V, Ε7: N29S, S63F, E2: H35Q, P219S, T310K, E5: I65V, whereas highly conserved regions of viral DNA have been extensively characterised. In addition, numerous novel HPV16 mutations are observed among the studied populations from various geographic regions, hence advocating that different HPV16 strains seem to emerge with different tumourigenic capacities. The present review focuses on the variability of the early genes and the long control region, emphasising on the association of specific mutations with the development of severe dysplasia. Finally, it evaluates whether specific regions of HPV16 DNA are able to serve as valuable biomarkers for cervical cancer risk.
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E6/E7 Variants of Human Papillomavirus 16 Associated with Cervical Carcinoma in Women in Southern Mexico. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060773. [PMID: 34203053 PMCID: PMC8233793 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) is the cause of half of all cervical carcinomas (CC) cases. Moreover, mutations in the oncoproteins E6 and E7 are associated with CC development. In this study, E6/E7 variants circulating in southern Mexico and their association with CC and its precursor lesions were evaluated. In total, 190 DNA samples were obtained from scrapes and cervical biopsies of women with HPV 16 out of which 61 are from patients with CC, 6 from patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 68 from patients with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 55 from patients without intraepithelial lesions. For all E7 variants found, the E7-C732/C789/G795 variant (with three silent mutations) was associated with the highest risk of CC (odd ratio (OR) = 3.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.46–9.85). The analysis of E6/E7 bicistron conferred to AA-a*E7-C732/C789/G795 variants revealed the greatest increased risk of CC (OR = 110, 95% CI = 6.04–2001.3), followed by AA-c*E7-C732/C789/G795 and A176/G350*E7-p. These results highlight the importance of analyzing the combinations of E6/E7 variants in HPV 16 infection and suggest that AA-a*E7-C732/C789/G795, AA-c*E7-C732/C789/G795, and A176/G350*E7-p can be useful markers for predicting CC development.
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Arizmendi-Izazaga A, Navarro-Tito N, Jiménez-Wences H, Mendoza-Catalán MA, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Zacapala-Gómez AE, Olea-Flores M, Dircio-Maldonado R, Torres-Rojas FI, Soto-Flores DG, Illades-Aguiar B, Ortiz-Ortiz J. Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer: Role of HPV 16 Variants. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030347. [PMID: 33809480 PMCID: PMC7999907 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is considered one of the hallmarks in cancer and is characterized by increased glycolysis and lactate production, even in the presence of oxygen, which leads the cancer cells to a process called “aerobic glycolysis” or “Warburg effect”. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) favor the Warburg effect through their interaction with a molecule that regulates cellular metabolism, such as p53, retinoblastoma protein (pRb), c-Myc, and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Besides, the impact of the E6 and E7 variants of HPV 16 on metabolic reprogramming through proteins such as HIF-1α may be related to their oncogenicity by favoring cellular metabolism modifications to satisfy the energy demands necessary for viral persistence and cancer development. This review will discuss the role of HPV 16 E6 and E7 variants in metabolic reprogramming and their contribution to developing and preserving the malignant phenotype of cancers associated with HPV 16 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adán Arizmendi-Izazaga
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (N.N.-T.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Hilda Jiménez-Wences
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
| | - Dinorah N. Martínez-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
| | - Ana E. Zacapala-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (N.N.-T.); (M.O.-F.)
| | - Roberto Dircio-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias, Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Francisco I. Torres-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Diana G. Soto-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Julio Ortiz-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (A.A.-I.); (M.A.M.-C.); (A.E.Z.-G.); (F.I.T.-R.); (D.G.S.-F.); (B.I.-A.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Colonia La Haciendita, Chilpancingo C.P. 39090, Guerrero, Mexico; (H.J.-W.); (D.N.M.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-747-471-0901
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Dai S, Yao Y, Yan Z, Zhou Z, Shi L, Wang X, Sun L, Zhang R, Yao Y. The association of human papillomavirus type 16 E2 variations with cervical cancer in a Han Chinese population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:241-248. [PMID: 30008422 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is considered to be the primary pathogen related to cervical cancer. The HPV16 E2 protein plays an important role in tumourigenicity of cervical carcinoma. In the current study, we enrolled 121 HPV16-positive cervical cancer patients in the case group and 130 HPV16-positive asymptomatic individuals in the control group, and we investigated the association between HPV16 E2 gene variations and cervical cancer. The HPV16 E2 DNA was amplified and sequenced. We identified two HPV variants (EUR and As) in the control group; the As variant was predominant (68.5%), followed by the EUR variant (31.5%). In the case group, three HPV variants (EUR, As and AA) were observed; the As variant was predominant (72.7%), followed by the EUR variant (22.3%) and the AA variant (5.0%). Our results showed a significant difference in the distribution of the HPV16 variants between the case and control groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the HPV16 E2 gene variation analysis, the distribution of sixteen variations was significantly different between the case and control groups (P < 0.05), and all of these variations were present in the AA variant. In the subgroup analysis, the frequency of the T3575G (S274A) variation in the EUR variant was significantly different between the case and control groups (P = 0.029); however, there was no significant difference in the frequency of the variations in the As variant between the case and control groups. Our findings in the current study could provide a better understanding of the relationship between HPV16 variants, E2 gene variations and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yueting Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhiling Yan
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University & Yunnan Tumour Hospital, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Li Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Le Sun
- School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yufeng Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
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Human papillomavirus prevalence in invasive anal cancers in the United States before vaccine introduction. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 17:397-403. [PMID: 23609590 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0b013e31827ed372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to conduct a representative survey of human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and its genotype distribution in invasive anal cancer specimens in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS Population-based archival anal cancer specimens were identified from Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Michigan cancer registries and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tissue repositories in Hawaii, Iowa, and Los Angeles. Sections from 1 representative block per case were used for DNA extraction. All extracts were assayed first by linear array and retested with INNO-LiPA if inadequate or HPV negative. RESULTS Among 146 unique invasive anal cancer cases, 93 (63.7%) were from women, and 53 (36.3%) were from men. Human papillomavirus (any type) was detected in 133 cases (91.1%) and 129 (88.4%) contained at least 1 high risk-type, most (80.1%) as a single genotype. Human papillomavirus type 16 had the highest prevalence (113 cases, 77.4%); HPV types 6, 11, 18, and 33 were also found multiple times. Among HPV-16-positive cases, 37% were identified as prototype variant Ep, and 63% were nonprototypes: 33% Em, 12% E-G131G, 5% Af1, 4% AA/NA-1, 3% E-C109G, 3% E-G131T, 2% As, and 1% Af2. No significant differences in the distributions of HPV (any), high-risk types, or HPV-16/18 were seen between sex, race, or age group. CONCLUSIONS The establishment of prevaccine HPV prevalence in the United States is critical to the surveillance of vaccine efficacy. Almost 80% of anal cancers were positive for the vaccine types HPV-16 or HPV-18, and in 70%, these were the only types detected, suggesting that a high proportion might be preventable by current vaccines.
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Geraets DT, van Doorn LJ, Kleter B, Colau B, Harper DM, Quint WGV. Long-term follow-up of HPV16-positive women: persistence of the same genetic variant and low prevalence of variant co-infections. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80382. [PMID: 24244682 PMCID: PMC3823622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV16 variants correlate with geographic origin and ethnicity. The association between infection with a specific variant and the cervical disease risk remains unclear. We studied the prevalence, persistence and association with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of different HPV16 variants, using cervical swabs and whole tissue sections (WTS) of biopsies from 548 women in the placebo group of a HPV16/18 vaccine trial. In HPV16-positive samples, HPV16 variants were identified by a reverse hybridization assay (RHA). Laser-capture micro-dissection (LCM) was performed for localized detection of HPV. HPV16 variants were determined in 47 women. Frequency of mixed HPV16 variant infections was lower (8.5%) than for multiple HPV genotypes (39.1%). Among 35 women having consecutive HPV16 variant-positive swabs, 32 (91.4%) had the same variant while in three (8.6%) women a change in variant(s) was observed. HPV16-positive WTS were obtained from 12 women having consecutive HPV16 variant-positive swabs. The same variant was present in WTS of 10 women, while two were negative. WTS of five women were histologically normal. A single HPV16 variant was detected in four women having CIN1-3, while additional HPV genotypes were found in three other women having CIN2 and CIN3. In the WTS of one woman with mixed genotypes, the HPV16 variant was assigned to a CIN2 lesion by LCM. HPV16 variant infections can be effectively studied in cervical swabs and tissue specimens by the HPV16 variant RHA. Multiple HPV16 variants in one woman are rare. The HPV16 genotype consistently detected in follow-up samples usually involves a persistent infection with the same variant.
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Molecular and evolutionary analysis of HPV16 E6 and E7 genes in Greek women. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1688-1696. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.055491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) non-European variants have been associated with persistent infection and cervical cancer development, while the L83V variant of the E6 gene has been correlated with the progression of cervical malignancy. The present study investigated the presence of the HPV16 L83V variant in Greek women. Molecular evolutionary analysis of the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes was conducted in order to estimate the evolution of the HPV16 genome in the Greek population. The E6 L83V variant was found in 78.2 % of high- and 64.28 % of low-grade specimens. Moreover, the prototype and E6 L83V variants were both prevalent in high- and low-grade malignancies in Greek women. Selective pressure analysis of the individual amino acid residues of HPV16 sequences from the Greek population indicates that codon 83 of the E6 protein, as well as codon 85 of the E7 protein, are undergoing positive selection. Novel sequence variations were recorded within the E6 and E7 genes in cervical samples, characterized as (T350G) European variants. However, no signal of intratypic recombination event was identified within the E6–E7 region. Molecular and evolutionary analyses of HPV16 genomes from distinct geographical locations might provide valuable information about viral evolution and oncogenecity.
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Hang D, Gao L, Sun M, Liu Y, Ke Y. Functional effects of sequence variations in the E6 and E2 genes of human papillomavirus 16 European and Asian variants. J Med Virol 2013; 86:618-26. [PMID: 24150786 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education); Laboratory of Genetics; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute; Beijing China
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education); Laboratory of Genetics; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute; Beijing China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education); Laboratory of Genetics; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute; Beijing China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education); Laboratory of Genetics; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute; Beijing China
| | - Yang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education); Laboratory of Genetics; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute; Beijing China
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Xu B, Chotewutmontri S, Wolf S, Klos U, Schmitz M, Dürst M, Schwarz E. Multiplex Identification of Human Papillomavirus 16 DNA Integration Sites in Cervical Carcinomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66693. [PMID: 23824673 PMCID: PMC3688939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), in more than half of the worldwide cases by HPV16. Viral DNA integration into the host genome is a frequent mutation in cervical carcinogenesis. Because integration occurs into different genomic locations, it creates unique viral-cellular DNA junctions in every single case. This singularity complicates the precise identification of HPV integration sites enormously. We report here the development of a novel multiplex strategy for sequence determination of HPV16 DNA integration sites. It includes DNA fragmentation and adapter tagging, PCR enrichment of the HPV16 early region, Illumina next-generation sequencing, data processing, and validation of candidate integration sites by junction-PCR. This strategy was performed with 51 cervical cancer samples (47 primary tumors and 4 cell lines). Altogether 75 HPV16 integration sites (3'-junctions) were identified and assigned to the individual samples. By comparing the DNA junctions with the presence of viral oncogene fusion transcripts, 44 tumors could be classified into four groups: Tumors with one transcriptionally active HPV16 integrate (n = 12), tumors with transcribed and silent DNA junctions (n = 8), tumors carrying episomal HPV16 DNA (n = 10), and tumors with one to six DNA junctions, but without fusion transcripts (n = 14). The 3'-breakpoints of integrated HPV16 DNA show a statistically significant (p<0.05) preferential distribution within the early region segment upstream of the major splice acceptor underscoring the importance of deregulated viral oncogene expression for carcinogenesis. Half of the mapped HPV16 integration sites target cellular genes pointing to a direct influence of HPV integration on host genes (insertional mutagenesis). In summary, the multiplex strategy for HPV16 integration site determination worked very efficiently. It will open new avenues for comprehensive mapping of HPV integration sites and for the possible use of HPV integration sites as individualized biomarkers after cancer treatment of patients for the early diagnosis of residual and recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Research Program Infection and Cancer, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Wolf
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klos
- Research Program Infection and Cancer, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schmitz
- Department for Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department for Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schwarz
- Research Program Infection and Cancer, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Prognostic impact of human papilloma virus (HPV) genotyping and HPV-16 subtyping in vaginal carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129:406-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Lugo-Trampe Á, Trujillo-Murillo KDC, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Barboza-Cerda MDC, Lugo-Trampe JDJ, Hernández-Ramirez LC, Canseco-Avila LM, Espinoza-Ruiz M, Domínguez-Arrevillaga S, Delgado-Enciso I. A PCR-RFLP method for typing human papillomavirus type 16 variants. J Virol Methods 2013; 187:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Abstract
The rate of evolution of the human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) genome is low. However, the ability of the E6 oncoprotein to interact with distinct p53 variants causes selective pressure on the E6 gene. In addition, intratypic recombination events in the HPV16 E6 and E7 genes have been characterized as extraordinary phenomena during the evolutionary history of virus. In the present study, we identified two new sequence variants through nucleotide analysis of the E6-E7 region of the HPV16 genome. Maximum-likelihood and empirical Bayesian methods were used in order to identify positive selection at particular residues of the E6 and E7 genes. Using the single recombination breakpoint (SBP) method, we found evidence of recombination events in the E6 ORF. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the new sequence variants are phylogenetically distant from the other members of the population. Our results indicate that new evolutionary intermediates of HPV16 might be formed either though positive selective pressure or through recombination events by multiple infections with distinct HPV16 variants.
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Larsson GL, Helenius G, Andersson S, Elgh F, Sorbe B, Karlsson MG. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV 16–Variant Distribution in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Sweden. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22:1413-9. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31826a0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo investigate the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV type 16–variant distribution in a series of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCC) and to evaluate the impact of HPV and HPV 16–variant on prognosis.MethodsA series of 133 patients who had a diagnosis of VSCC (1983-2008) was selected for the study. Detection of 11 high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59) and 2 low-risk HPV types (6 and 11) was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Samples positive for HPV 16 were further analyzed for variant determination of 7 positions in theE6gene with polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing.ResultsForty (30.8%) of 130 tumors were found to be HPV positive. Human papillomavirus type 16 was found in 31 cases, HPV 18 was found in 2 cases, HPV 33 was found in 5 cases, and HPV 56 and HPV 59 were found in one case each. All but one tumor harboring HPV 16 were of European linage, and the 3 most common variants were E-p (n = 13), E-G350 (n = 7), and E-G131 (n = 5). HPV positivity was associated with the basaloid tumor type and occurred in significantly younger patients. Overall and recurrence-free survival rates were better in HPV-positive cases, but after correction for age and tumor size, HPV status was no longer an independent and significant prognostic factor. The survival rates of the various HPV 16 variants were not significantly different, but there was a trend of worse outcome for the E-G131–variant group.ConclusionsHuman papillomavirus positivity of 30.8% is similar to other reports on VSCC. To our knowledge, this first variant determination of HPV 16 in vulvar carcinoma in a Swedish cohort indicated that the variant E-G131 may have an increased oncogenic potential in patients with VSCC.
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14
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Tsakogiannis D, Ruether IGA, Kyriakopoulou Z, Pliaka V, Skordas V, Gartzonika C, Levidiotou-Stefanou S, Markoulatos P. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the HPV 16 E4 gene in cervical lesions from women in Greece. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1729-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Du J, Nordfors C, Näsman A, Sobkowiak M, Romanitan M, Dalianis T, Ramqvist T. Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 variants in tonsillar cancer in comparison to those in cervical cancer in Stockholm, Sweden. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36239. [PMID: 22558401 PMCID: PMC3338690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV16, is associated with the development of both cervical and tonsillar cancer and intratype variants in the amino acid sequence of the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein have been demonstrated to be associated with viral persistence and cancer lesions. For this reason the presence of HPV16 E6 variants in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in cervical cancer (CC), as well as in cervical samples (CS), were explored. Methods HPV16 E6 was sequenced in 108 TSCC and 52 CC samples from patients diagnosed 2000–2008 in the County of Stockholm, and in 51 CS from young women attending a youth health center in Stockholm. Results The rare E6 variant R10G was relatively frequent (19%) in TSCC, absent in CC and infrequent (4%) in CS, while the well-known L83V variant was common in TSCC (40%), CC (31%), and CS (29%). The difference for R10G was significant between TSCC and CC (p = 0.0003), as well as between TSCC and CS (p = 0.009). The HPV16 European phylogenetic lineage and its derivatives dominated in all samples (>90%). Conclusion The relatively high frequency of the R10G variant in TSCC, as compared to what has been found in CC both in the present study as well as in several other studies in different countries, may indicate a difference between TSCC and CC with regard to tumor induction and development. Alternatively, there could be differences with regard to the oral and cervical prevalence of this variant that need to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Sequence variation analysis of the E2 gene of human papilloma virus type 16 in cervical lesions from women in Greece. Arch Virol 2012; 157:825-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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Huertas-Salgado A, Martín-Gámez DC, Moreno P, Murillo R, Bravo MM, Villa L, Molano M. E6 molecular variants of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16: an updated and unified criterion for clustering and nomenclature. Virology 2010; 410:201-15. [PMID: 21130481 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reports on taxonomic identification of E6/HPV 16 variants, don't have a worldwide, updated and unified criterion for clustering and nomenclature. Our aim was to update the existing criterion and propose a new one for clustering and nomenclature for E6/HPV 16 molecular variants based on the descriptive and comparative analyses of nucleotide sequences. A systematic search of the publications between 1991 and 2010 was carried out in PUBMED and manually. 240 E6/HPV 16 variants were identified. 157 were classified as European (E), 24 as Asian (As), 14 as Asian American (AA), 11 as North American 1 (NA 1), 19 as African 1 (Af 1) and 15 as African 2 (Af 2). Three classes were determined for the E, 3 each for the As, Af 2 and AA branches, 4 classes for the NA 1 and 6 for the Af 1 branch. This study reports our results and proposes an updated criterion for clustering and nomenclature that will be useful for E6 variant identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Huertas-Salgado
- Grupo investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Calle 1 # 9 - 85, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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18
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Steinau M, Swan DC, Onyekwuluje JM, Brooks JT, Vellozzi C, Unger ER, The Sun Study Investigators. Differences and changes in human papillomavirus type 16 variant status in human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults are not uncommon. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2068-2072. [PMID: 20392894 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.018663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) genotype variants have been the subject of several investigations, but study participants have rarely been sampled more than once. In this study, among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, HPV-16 variants were investigated in samples collected concurrently from the anus and cervix, as well as in serial samples collected from the same anatomical site at 12-month intervals. HPV-16 variants in stored extracts of cervical and anal samples were determined from subjects with multiple visits and at least one sample positive for HPV-16. Seven polymorphic nucleotide positions within the E6 region were analysed by pyrosequencing to determine genotype variants. Of 364 samples examined, 176 anal and 39 cervical swabs from 84 different subjects yielded unequivocal sequences of eight major HPV-16 variants. Eight samples contained probable novel HPV-16 variants and in one sample two variants were detected. In eight out of 29 (27.6%) anal-cervical sample pairs positive for HPV-16, discordant variants were found. From 57 anal and nine cervical sample series of HPV-16-positive samples, a change in HPV-16 variant status over time was seen in nine (13.6%) instances (seven anal and two cervical) from eight different participants. Changes in HPV-16 variants in HIV-infected adults were seen most frequently when different anatomical sites were sampled, but were also observed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Steinau
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Chronic Viral Diseases Branch Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - David C Swan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Chronic Viral Diseases Branch Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Juanita M Onyekwuluje
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Chronic Viral Diseases Branch Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - John T Brooks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, NCHHSTP - Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Claudia Vellozzi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, NCHHSTP - Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Unger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Chronic Viral Diseases Branch Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - The Sun Study Investigators
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Chronic Viral Diseases Branch Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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19
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Zuna RE, Moore WE, Shanesmith RP, Dunn ST, Wang SS, Schiffman M, Blakey GL, Teel T. Association of HPV16 E6 variants with diagnostic severity in cervical cytology samples of 354 women in a US population. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2609-13. [PMID: 19569178 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that DNA sequence variants of HPV16 contribute to differences in the behavior of individual cervical lesions. To address this question, we have analyzed the association of HPV16 variants with diagnostic severity in 354 HPV16-positive Oklahoman women. HPV16 variant status was determined by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the E6 open reading frame. European sequences were identified in 86% of samples and 14% were non-European. Of the 51 non-European cases, 61% were Asian-American, 23% African and 16% were Native American variants. European prototype and related variants were present in comparable numbers (43% each) but the relative proportion of each differed with diagnostic category. In general, the proportion of European variants and non-European variants increased with diagnostic severity while the European prototype decreased. When adjusted for age and race (white, black or Hispanic), the increased risk for carcinoma/severe dysplasia for non-European variants was statistically significant with an odds ratio of 3.8 (1.3-10.7). However, the analogous comparison for the European variants, although also showing increased association with carcinoma/severe dysplasia, did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.6 (95% CI 0.7-3.6). Overall, HPV16 European sequences (both prototype and related variants), were predominant in Oklahoman women including those with cancers. This suggests that while there appear to be differences among the HPV16-variant categories in risk for progression to invasive cancer, all variant categories are associated with the development of invasive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary E Zuna
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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20
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Upstream regulatory region alterations found in human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) isolates from cervical carcinomas increase transcription, ori function, and HPV immortalization capacity in culture. J Virol 2009; 83:7457-66. [PMID: 19458011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00285-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNAs isolated from cervical and head and neck carcinomas frequently contain nucleotide sequence alterations in the viral upstream regulatory region (URR). Our study has addressed the role such sequence changes may play in the efficiency of establishing HPV persistence and altered keratinocyte growth. Genomic mapping of integrated HPV type 16 (HPV-16) genomes from 32 cervical cancers revealed that the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes, as well as the L1 region/URR, were intact in all of them. The URR sequences from integrated and unintegrated viral DNA were found to harbor distinct sets of nucleotide substitutions. A subset of the altered URRs increased the potential of HPV-16 to establish persistent, cell growth-altering viral-genome replication in the cell. This aggressive phenotype in culture was not solely due to increased viral early gene transcription, but also to augmented initial amplification of the viral genome. As revealed in a novel ori-dependent HPV-16 plasmid amplification assay, the altered motifs that led to increased viral transcription from the intact genome also greatly augmented HPV-16 ori function. The nucleotide sequence changes correlate with those previously described in the distinct geographical North American type 1 and Asian-American variants that are associated with more aggressive disease in epidemiologic studies and encompass, but are not limited to, alterations in previously characterized sites for the negative regulatory protein YY1. Our results thus provide evidence that nucleotide alterations in HPV regulatory sequences could serve as potential prognostic markers of HPV-associated carcinogenesis.
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21
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Collins SI, Constandinou-Williams C, Wen K, Young LS, Roberts S, Murray PG, Woodman CBJ. Disruption of the E2 gene is a common and early event in the natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection: a longitudinal cohort study. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3828-32. [PMID: 19401452 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integration of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types into the host-cell genome disrupts the HPV regulatory E2 protein, resulting in a loss of negative feedback control of viral oncogene expression; this disruption has been considered a critical event in the pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia, and a potential biomarker of progressive disease. However, using serial samples taken from a cohort of young women who were recruited soon after they first had sexual intercourse, we show that disruption of the E2 gene is a common and early event in the natural history of incident cervical HPV infections. The E2 gene was significantly more likely to be disrupted in women who tested positive for HPV18 in their baseline sample than in those who tested positive for HPV16 [26% versus 58%; relative risk, 2.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.38-3.71; chi(2), 9.23; 1 degree of freedom (df); P = 0.002]. Among women with an intact E2 gene in their baseline sample, the median time to first detection of E2 disruption was also shorter for those who tested positive for HPV18 than HPV16 (5.7 versus 10.9 months; hazards ratio, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.84-4.44; chi(2), 2.49; 1 df; P = 0.11). This tendency for HPV18 to integrate early, coupled with the substantial reduction in viral load in HPV18-positive samples in which E2 is disrupted, may explain why HPV18-associated disease is often reported to be characterized by minor cytologic changes, which underestimate the severity of the underlying histologic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Collins
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute for Cancer Studies, and Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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22
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López-Revilla R, Pineda MA, Ortiz-Valdez J, Sánchez-Garza M, Riego L. Human papillomavirus type 16 variants in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma in San Luis Potosí City, Mexico. Infect Agent Cancer 2009; 4:3. [PMID: 19216802 PMCID: PMC2653482 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In San Luis Potosí City cervical infection by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) associated to dysplastic lesions is more prevalent in younger women. In this work HPV16 subtypes and variants associated to low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) of 38 women residing in San Luis Potosí City were identified by comparing their E6 open reading frame sequences. Results Three European (E) variants (E-P, n = 27; E-T350G, n = 7; E-C188G, n = 2) and one AA-a variant (n = 2) were identified among the 38 HPV16 sequences analyzed. E-P variant sequences contained 23 single nucleotide changes, two of which (A334G, A404T) had not been described before and allowed the phylogenetic separation from the other variants. E-P A334G sequences were the most prevalent (22 cases, 57.9%), followed by the E-P Ref prototype (8 cases, 21.1%) and E-P A404T (1 case, 2.6%) sequences. The HSIL + ICC fraction was 0.21 for the E-P A334G variants and 0.00 for the E-P Ref variants. Conclusion We conclude that in the women included in this study the HPV16 E subtype is 19 times more frequent than the AA subtype; that the circulating E variants are E-P (71.1%) > E-T350G (18.4%) > E-C188G (5.3%); that 71.0% of the E-P sequences carry the A334G single nucleotide change and appear to correspond to a HPV16 variant characteristic of San Luis Potosi City more oncogenic than the E-P Ref prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Revilla
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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23
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Azizi N, Brazete J, Hankins C, Money D, Fontaine J, Koushik A, Rachlis A, Pourreaux K, Ferenczy A, Franco E, François Coutlée For The Canadian Women's Hiv Study Group. Influence of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E2 polymorphism on quantification of HPV-16 episomal and integrated DNA in cervicovaginal lavages from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1716-1728. [PMID: 18559943 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) viral loads are currently estimated by quantification with real-time PCR of HPV-16 E6 (RT-E6 and HPV-16 PG) and E2 (RT-E2-1) DNA. We assessed the influence of HPV-16 E2 polymorphism on quantification of integrated HPV-16 DNA in anogenital specimens. HPV-16 E2 was sequenced from 135 isolates (123 from European and 12 from non-European lineages). An assay targeting conserved HPV-16 E2 sequences (RT-E2-2) was optimized and applied with RT-E6 and RT-E2-1 on 139 HPV-16-positive cervicovaginal lavages collected from 74 women [58 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and 16 HIV-seronegative]. Ratios of HPV-16 copies measured with RT-E2-2 and RT-E2-1 obtained with African 2 (median=3.23, range=1.92-3.49) or Asian-American (median=3.78, range=1.47-37) isolates were greater than those obtained with European isolates (median=1.02, range=0.64-1.80; P<0.02 for each comparison). The distribution of HPV-16 E2 copies measured in 139 samples with RT-E2-2 (median=6150) and RT-E2-1 (median=8960) were different (P<0.0001). The risk of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN-2,3) compared with women without CIN was increased with higher HPV-16 total [odds ratio (OR)=2.17, 95 % confidence interval (CI)=1.11-4.23], episomal (OR=2.14, 95 % CI=1.09-4.19), but not for HPV-16 integrated viral load (OR=1.71, 95 % CI=0.90-3.26), after controlling for age, race, CD4 count, HIV and HPV-16 polymorphism. The proportion of samples with an E6/E2 ratio >2 in women without squamous intraepithelial lesion (7 of 35) was similar to that of women with CIN-2,3 (5 of 11, P=0.24) or CIN-1 (5 of 14, P=0.50). HPV-16 E2 polymorphism was a significant factor that influenced measures of HPV-16 integrated viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoufel Azizi
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jessica Brazete
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Hankins
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Deborah Money
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anita Rachlis
- Department of Medicine, Sunny Brook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karina Pourreaux
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alex Ferenczy
- Department of Pathology and Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital and McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Eduardo Franco
- Departments of Oncology, Division of Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - François Coutlée For The Canadian Women's Hiv Study Group
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Departments of Oncology, Division of Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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24
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Abstract
The identification of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types as a necessary cause of cervical cancer offers the prospect of effective primary prevention and the possibility of improving the efficiency of cervical screening programmes. However, for these opportunities to be realized, a more complete understanding of the natural history of HPV infection, and its relationship to the development of epithelial abnormalities of the cervix, is required. We discuss areas of uncertainty, and their possible effect on disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran B J Woodman
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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25
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Han J, Swan DC, Smith SJ, Lum SH, Sefers SE, Unger ER, Tang YW. Simultaneous amplification and identification of 25 human papillomavirus types with Templex technology. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4157-62. [PMID: 17005760 PMCID: PMC1698316 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01762-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of existing human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping assays are based on multiplex PCR using consensus or degenerate primers. We developed a Templex HPV assay that simultaneously detects and identifies 25 common HPV genotypes in a single-tube reaction using type-specific primers for the HPV-specific E6 and E7 genes. The analytical sensitivities of the Templex assay for HPV type 16 (HPV-16), -18, and -56 were 20, 100, and 20 copies per reaction mixture, respectively. The Templex assay provides semiquantitative information on each type when multiple HPV types coexist in one reaction. We tested 109 clinical cervical specimens previously evaluated with the Digene HC2 high-risk HPV DNA test and found 95.4% concordance between the assay results. The Templex assay provided type-specific results and found multiple types in 29.2% (14 of 48) of high-risk HPV-positive samples. The entire Templex procedure, including DNA extraction, can be completed within 5 hours, providing a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for HPV detection and typing that is amenable to automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Genaco Biomedical Products, Inc., Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
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26
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Swan DC, Limor JR, Duncan KL, Rajeevan MS, Unger ER. Human papillomavirus type 16 variant assignment by pyrosequencing. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:166-70. [PMID: 16784783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) result in variants from the prototype sequence which can be designated according to geographic distribution and are broadly classified as European (E), African (Af), Asian (As), or Asian-American (AA). Detection of variants has been used to distinguish persistent HPV16 infection from re-infection in natural history studies, and variants have been associated with an increased risk of cervical disease in some populations. Variant determination usually relies on conventional Sanger sequencing of regions of the viral genome, with the major variant group assignments requiring the sequencing of only seven polymorphic sites spread over a 242-bp region of the E6 gene. We applied pyrosequencing to facilitate rapid sequencing and enable the simultaneous detection of multiple variants. A single-stranded template for pyrosequencing was prepared by amplifying a 314-bp fragment (nt 75-388) with a biotin at the 5'-end of the reverse primer to facilitate strand separation and purification. Polymorphisms at the nucleotide sites 109, 131, 132, 143, 145, 178 and 350 were determined in three separate sequencing reactions, one of which was a multiplex format. Pyrosequencing of 97 HPV16-positive exfoliated cervical samples confirmed the Sanger sequencing results; however pyrosequencing identified additional variants in several samples containing mixed variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Swan
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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27
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Tortolero-Luna G. A case-control study of human papillomavirus and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in Harris County, Texas: differences among racial/ethnic groups. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 99:S207-8. [PMID: 16419209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Bodaghi S, Wood LV, Roby G, Ryder C, Steinberg SM, Zheng ZM. Could human papillomaviruses be spread through blood? J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5428-34. [PMID: 16272465 PMCID: PMC1287818 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5428-5434.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are epitheliotropic viruses that require the environment of a differentiating squamous epithelium for their life cycle. HPV infection through abrasion of the skin or sexual intercourse causes benign warts and sometimes cancer. HPV DNA detected in the blood has been interpreted as having originated from metastasized cancer cells. The present study examined HPV DNA in banked, frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 57 U.S. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pediatric patients collected between 1987 and 1996 and in fresh PBMCs from 19 healthy blood donors collected in 2002 to 2003. Eight patients and three blood donors were positive mostly for two subgroups of the HPV type 16 genome. The HPV genome detected in all 11 PBMC samples existed as an episomal form, albeit at a low DNA copy number. Among the eight patients, seven acquired HIV from transfusion (three associated with hemophilia) and one acquired HIV through vertical transmission; this patient also had received a transfusion before sampling. Our data suggest that PBMCs may be HPV carriers and might spread the virus through blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Bodaghi
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, 10 Center Dr., Rm. 10 S255, MSC-1868, Bethesda, MD 20892-1868, USA
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