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Kanagasabai T, Dunbar Z, Ochoa SG, Farris T, Dhandayuthapani S, Wijeratne EMK, Gunatilaka AAL, Shanker A. Bortezomib in Combination with Physachenolide C Reduces the Tumorigenic Properties of KRAS mut/P53 mut Lung Cancer Cells by Inhibiting c-FLIP. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:670. [PMID: 38339421 PMCID: PMC10854725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in apoptosis regulation are one of the classical features of cancer cells, often associated with more aggressiveness and failure to therapeutic options. We investigated the combinatorial antitumor effects of a natural product, physachenolide C (PCC) and bortezomib, in KRASmut/P53mut lung cancer cells and xenograft mice models. METHODS The in vitro anticancer effects of the bortezomib and PCC combination were investigated using cell viability, migration, and invasion assays in 344SQ, H23, and H358 cell lines. Furthermore, the effects of combination treatment on the critical parameters of cellular metabolism, including extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation based on the oxygen consumption rate of cancer cells were assessed using Seahorse assay. Finally, the antitumor effect of the bortezomib (1 mg/kg) and PCC (10 mg/kg) combination was evaluated using xenograft mice models. RESULTS Our data showed that the bortezomib-PCC combination was more effective in reducing the viability of lung cancer cells in comparison with the individual treatments. Similarly, the combination treatment showed a significant inhibition of cell migration and invasion of cancer cells. Additionally, the key anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP was significantly inhibited along with a substantial reduction in the key parameters of cellular metabolism in cancer cells. Notably, the bortezomib or PCC inhibited the tumor growth compared to the control group, the tumor growth inhibition was much more effective when bortezomib was combined with PCC in tumor xenograft mice models. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that PCC sensitizes cancer cells to bortezomib, potentially improving the antitumor effects against KRASmut/P53mut lung cancer cells, with an enhanced efficacy of combination treatments without causing significant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.K.); (T.F.)
| | - Zerick Dunbar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Salvador González Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
| | - Tonie Farris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (T.K.); (T.F.)
| | | | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (E.M.K.W.)
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (E.M.K.W.)
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA;
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Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Ovarian Cancer and Associated Gene Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246246. [PMID: 36551731 PMCID: PMC9777152 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, over 100,000 women are diagnosed with a gynecologic malignancy every year, with ovarian cancer being the most lethal. One of the hallmark characteristics of ovarian cancer is the development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. While the exact mechanisms of chemoresistance are poorly understood, it is known that changes at the cellular and molecular level make chemoresistance challenging to treat. Improved therapeutic options are needed to target these changes at the molecular level. Using a precision medicine approach, such as gene therapy, genes can be specifically exploited to resensitize tumors to therapeutics. This review highlights traditional and novel gene targets that can be used to develop new and improved targeted therapies, from drug efflux proteins to ovarian cancer stem cells. The review also addresses the clinical relevance and landscape of the discussed gene targets.
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Yan XY, Qu XZ, Xu L, Yu SH, Tian R, Zhong XR, Sun LK, Su J. Insight into the role of p62 in the cisplatin resistant mechanisms of ovarian cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:128. [PMID: 32322174 PMCID: PMC7164250 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based first-line drug for treating ovarian cancer. However, chemotherapy tolerance has limited the efficacy of cisplatin for ovarian cancer patients. Research has demonstrated that cisplatin causes changes in cell survival and death signaling pathways through its interaction with macromolecules and organelles, which indicates that investigation into the DNA off-target effects of cisplatin may provide critical insights into the mechanisms underlying drug resistance. The multifunctional protein p62 works as a signaling hub in the regulation of pro-survival transcriptional factors NF-κB and Nrf2 and connects autophagy and apoptotic signals, which play important roles in maintaining cell homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the role of p62 in cisplatin resistance by exploring p62-associated signaling pathways based on current studies and our work. Insights into these resistance mechanisms may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer by targeting p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Yan
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xian-Zhi Qu
- 2Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Long Xu
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Si-Hang Yu
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Rui Tian
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Xin-Ru Zhong
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Lian-Kun Sun
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Jing Su
- 1Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021 China
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Alimbetov D, Askarova S, Umbayev B, Davis T, Kipling D. Pharmacological Targeting of Cell Cycle, Apoptotic and Cell Adhesion Signaling Pathways Implicated in Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061690. [PMID: 29882812 PMCID: PMC6032165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs target a physiological differentiating feature of cancer cells as they tend to actively proliferate more than normal cells. They have well-known side-effects resulting from the death of highly proliferative normal cells in the gut and immune system. Cancer treatment has changed dramatically over the years owing to rapid advances in oncology research. Developments in cancer therapies, namely surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy and selective treatment methods due to better understanding of tumor characteristics, have significantly increased cancer survival. However, many chemotherapeutic regimes still fail, with 90% of the drug failures in metastatic cancer treatment due to chemoresistance, as cancer cells eventually develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Chemoresistance is caused through genetic mutations in various proteins involved in cellular mechanisms such as cell cycle, apoptosis and cell adhesion, and targeting those mechanisms could improve outcomes of cancer therapy. Recent developments in cancer treatment are focused on combination therapy, whereby cells are sensitized to chemotherapeutic agents using inhibitors of target pathways inducing chemoresistance thus, hopefully, overcoming the problems of drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the role of cell cycle, apoptosis and cell adhesion in cancer chemoresistance mechanisms, possible drugs to target these pathways and, thus, novel therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauren Alimbetov
- Laboratory of bioengineering and regenerative medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Z05H0P9 Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- Laboratory of bioengineering and regenerative medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Z05H0P9 Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- Laboratory of bioengineering and regenerative medicine, Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Z05H0P9 Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Terence Davis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - David Kipling
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Lesser-Known Molecules in Ovarian Carcinogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:321740. [PMID: 26339605 PMCID: PMC4538335 DOI: 10.1155/2015/321740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the deciphering of the signaling pathways brings about new advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of ovarian carcinogenesis, which is based on the interaction of several molecules with different biochemical structure that, consequently, intervene in cell metabolism, through their role as regulators in proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Given that the ensemble of biomarkers in OC includes more than 50 molecules the interest of the researchers focuses on the possible validation of each one's potential as prognosis markers and/or therapeutic targets. Within this framework, this review presents three protein molecules: ALCAM, c-FLIP, and caveolin, motivated by the perspectives provided through the current limited knowledge on their role in ovarian carcinogenesis and on their potential as prognosis factors. Their structural stability, once altered, triggers the initiation of the sequences characteristic for ovarian carcinogenesis, through their role as modulators for several signaling pathways, contributing to the disruption of cellular junctions, disturbance of pro-/antiapoptotic equilibrium, and alteration of transmission of the signals specific for the molecular pathways. For each molecule, the text is built as follows: (i) general remarks, (ii) structural details, and (iii) particularities in expression, from different tumors to landmarks in ovarian carcinoma.
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BIN1 tumor suppressor regulates Fas/Fas ligand–mediated apoptosis through c-FLIP in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2015; 29:1402-13. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Farooqi AA, Yaylim I, Ozkan NE, Zaman F, Halim TA, Chang HW. Restoring TRAIL mediated signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:459-74. [PMID: 25030086 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has emerged as a multifaceted and genomically complex disease. Genetic/epigenetic mutations, suppression of tumor suppressors, overexpression of oncogenes, rewiring of intracellular signaling cascades and loss of apoptosis are some of the deeply studied mechanisms. In vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted different molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer. In this review, we bring to limelight, expansion in understanding systematical characterization of ovarian cancer cells has led to the rapid development of new drugs and treatments to target negative regulators of TRAIL mediated signaling pathway. Wide ranging synthetic and natural agents have been shown to stimulate mRNA and protein expression of death receptors. This review is compartmentalized into programmed cell death protein 4, platelet-derived growth factor signaling and miRNA control of TRAIL mediated signaling to ovarian cancer. Mapatumumab and PRO95780 have been tested for efficacy against ovarian cancer. Use of high-throughput screening assays will aid in dissecting the heterogeneity of this disease and increasing a long-term survival which might be achieved by translating rapidly accumulating information obtained from molecular and cellular studies to clinic researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, RLMC, 35 km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan,
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Abstract
Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major resistance factor and critical anti-apoptotic regulator that inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Fas-L, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis as well as chemotherapy-triggered apoptosis in malignant cells. c-FLIP is expressed as long (c-FLIP(L)), short (c-FLIP(S)), and c-FLIP(R) splice variants in human cells. c-FLIP binds to FADD and/or caspase-8 or -10 in a ligand-dependent and-independent fashion, which in turn prevents death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. Moreover, c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) are known to have multifunctional roles in various signaling pathways, as well as activating and/or upregulating several cytoprotective signaling molecules. Upregulation of c-FLIP has been found in various tumor types, and its downregulation has been shown to restore apoptosis triggered by cytokines and various chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, c-FLIP is an important target for cancer therapy. For example, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that specifically knockdown the expression of c-FLIP(L) in diverse human cancer cell lines augmented TRAIL-induced DISC recruitment and increased the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, thereby enhancing effector caspase stimulation and apoptosis. Moreover, small molecules causing degradation of c-FLIP as well as decreasing mRNA and protein levels of c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) splice variants have been found, and efforts are underway to develop other c-FLIP-targeted cancer therapies. This review focuses on (1) the functional role of c-FLIP splice variants in preventing apoptosis and inducing cytokine and drug resistance; (2) the molecular mechanisms that regulate c-FLIP expression; and (3) strategies to inhibit c-FLIP expression and function.
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Meijer A, Kruyt FAE, van der Zee AGJ, Hollema H, Le P, ten Hoor KA, Groothuis GMM, Quax WJ, de Vries EGE, de Jong S. Nutlin-3 preferentially sensitises wild-type p53-expressing cancer cells to DR5-selective TRAIL over rhTRAIL. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2685-95. [PMID: 24136147 PMCID: PMC3833221 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour cell-selective activation of apoptosis by recombinant human TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rhTRAIL) is enhanced through co-activation of p53 by chemotherapeutic drugs. The novel anticancer agent nutlin-3 provides a promising alternative for p53 activation by disrupting the interaction between p53 and its negative feedback regulator MDM2. Methods: We examined whether nutlin-3 enhances apoptosis induction by rhTRAIL and the DR5-selective TRAIL variant D269H/E195R in wild-type p53-expressing ovarian, colon and lung cancer cell lines and in an ex vivo model of human ovarian cancer. Results: Nutlin-3 enhanced p53, p21, MDM2 and DR5 surface expression. Although nutlin-3 did not induce apoptosis, it preferentially enhanced D269H/E195R-induced apoptosis over rhTRAIL. Combination treatment potentiated the cleavage of caspases 8, 9, 3 and PARP. P53 and MDM2 siRNA experiments showed that this enhanced apoptotic effect was mediated by wild-type p53. Indeed, nutlin-3 did not enhance rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cells harbouring mutant p53. Addition of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin to the combination further increased p53 and DR5 levels and rhTRAIL- and D269H/E195R-induced apoptosis. As a proof of concept, we show that the combination of D269H/E195R, nutlin-3 and cisplatin induced massive apoptosis in ex vivo tissue slices of primary human ovarian cancers. Conclusion: Nutlin-3 is a potent enhancer of D269H/E195R-induced apoptosis in wild-type p53-expressing cancer cells. Addition of DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin further enhances DR5-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Barrett CL, Schwab RB, Jung H, Crain B, Goff DJ, Jamieson CHM, Thistlethwaite PA, Harismendy O, Carson DA, Frazer KA. Transcriptome sequencing of tumor subpopulations reveals a spectrum of therapeutic options for squamous cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58714. [PMID: 23527012 PMCID: PMC3604164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The only therapeutic options that exist for squamous cell lung carcinoma (SCC) are standard radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to account for therapeutic resistance, suggesting that CSCs must be specifically targeted. Here, we analyze the transcriptome of CSC and non-CSC subpopulations by RNA-seq to identify new potential therapeutic strategies for SCC. Methods We sorted a SCC into CD133− and CD133+ subpopulations and then examined both by copy number analysis (CNA) and whole genome and transcriptome sequencing. We analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) transcriptome data of 221 SCCs to determine the generality of our observations. Results Both subpopulations highly expressed numerous mRNA isoforms whose protein products are active drug targets for other cancers; 31 (25%) correspond to 18 genes under active investigation as mAb targets and an additional 4 (3%) are of therapeutic interest. Moreover, we found evidence that both subpopulations were proliferatively driven by very high levels of c-Myc and the TRAIL long isoform (TRAILL) and that normal apoptotic responses to high expression of these genes was prevented through high levels of Mcl-1L and Bcl-xL and c-FlipL—isoforms for which drugs are now in clinical development. SCC RNA-seq data (n = 221) from TCGA supported our findings. Our analysis is inconsistent with the CSC concept that most cells in a cancer have lost their proliferative potential. Furthermore, our study suggests how to target both the CSC and non-CSC subpopulations with one treatment strategy. Conclusions Our study is relevant to SCC in particular for it presents numerous potential options to standard therapy that target the entire tumor. In so doing, it demonstrates how transcriptome sequencing provides insights into the molecular underpinnings of cancer propagating cells that, importantly, can be leveraged to identify new potential therapeutic options for cancers beyond what is possible with DNA sequencing.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mutation
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/classification
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Peptides/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L. Barrett
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Schwab
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - HyunChul Jung
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Crain
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Goff
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Catriona H. M. Jamieson
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Thistlethwaite
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Frazer
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kalachand R, Hennessy BT, Markman M. Molecular targeted therapy in ovarian cancer: what is on the horizon? Drugs 2012; 71:947-67. [PMID: 21668036 DOI: 10.2165/11591740-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, empirical optimization of cytotoxic chemotherapy combinations and surgical debulking procedures have improved outcomes and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Yet, this disease remains the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US, as cure rates seem to have reached a plateau at approximately 20% with conventional chemotherapy. Novel high-throughput genomic and proteomic analyses have improved the molecular understanding of ovarian carcinogenesis, thereby providing a vast array of new potential drug targets with complex signalling interactions. In order to yield the most significant impact on disease outcome, it is necessary to carefully select, and subsequently target, the driving molecular pathway(s) within a tumour or tumour subtype, which are most likely to correspond to high-frequency mutations and genomic aberrations. The identification of biomarkers predictive of response to targeted therapy is essential to avoid poor responses to potentially useful drugs in unselected trial populations. With some promising, albeit early, phase III data on the angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab, exciting new opportunities lie ahead with the ultimate goal of personalizing therapies to individual tumour profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Kalachand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Dong HP, Ree Rosnes AK, Bock AJ, Holth A, Flørenes VA, Trope’ CG, Risberg B, Davidson B. Flow cytometric measurement of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in ovarian carcinoma effusions. Cytopathology 2011; 22:373-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li LC, Jayaram S, Ganesh L, Qian L, Rotmensch J, Maker AV, Prabhakar BS. Knockdown of MADD and c-FLIP overcomes resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:362.e12-25. [PMID: 21855847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical utility of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in the treatment of established human malignancies is limited by the development of resistance to TRAIL. We hypothesized that knockdown of map-kinase activating death domain containing protein (MADD), a TRAIL-resistance factor, may overcome TRAIL resistance in ovarian cancer cells. STUDY DESIGN MADD expression in resected ovarian cancer specimens and cell lines was quantified with the use of polymerase chain reaction. Sensitivity of ovarian cancer cell lines to TRAIL, with or without MADD knockdown, was assessed. RESULTS MADD is expressed at relatively higher levels in human malignant ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines, compared with normal ovarian tissues. The cell lines OVCA429 and OVCAR3 were susceptible, and cell lines CAOV-3 and SKOV-3 were resistant to TRAIL. MADD knockdown in CAOV-3 cells, but not in SKOV-3 cells, conferred TRAIL sensitivity. Knockdown of cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in SKOV-3 cells increased spontaneous and TRAIL-induced apoptosis, which was further increased on MADD knockdown. CONCLUSION MADD/c-FLIP(L) knockdown can render TRAIL-resistant ovarian cancer cells susceptible to TRAIL.
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15
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The enigmatic roles of caspases in tumor development. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1952-79. [PMID: 24281211 PMCID: PMC3840446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2041952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One function ascribed to apoptosis is the suicidal destruction of potentially harmful cells, such as cancerous cells. Hence, their growth depends on evasion of apoptosis, which is considered as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Apoptosis is ultimately carried out by the sequential activation of initiator and executioner caspases, which constitute a family of intracellular proteases involved in dismantling the cell in an ordered fashion. In cancer, therefore, one would anticipate caspases to be frequently rendered inactive, either by gene silencing or by somatic mutations. From clinical data, however, there is little evidence that caspase genes are impaired in cancer. Executioner caspases have only rarely been found mutated or silenced, and also initiator caspases are only affected in particular types of cancer. There is experimental evidence from transgenic mice that certain initiator caspases, such as caspase-8 and -2, might act as tumor suppressors. Loss of the initiator caspase of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, caspase-9, however, did not promote cellular transformation. These data seem to question a general tumor-suppressive role of caspases. We discuss several possible ways how tumor cells might evade the need for alterations of caspase genes. First, alternative splicing in tumor cells might generate caspase variants that counteract apoptosis. Second, in tumor cells caspases might be kept in check by cellular caspase inhibitors such as c-FLIP or XIAP. Third, pathways upstream of caspase activation might be disrupted in tumor cells. Finally, caspase-independent cell death mechanisms might abrogate the selection pressure for caspase inactivation during tumor development. These scenarios, however, are hardly compatible with the considerable frequency of spontaneous apoptosis occurring in several cancer types. Therefore, alternative concepts might come into play, such as compensatory proliferation. Herein, apoptosis and/or non-apoptotic functions of caspases may even promote tumor development. Moreover, experimental evidence suggests that caspases might play non-apoptotic roles in processes that are crucial for tumorigenesis, such as cell proliferation, migration, or invasion. We thus propose a model wherein caspases are preserved in tumor cells due to their functional contributions to development and progression of tumors.
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