1
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Batra N, Tu MJ, Yu AM. Molecular Engineering of Functional SiRNA Agents. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1906-1915. [PMID: 38733599 PMCID: PMC11197084 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic biology constitutes a scientific domain focused on intentional redesign of organisms to confer novel functionalities or create new products through strategic engineering of their genetic makeup. Leveraging the inherent capabilities of nature, one may address challenges across diverse sectors including medicine. Inspired by this concept, we have developed an innovative bioengineering platform, enabling high-yield and large-scale production of biological small interfering RNA (BioRNA/siRNA) agents via bacterial fermentation. Herein, we show that with the use of a new tRNA fused pre-miRNA carrier, we can produce various forms of BioRNA/siRNA agents within living host cells. We report a high-level overexpression of nine target BioRNA/siRNA molecules at 100% success rate, yielding 3-10 mg of BioRNA/siRNA per 0.25 L of bacterial culture with high purity (>98%) and low endotoxin (<5 EU/μg RNA). Furthermore, we demonstrate that three representative BioRNA/siRNAs against GFP, BCL2, and PD-L1 are biologically active and can specifically and efficiently silence their respective targets with the potential to effectively produce downstream antiproliferation effects by PD-L1-siRNA. With these promising results, we aim to advance the field of synthetic biology by offering a novel platform to bioengineer functional siRNA agents for research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Batra
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School
of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School
of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School
of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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2
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Design, synthesis and biological characteristics of pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1649-1662. [PMID: 36317642 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Several VEGFR-2 inhibitors with the structure of [3,4-d]pyrimidine and based on sorafenib were designed and synthesized. Materials & methods: Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT, wound healing and clone formation assays. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Molecular simulation and western blot were also applied. Results: Among them, II-1 significantly inhibited tumor cellular activity (IC50 = 5.90 ± 0.05 μM on HepG2 cells) compared with sorafenib (IC50 = 9.05 ± 0.54 μM on HepG2 cells). Molecular docking demonstrated that II-1 and sorafenib have the same hydrogen binding. Finally, the protein expression of phosphorylated VEGFR-2 was substantially reduced after II-1 treatment. Conclusion: Compound II-1 can inhibit VEFGR-2 activation and is an effective antitumor agent in liver cancer cells.
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3
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Islam R, Mishra J, Bodas S, Bhattacharya S, Batra SK, Dutta S, Datta K. Role of Neuropilin-2-mediated signaling axis in cancer progression and therapy resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:771-787. [PMID: 35776228 PMCID: PMC9247951 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are transmembrane proteins involved in vascular and nervous system development by regulating angiogenesis and axon guidance cues. Several published reports have established their role in tumorigenesis. NRPs are detectable in tumor cells of several cancer types and participate in cancer progression. NRP2 is also expressed in endothelial and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and promotes functions such as lymphangiogenesis and immune suppression important for cancer progression. In this review, we have taken a comprehensive approach to discussing various aspects of NRP2-signaling in cancer, including its regulation, functional significance in cancer progression, and how we could utilize our current knowledge to advance the studies and target NRP2 to develop effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Juhi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sanika Bodas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sreyashi Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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4
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Wang R, Liu H, You YY, Wang XY, Lv BB, Cao LQ, Xue JY, Xu YG, Shi L. Discovery of novel VEGFR-2 inhibitors embedding 6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline and diarylamide fragments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127788. [PMID: 33460739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling plays a critical part in tumor angiogenesis. Inhibition of this pathway has been considered as a promising approach for cancer treatment. In this work, a series of 6,7-dimethoxy-4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives bearing diarylamide moiety were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potent inhibitors of VEGFR-2 kinase. Their in vitro antiproliferation activities against two human cancer cell lines Hep-G2 and MCF-7 have also been determined. Among them, compound 14b exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2 with IC50 value of 0.016 ± 0.002 µM and it showed the most potent antiproliferative effect against Hep-G2 and MCF-7 with IC50 values at low-micromolar range. Molecular docking studies revealed that these compounds represented by the most potent compound 14b could bind well to the ATP-binding site of VEGFR-2, which suggested that compound 14b could be a potential anticancer agent targeting VEGFR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bing-Bing Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Qin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia-Yu Xue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Ex Situ Conservation, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yun-Gen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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5
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Chen J, Li X, Yang L, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang J. CircASH2L Promotes Ovarian Cancer Tumorigenesis, Angiogenesis, and Lymphangiogenesis by Regulating the miR-665/VEGFA Axis as a Competing Endogenous RNA. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595585. [PMID: 33330483 PMCID: PMC7711110 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer-related deaths. Emerging research has revealed a close relationship between circular RNAs (circRNAs) and ovarian cancer development, metastasis, and prognosis. The objective of our research was to further explore the relationship between circASH2L and ovarian cancer. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the differential expression of circRNAs between normal ovaries and ovarian cancer tissues. The impact of circASH2L on the proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer cells was evaluated using gain- and loss-of-function experiments. The molecular mechanisms of circASH2L function were investigated using bioinformatics analysis, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, western blots, and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The results showed that circASH2L was remarkably upregulated in ovarian cancer. The invasion and growth of ovarian cancer cells were suppressed by circASH2L knockdown in vitro, and downregulation of circASH2L restrained both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of tumor xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, circASH2L was mostly distributed in the cytoplasm, where it competes with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) for binding to miR-665. These findings indicate that circASH2L has an oncogenic function in ovarian cancer. In conclusion, circASH2L plays a critical role in regulating ovarian cancer cell tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis through the miR-665/VEGFA axis and, therefore, is a possible candidate target for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaocen Li
- Department of Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
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6
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Anti-tumour activity of tivozanib, a pan-inhibitor of VEGF receptors, in therapy-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45954. [PMID: 28383032 PMCID: PMC5382685 DOI: 10.1038/srep45954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most fatal gynaecological malignancy. Despite initial therapeutic response, the majority of advanced-stage patients relapse and succumb to chemoresistant disease. Overcoming drug resistance is the key to successful treatment of EOC. Members of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family are overexpressed in EOC and play key roles in its malignant progression though their contribution in development of the chemoresistant disease remains elusive. Here we show that expression of the VEGF family is higher in therapy-resistant EOC cells compared to sensitive ones. Overexpression of VEGFR2 correlated with resistance to cisplatin and combination with VEGFR2-inhibitor apatinib synergistically increased cisplatin sensitivity. Tivozanib, a pan-inhibitor of VEGF receptors, reduced proliferation of the chemoresistant EOC cells through induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Tivozanib decreased invasive potential of these cells, concomitant with reduction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and diminishing the enzymatic activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Moreover, tivozanib synergistically enhanced anti-tumour effects of EGFR-directed therapies including erlotinib. These findings suggest that the VEGF pathway has potential as a therapeutic target in therapy-resistant EOC and VEGFR blockade by tivozanib may yield stronger anti-tumour efficacy and circumvent resistance to EGFR-directed therapies.
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7
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Alirahimi E, Ashkiyan A, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Azadmanesh K, Hosseininejad-Chafi M, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Moazami R, Behdani M. Intrabody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 mediates downregulation of surface localization. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 24:33-37. [PMID: 27982020 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is among the most important mechanisms that helps cancer cells to survive, grow and undergo metastasis. Therefore, inhibiting angiogenesis will suppress tumor growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) are believed to be important players of angiogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the success of a novel nanobody against VEGFR2 in tethering its target inside the endoplasmic reticulum and preventing its transport to the cell membrane. Nanobody sequence was cloned in a mammalian vector in fusion with green fluorescent protein and a KDEL retention signal. After transfection of 293KDR cells with this expression vector, surface localization of VEGFR2 was monitored by flow cytometry. This study demonstrates that our intrananobody is effective in targeting VEGFR2 receptor, and therefore, it is a powerful tool to downregulate a surface-exposed target protein, and in this capacity, it has potential to be used as a therapeutic protein to inhibit growth of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alirahimi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Ashkiyan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Kazemi-Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Azadmanesh
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Hosseininejad-Chafi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - R Moazami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is primarily known as a proangiogenic factor and is one of the most important growth and survival factors affecting the vascular endothelium. However, recent studies have shown that VEGF also plays a vital role in the immune environment. In addition to the traditional growth factor role of VEGF and VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), they have a complicated relationship with various immune cells. VEGF also reportedly inhibits the differentiation and function of immune cells during hematopoiesis. Dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and lymphocytes further express certain types of VEGF receptors. VEGF can be secreted as well by tumor cells through the autocrine pathway and can stimulate the function of cancer stemness. This review will provide a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of VEGF/VEGFR signaling in the immune and cancer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Research Center of Lung Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiu-Bao Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Research Center of Lung Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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9
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Jesionowska A, Cecerska-Heryc E, Matoszka N, Dolegowska B. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling in ovarian cancer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 35:578-84. [PMID: 26393967 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1026444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that is involved in signal transduction between cells. Plasma and ascites levels of LPA are increased in ovarian cancer patients even in the early stages and thus LPA is considered as a potential diagnostic marker for this disease. This review presents the current knowledge regarding LPA signaling in epithelial ovarian cancer. LPA stimulates proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells through regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, urokinase plasminogen activator, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, CXC motif chemokine ligand 12/CXC receptor 4, COX2, cyclin D1, Hippo-Yap and growth-regulated oncogene α concentrations. In this article, all of these targets and signal pathways involved in LPA influence are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elzbieta Cecerska-Heryc
- b Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Natalia Matoszka
- b Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Barbara Dolegowska
- b Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
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10
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Paul-Samojedny M, Pudełko A, Suchanek-Raif R, Kowalczyk M, Fila-Daniłow A, Borkowska P, Kowalski J. Knockdown of the AKT3 (PKBγ), PI3KCA, and VEGFR2 genes by RNA interference suppresses glioblastoma multiforme T98G cells invasiveness in vitro. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:3263-77. [PMID: 25501707 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain malignancy, having a very poor prognosis and is characterized by extensive brain invasion as well as resistance to the therapy. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/PTEN signaling pathway is deregulated in GBM. Besides, florid vascularization and aberrantly elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) occur very often. The present study was designed to examine the inhibitory effect of AKT3, PI3KCA, and VEGFR2 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) on GBM cell invasiveness. T98G cells were transfected with AKT3, PI3KCA, and/or VEGFR2 siRNAs. VEGFR2 protein-positive cells were identified by flow cytometry using specific monoclonal anti-VEGFR2 antibodies. Alterations in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, MMP-14), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) (TIMP-1, TIMP-3), c-Fos, c-Jun, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), ObRa, and cathepsin D genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cells treated with specific siRNA were also analyzed for invasion using the Matrigel invasion assay. We have found significantly lower mRNA levels of MMPs, cathepsin D, VEGF, VEGFR2, HIF-1α, and c-Fos/c-Jun ratio, as well as significantly higher mRNA level of TIMPs in AKT3 and PI3KCA siRNA transfected cells compared to untransfected cells, while significantly lower mRNA levels of MMPs (MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14) and TIMP-1, as well as significantly higher mRNA level of TIMP-3, were shown only in cells transfected with VEGFR2 siRNA. The positive correlation between MMP-13 and ObRa mRNA copy number has been found. Summarizing, transfection of T98G cells with AKT3, PI3KCA, or VEGFR2 siRNAs leads to a significant reduction in cell invasiveness. The siRNA-induced AKT3, PI3KCA, and VEGFR2 mRNA knockdown may offer a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the invasiveness of GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8 Street, 41-200, Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland,
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11
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Secord AA, Nixon AB, Hurwitz HI. The search for biomarkers to direct antiangiogenic treatment in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:349-58. [PMID: 25178997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic agents have demonstrated improved progression-free survival in women with primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Biomarkers that predict outcomes in patients treated with antiangiogenic agents are being investigated to rationally direct therapy for women most likely to benefit from these agents. Among the most promising plasma-based biomarkers are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and VEGF receptor-2. While these biomarkers have been correlated with prognosis, they have not been shown to predict benefit, specifically from anti-VEGF therapy, highlighting the need for alternative biomarkers, including molecular and clinical factors, which may be predictive of outcome in women with ovarian cancer treated with antiangiogenic agents. Biomarkers are currently being investigated as secondary outcomes in several ongoing phase II and phase III clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents in patients with EOC. Molecular techniques, such as microarray analyses, and imaging techniques, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, are also being explored in this field. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current biomarker research, with an emphasis on angiogenic biomarkers associated with EOC.
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12
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Direct cytosolic siRNA delivery by reconstituted high density lipoprotein for target-specific therapy of tumor angiogenesis. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7214-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Willier S, Butt E, Grunewald TGP. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling in cell migration and cancer invasion: a focussed review and analysis of LPA receptor gene expression on the basis of more than 1700 cancer microarrays. Biol Cell 2013; 105:317-33. [PMID: 23611148 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ubiquitously present signalling molecule involved in diverse cellular processes such as cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. LPA acts as an autocrine and/or paracrine signalling molecule via different G-protein-coupled LPA receptors (LPARs) that trigger a broad range of intracellular signalling cascades, especially the RHOA pathway. Mounting evidence suggests a crucial role of the LPA/LPAR-axis in cancer cell metastasis and promising studies are underway to investigate the therapeutic potential of LPAR-antagonists. This review summarises current knowledge on how LPA promotes cytoskeletal remodelling to enhance the migratory and invasive properties of cells, which may ultimately contribute to cancer metastasis. Furthermore, we provide comprehensive transcriptome analyses of published microarrays of more than 350 normal tissues and more than 1700 malignant tissues to define the expression signatures of LPARs and the LPA-generating enzymes autotaxin (ATX) and lipase member 1 (LIPI). These analyses demonstrate that ATX is highly expressed in a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas, whereas LIPI is almost exclusively overexpressed in highly aggressive Ewing's sarcomas, which underscores the potential contribution of LPA in metastatic disease. In addition, these analyses show that different cancer entities display distinct expression signatures of LPARs that distinguish them from one another. Finally, we discuss current approaches to specifically target the LPA/LPAR circuits in experimental cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semjon Willier
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Wang L, Liu X, Wang H, Wang S. Correlation of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors with microvessel density in ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:175-180. [PMID: 23946799 PMCID: PMC3742816 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, the Flt-1 and KDR proteins, with clinical pathology and microvessel density (MVD) in ovarian cancer tissue. The protein expression levels of VEGF and its receptors, Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1, were detected in 48 cases of ovarian cancer using the streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC) immunohistochemical method, and tumor MVD was evaluated using F8 factor (FVIII-RA). The expression of the VEGF, Flt-1 and KDR proteins was not significantly associated with the pathological type, extent of differentiation or clinical stage of ovarian cancer. However, the co-expression of VEGF and Flt-1 was markedly correlated with differentiation and clinical stage (P<0.01). The co-expression levels of VEGF and receptor Flt-1 in malignant neoplasms with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher compared with malignant neoplasms without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The expression level of KDR in patients with hepatic metastasis was significantly higher compared with patients without hepatic metastasis (P<0.05). The co-expression level of VEGF and KDR in patients with hepatic metastasis was significantly higher compared with patients without hepatic metastasis (P<0.05) and the Flt-1 expression level in patients with ascites <1,000 ml was significantly lower than that in patients with ascites ≥1000 ml (P<0.05). The mean MVD of VEGF- and KDR-positive patients was significantly higher compared with VEGF- and KDR-negative patients (P<0.05). The expression of VEGF and its receptors is involved in the malignant transformation of ovarian tumors, tumor progression and metastasis, as well as ascites formation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing General Army Hospital, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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15
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Chen JC, Chang YW, Hong CC, Yu YH, Su JL. The role of the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis in tumor progression and therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:88-107. [PMID: 23344023 PMCID: PMC3565253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) has been identified as a multifaceted factor participating in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-C is not only expressed in endothelial cells, but also in tumor cells. VEGF-C signaling is important for progression of various cancer types through both VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). Likewise, both receptors are expressed mainly on endothelial cells, but also expressed in tumor cells. The dimeric VEGF-C undergoes a series of proteolytic cleavage steps that increase the protein binding affinity to VEGFR-3; however, only complete processing, removing both the N- and C-terminal propeptides, yields mature VEGF-C that can bind to VEGFR-2. The processed VEGF-C can bind and activate VEGFR-3 homodimers and VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimers to elicit biological responses. High levels of VEGF-C expression and VEGF-C/VEGFRs signaling correlate significantly with poorer prognosis in a variety of malignancies. Therefore, the development of new drugs that selectively target the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis seems to be an effective means to potentiate anti-tumor therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chih-Chen Hong
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yang-Hao Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Liang Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng Shiang, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext. 7932); Fax: +886-4-2233-3496
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16
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Musumeci F, Radi M, Brullo C, Schenone S. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors: drugs and new inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10797-822. [PMID: 23098265 DOI: 10.1021/jm301085w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent launch onto the market of five VEGFR inhibitors indicates the therapeutic value of these agents and the importance of the research in the field of angiogenesis inhibitors for future oncologic therapy. In this Perspective we briefly report the inhibitors that are in clinical use, while we dedicate two wider sections to the compounds that are in clinical trials and to the new derivatives appearing in the literature. We especially consider the medicinal chemistry aspect of the topic and report the structure-activity relationship studies and the binding mode of some inhibitors as well as the biological data of the compounds discovered in the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Barar J, Omidi Y. Translational Approaches towards Cancer Gene Therapy: Hurdles and Hopes. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2012; 2:127-43. [PMID: 23678451 DOI: 10.5681/bi.2012.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Of the cancer gene therapy approaches, gene silencing, suicide/apoptosis inducing gene therapy, immunogene therapy and targeted gene therapy are deemed to sub-stantially control the biological consequences of genomic changes in cancerous cells. Thus, a large number of clinical trials have been conducted against various malignancies. In this review, we will discuss recent translational progresses of gene and cell therapy of cancer. METHODS Essential information on gene therapy of cancer were reviewed and discussed towards their clinical translations. RESULTS Gene transfer has been rigorously studied in vitro and in vivo, in which some of these gene therapy endeavours have been carried on towards translational investigations and clinical applications. About 65% of gene therapy trials are related to cancer therapy. Some of these trials have been combined with cell therapy to produce personalized medicines such as Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®, marketed by Dendreon, USA) for the treatment of asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. CONCLUSION Translational approach links two diverse boundaries of basic and clinical researches. For successful translation of geno-medicines into clinical applications, it is essential 1) to have the guidelines and standard operating procedures for development and application of the genomedicines specific to clinically relevant biomarker(s); 2) to conduct necessary animal experimental studies to show the "proof of concept" for the proposed genomedicines; 3) to perform an initial clinical investigation; and 4) to initiate extensive clinical trials to address all necessary requirements. In short, translational researches need to be refined to accelerate the geno-medicine development and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Translational Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Lee I, Yoon KY, Kang CM, Lin X, Chen X, Kim JY, Kim SM, Ryu EK, Choe YS. Evaluation of the angiogenesis inhibitor KR-31831 in SKOV-3 tumor-bearing mice using (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121) and microPET. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:840-6. [PMID: 22406249 PMCID: PMC3629961 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
KR-31831 ((2R,3R,4S)-6-amino-4-[N-(4-chloropheyl)-N-(1H-imidazol-2ylmethyl)amino]-3-hydroxyl-2-methyl-2-dimethoxymethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran), an angiogenesis inhibitor, was evaluated in tumor-bearing mice using molecular imaging technology. Pre-treatment microPET images were acquired on SKOV-3 cell-implanted nude mice after injection with (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121). KR-31831 (50 mg/kg) was then injected intraperitoneally into the treatment group (n=3), while injection vehicle was injected into the control (n=4) and blocking (n=3) groups. After injections occurred daily for 28 days, all groups of mice underwent post-treatment microPET imaging after injection with (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121). The post-treatment images showed high tumor uptake in the control group and reduced tumor uptake in both the blocking and treatment groups. ROI analysis of the tumor images revealed 6.25%±1.18% ID/g at 1 h, 6.55%±0.69% ID/g at 2 h, and 4.68%±0.63% ID/g at 16 h in the control group; 3.87%±0.45% ID/g at 1 h, 4.50%±0.44% ID/g at 2 h, and 3.63%±0.25% ID/g at 16 h in the blocking group; and 4.03%±0.74% ID/g at 1 h, 4.37%±0.67% ID/g at 2 h, and 3.83%±0.90% ID/g at 16 h in the treatment group. Biodistribution obtained after the post-treatment microPET imaging also demonstrated high tumor uptake (3.74%±0.27% ID/g) in the control group and reduced uptakes in both the blocking group (2.69%±0.73% ID/g, P<.05) and the treatment group (3.11%±0.25% ID/g, P<.05), which correlated well with microPET imaging data. Immunofluorescence analysis showed higher levels of VEGFR2 and CD31 expressions in tumor tissues of the control and blocking groups than in tumor tissues of the treatment group. These results suggest that the antiangiogenic activity of KR-31831 is mediated through VEGFR2 and microPET serves as a useful molecular imaging tool for evaluation of a newly developed angiogenesis inhibitor, KR-31831.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iljung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Kwang Yup Yoon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Choong Mo Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Xin Lin
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2281, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2281, U.S.A
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 804-1 Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Ryu
- Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 804-1 Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Korea
| | - Yearn Seong Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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19
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Bruce D, Tan PH. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and the therapeutic targeting of angiogenesis in cancer: where do we go from here? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:85-103. [PMID: 22017472 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2011.619673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptors (VEGFRs), the interactions with their ligands and the subsequent signalling pathways are known to play a vital role in tumour angiogenesis. Initial clinical trials of VEGFR inhibitors were disappointing but over the past decade some therapies have been successfully brought to market. At present, VEGFR inhibitors appear to be most promising as adjuvants to conventional chemotherapy. However, several interacting signalling molecules and downstream pathways have recently been shown to interact with VEGFR signalling and provide promising novel targets, such as the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), human epithelial receptor-2, (HER-2) Tie-2 and oestrogen receptors. Elucidation of this web of signalling pathways may identify new therapeutic strategies which may be used in combination with VEGFR inhibitors to augment the efficacy of anti-angiogenic cancer treatments. This review assesses the role of modulating VEGFR activity in cancer and systematically examines current evidence and trials in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bruce
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Science, Oxford University, The John Radcliffe, Headley Way, Oxford, UK
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20
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Dutta S, Wang FQ, Wu HS, Mukherjee TJ, Fishman DA. The NF-κB pathway mediates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced VEGF signaling and cell invasion in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:129-37. [PMID: 21782227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our previous report has implicated the involvement of VEGF-VEGFR-2 h signaling in LPA-induced EOC invasion. However, the mechanism by which LPA regulates VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we systematically examined the signal transduction pathways activated by LPA and further evaluated whether LPA's effect on VEGF-VEGFR-2 signaling and EOC invasion was mediated by the activation of NF-κB pathway. METHODS Using a signal transduction PathwayFinder PCR array, we examined the expression change of 86 key genes representing 18 signal transduction pathways in DOV13 and SKOV3 cells upon LPA (20 μM) treatment. We also used quantitative PCR, Western blotting and ELISA to evaluate the effect of NF-κB pathway inhibition on VEGF(121), VEGF(165) and VEGFR-2 mRNA and protein expression/secretion with or without the presence of LPA (20 μM) in SKOV3. Cell invasion under various treatment conditions was assessed by Matrigel invasion assay and MMP-2 secretion was detected by gelatin zymography. RESULTS Our results showed that in both DOV13 and SKOV3, several of the NF-κB pathway components, such as TNF, are consistently activated by LPA stimulation. In addition, treatment with an NF-κB pathway activation inhibitor, at 10 μM, significantly decreased LPA-induced VEGF(121), VEGF(165) and VEGFR-2 mRNA expression and VEGF secretion, as well as LPA-induced SKOV3 invasion (p<0.05). When combined with an EGFR inhibitor, NF-κB pathway inhibition exhibited a significantly stronger effect than used alone (p<0.05) on reducing LPA-induced VEGF secretion and cell invasion. Additionally, NF-κB inhibition also decreased LPA-induced MMP-2 secretion and MMP-1 expression (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the NF-κB pathway plays an important role in LPA-induced VEGF signaling and EOC invasion and targeting this pathway may reveal potential therapeutic options for metastatic EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dutta
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, Bono P, Alitalo K. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:347-62. [PMID: 21481637 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth and dissemination, and lymphatic vessels as additional conduits for metastatic spread. The identification of growth factor receptor pathways regulating angiogenesis has led to the clinical approval of the first antiangiogenic molecules targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 pathway. However, in many cases resistance to anti-VEGF-VEGFR therapy occurs, and thus far the clinical benefit has been limited to only modest improvements in overall survival. Therefore, novel treatment modalities are required. Here, we discuss the members of the VEGF-VEGFR family as well as the angiopoietin growth factors and their Tie receptors as potential novel targets for antiangiogenic and antilymphangiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipsa Saharinen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology, Research Programs Unit, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O.B. 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Zhao S, Ma D, Dai H, Yuan F, Wang Z. Biologically inhibitory effects of VEGF siRNA on endometrial carcinoma cells. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284:1533-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wang FQ, Fisher J, Fishman DA. MMP-1-PAR1 axis mediates LPA-induced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) invasion. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 120:247-55. [PMID: 21093894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MMP-1 is over-expressed in many cancers, with high expression often associated with poor survival. In the present study, we examined the expression of MMP-1 in EOC and its role in EOC invasion. Moreover, we evaluated the role of a newly identified MMP-1-protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 axis in LPA-induced EOC invasion. METHODS MMP-1 and PAR1 mRNA expression in EOC cell lines was determined by real time PCR. MMP-1 mRNA expression in 96 normal and carcinoma ovarian tissue specimens was analyzed using a TissueScan real time PCR array. MMP-1 concentration in conditioned medium was measured by MMP-1 ELISA. PAR1 protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Cell invasion was evaluated by in vitro Matrigel invasion assay. RESULTS In ovarian tumor tissues more MMP-1 expression was observed than in normal ovarian tissues (p<0.05), and its expression correlated with tumor grade (grade 3>grade 2>grade 1). Human recombinant MMP-1 as well as serum free conditioned medium containing high levels of MMP-1 from DOV13 and R182 cells significantly promoted DOV13 cell invasion (p<0.05), implicating a direct role of MMP-1 in EOC invasion. Moreover, MMP-1 induced DOV13 invasion was significantly blocked by PAR1 siRNA silencing. Furthermore, MMP-1 and PAR1 were both significantly induced by LPA (20 μM), and siRNA silencing of MMP-1 and PAR1 both significantly reduced LPA's invasion-promoting effect in DOV13 cells (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the MMP-1-PAR1 axis is involved in EOC invasion and at least partially mediates LPA-induced EOC invasion. Therefore, blocking MMP-1 or PAR1 may represent a new therapeutic option for metastatic EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-qiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
RNA interference, a recently discovered new mechanism controlling gene expression via small RNAs, was shown to be involved in characterization and control of basic ovarian cell functions. The main classes of small RNAs, as well as their expression in ovaries have been described. Furthermore, the successful application of RNA interference for study and control of basic ovarian functions (proliferation, apoptosis, secretory activity, luteogenesis, oocyte maturation, and related ovarian cell malignant transformation) and production of recombinant proteins have been demonstrated. Application of RNA interference in reproductive biology and medicine can be successful in two main areas: (1) characterization and prediction of physiological and pathological state (association between particular small RNA and physiological or pathological processes), (2) application of small RNAs for regulation of reproductive processes and treatment of reproductive disorders or their particular indexes. Problems of improvement of small RNA delivery to target ovarian cells and potent RNA interference-related approaches for treatment of ovarian disorders (especially of ovarian cancer) have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sirotkin
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra, Luzianky near Nitra, Slovakia.
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25
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Wang FQ, Ariztia EV, Boyd LR, Horton FR, Smicun Y, Hetherington JA, Smith PJ, Fishman DA. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) effects on endometrial carcinoma in vitro proliferation, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117:88-95. [PMID: 20056268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has potent growth-regulatory effect in many cell types and has been linked to the in vivo tumor growth and metastasis in several malignancies. The goal of this study was to assess the regulation of (EC) microenvironment by LPA through the examination of its effect on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, uPA activity, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion/activation. METHODS All experiments were performed in vitro using an EC cell line, HEC-1A. Cell proliferation was determined using the Promega MTS proliferation assay following 48 h of exposures to different concentrations of LPA (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 microM). Cell invasion was assessed using a modified Boyden chamber assay with collagen I coated on the membrane. HEC-1A motility was examined by Boyden chamber migration assay as well as the scratch wound closure assay on type I collagen. MMP secretion/activation in HEC-1A conditioned medium was detected by gelatin zymography. MMP-7 mRNA expression was determined using real-time PCR. uPA activity was measured using a coupled colorimetric assay. RESULTS LPA, at the concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 microM, significantly induced the proliferation of HEC-1A cells (p<0.01). At 10 microM, LPA- induced HEC-1A proliferation to a less extent and showed no significant effect on HEC-1A invasion and migration (p>0.05). Gelatin zymogram showed that HEC-1A cells secreted high levels of MMP-7, while MMP-2 and MMP-9 are barely detectable. In addition, LPA significantly enhanced uPA activity in HEC-1A conditioned medium in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS LPA is a potent modulator of cellular proliferation and invasion for EC cells. It also has the capacity to stimulate the secretion/activity of uPA and MMP-7. Those results suggest that LPA is a bioactive modulator of EC microenvironment and may have a distinct regulation mechanism as observed in epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-qiang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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