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Pouwer AW, Te Grootenhuis NC, Hinten F, de Bock GH, van der Zee AGJ, Melchers WJG, Oonk MHM, de Hullu JA, Hollema H, Bulten J. Prognostic value of HPV-PCR, p16 and p53 immunohistochemical status on local recurrence rate and survival in patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2023:10.1007/s00428-023-03690-8. [PMID: 37938322 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to assess the association between human papilloma virus (HPV) and p53 expression and local recurrence (LR), disease specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) in patients with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC). Secondary, the accuracy of p16 immunohistochemistry for HPV status was assessed. The tumor tissue of 255 patients, surgically treated for primary unifocal VSCC between 2000 and 2010, was analyzed. HPV-PCR and P16 and p53 immunohistochemical stainings were performed. All histologic slides were independently reviewed by two expert gyneco-pathologists. Time to first LR, DSS, and OS for the variables p16, p53, and HPV-PCR were compared using univariable and multivariable Cox-regression analyses. In 211/255 (83.5%) patients, HPV-PCR was negative. The local recurrence rate was significantly lower in patients positive with HPV-PCR (10-year LR rate 24.6%) versus negative tumors (47.5%), p = 0.004. After multivariable analyses, this difference remained significant (HR 0.23 (95% CI 0.08-0.62) p = 0.004). There was no difference in LR rate correlated to the p53 expression. DSS and OS did not significantly differ after multivariable analyses for all different subgroups. Sensitivity and specificity of p16 staining for presence of HPV detected by HPV-PCR were 86.4% and 93.8%, respectively. In conclusion, patients with HPV-negative VSCCs have significantly more LR compared to patients with HPV-positive VSCCs, and p16 immunohistochemistry is a reliable surrogate marker for HPV status. No relevant subgroup for LR or survival based on HPV/p53 status could be identified. We advise to perform an HPV-PCR or p16 IHC staining in all patients with VSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Pouwer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N C Te Grootenhuis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - F Hinten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A G J van der Zee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M H M Oonk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J A de Hullu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Bulten
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Paijens ST, Vledder A, Loiero D, Duiker EW, Bart J, Hendriks AM, Jalving M, Workel HH, Hollema H, Werner N, Plat A, Wisman GBA, Yigit R, Arts H, Kruse AJ, de Lange N, Koelzer VH, de Bruyn M, Nijman HW. Prognostic image-based quantification of CD8CD103 T cell subsets in high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1935104. [PMID: 34123576 PMCID: PMC8183551 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1935104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD103-positive tissue resident memory-like CD8+ T cells (CD8CD103 TRM) are associated with improved prognosis across malignancies, including high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). However, whether quantification of CD8, CD103 or both is required to improve existing survival prediction and whether all HGSOC patients or only specific subgroups of patients benefit from infiltration, remains unclear. To address this question, we applied image-based quantification of CD8 and CD103 multiplex immunohistochemistry in the intratumoral and stromal compartments of 268 advanced-stage HGSOC patients from two independent clinical institutions. Infiltration of CD8CD103 immune cell subsets was independent of clinicopathological factors. Our results suggest CD8CD103 TRM quantification as a superior method for prognostication compared to single CD8 or CD103 quantification. A survival benefit of CD8CD103 TRM was observed only in patients treated with primary cytoreductive surgery. Moreover, survival benefit in this group was limited to patients with no macroscopic tumor lesions after surgery. This approach provides novel insights into prognostic stratification of HGSOC patients and may contribute to personalized treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Paijens
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Vledder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Loiero
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E. W. Duiker
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Bart
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. M. Hendriks
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. H. Workel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N. Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Plat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G. B. A. Wisman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Yigit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. Arts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. J. Kruse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isala Hospital Zwolle, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - N.M. de Lange
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isala Hospital Zwolle, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - V. H. Koelzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. de Bruyn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. W. Nijman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Te Grootenhuis NC, Pouwer AW, de Bock GH, Hollema H, Bulten J, van der Zee AGJ, de Hullu JA, Oonk MHM. Margin status revisited in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 154:266-275. [PMID: 31109660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of local recurrence of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in relation to tumor- and/or precursor lesion free pathologic margins. METHODS Consecutive patients with primary vulvar squamous cell carcinoma surgically treated in two Dutch expert centers between 2000 and 2010 were included. All pathology slides were independently reviewed by two expert gynecopathologists, and local recurrence was defined as any recurrent disease located on the vulva. Time to first local recurrence was compared for different subgroups using univariable and multivariable Cox-regression analyses. RESULTS In total 287 patients with a median follow-up of 80months (range 0-204) were analyzed. The actuarial local recurrence rate ten years after treatment was 42.5%. Pathologic tumor free margin distance did not influence the risk on local recurrence (HR 1.03 (95% CI 0.99-1.06)), neither using a cutoff of eight, five, or three millimeters. Multivariable analyses showed a higher local recurrence rate in patients with dVIN and LS in the margin (HR 2.76 (95% CI 1.62-4.71)), in patients with dVIN in the margin (HR 2.14 (95% CI 1.11-4.12)), and a FIGO stage II or higher (HR 1.62 (95% CI 1.05-2.48)). CONCLUSIONS Local recurrences frequently occur in patients with primary vulvar carcinoma and are associated with dVIN (with or without LS) in the pathologic margin rather than any tumor free margin distance. Our results should lead to increased awareness among physicians of an ongoing risk for local recurrence and need for life-long follow-up. Intensified follow-up and treatment protocols for patients with dVIN in the margin should be evaluated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Te Grootenhuis
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Netherlands
| | - A W Pouwer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Pathology, the Netherlands
| | - J Bulten
- Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A G J van der Zee
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Netherlands
| | - J A de Hullu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M H M Oonk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Netherlands.
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de Boer SM, Wortman BG, Bosse T, Powell ME, Singh N, Hollema H, Wilson G, Chowdhury MN, Mileshkin L, Pyman J, Katsaros D, Carinelli S, Fyles A, McLachlin CM, Haie-Meder C, Duvillard P, Nout RA, Verhoeven-Adema KW, Putter H, Creutzberg CL, Smit VTHBM. Clinical consequences of upfront pathology review in the randomised PORTEC-3 trial for high-risk endometrial cancer. Ann Oncol 2019; 29:424-430. [PMID: 29190319 PMCID: PMC5834053 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the PORTEC-3 trial, women with high-risk endometrial cancer (HR-EC) were randomised to receive pelvic radiotherapy (RT) with or without concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy (two cycles of cisplatin 50 mg/m2 in weeks 1 and 4 of RT, followed by four cycles of carboplatin AUC5 and paclitaxel 175 mg/m2). Pathology review was required before patient enrolment. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the role of central pathology review before randomisation. Patients and methods A total of 1295 cases underwent pathology review to confirm HR-EC in the Netherlands (n = 395) and the UK (n = 900), and for 1226/1295 (95%) matching review and original reports were available. In total, 329 of these patients were enrolled in the PORTEC-3 trial: 145 in the Netherlands and 184 in the UK, comprising 48% of the total PORTEC-3 cohort of 686 participants. Areas of discrepancies were evaluated, and inter-observer agreement between original and review opinion was evaluated by calculating the kappa value (κ). Results In the 1226 pathology reviews, 6356 selected items were evaluable for both original and review pathology. In 43% of cases at least one pathology item changed after review. For 102 patients (8%), this discrepancy led to ineligibility for the PORTEC-3 trial, most frequently due to differences in the assessment of histological type (34%), endocervical stromal involvement (27%) and histological grade (19%). Lowest inter-observer agreement was found for histological type (κ = 0.72), lymph-vascular space invasion (κ = 0.72) and histological grade (κ = 0.70). Conclusion Central pathology review by expert gynaeco-pathologists changed histological type, grade or other items in 43% of women with HR-EC, leading to ineligibility for the PORTEC-3 trial in 8%. Upfront pathology review is essential to ensure enrolment of the target trial-population, and to avoid over- or undertreatment, especially when treatment modalities with substantial toxicity are involved. This study is registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN14387080, www.controlled-trials.com) and with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00411138).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M de Boer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - B G Wortman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M E Powell
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Barts Health NHS Trust, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London
| | - N Singh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Central Manchester Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - M N Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - L Mileshkin
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Pyman
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - D Katsaros
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Az O-Universitaria Città della Salute di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Carinelli
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Pathology, Milan, Italy
| | - A Fyles
- CCTG, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - C M McLachlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - C Haie-Meder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - P Duvillard
- Department of Pathology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - R A Nout
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K W Verhoeven-Adema
- Central Trials Office, Comprehensive Cancer Center The Netherlands, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Putter
- Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C L Creutzberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - V T H B M Smit
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Versluis M, Plat A, de Bruyn M, Matias-Guiu X, Trovic J, Krakstad C, Nijman HW, Bosse T, de Bock GH, Hollema H. L1CAM expression in uterine carcinosarcoma is limited to the epithelial component and may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Virchows Arch 2018; 473:591-598. [PMID: 30140948 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) has been proposed as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process characterized by a functional change facilitating migration and metastasis in many types of cancer. L1CAM is an adhesion molecule that has been involved in EMT as a marker for mesenchymal phenotype. We examined expression of L1CAM in UCS in a cohort of 90 cases from four different centers. Slides were immunohistochemically stained for L1CAM and scored in four categories (0%, < 10%, 10-50%, and > 50%). A score of more than 10% was considered positive for L1CAM. The median age at presentation was 68.6 years, and half of the patients (53.3%) presented with FIGO stage 1 disease. Membranous L1CAM expression was positive in the epithelial component in 65.4% of cases. Remarkably, expression was negative in the mesenchymal component. In cases where both components were intermingled, expression limited to the epithelial component was confirmed by a double stain for L1CAM and keratin. Expression of L1CAM did not relate to overall or disease-free survival. Our findings suggest L1CAM is either not a marker for the mesenchymal phenotype in EMT, or UCS is not a good model for EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mac Versluis
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - A Plat
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M de Bruyn
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - X Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics/Oncologic Pathology Group, Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Trovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, Center for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - C Krakstad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, Center for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H W Nijman
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Woolderink JM, De Bock GH, de Hullu JA, Hollema H, Zweemer RP, Slangen BFM, Gaarenstroom KN, van Beurden M, van Doorn HC, Sijmons RH, Vasen HFA, Mourits MJE. Characteristics of Lynch syndrome associated ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 150:324-330. [PMID: 29880284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical characteristics of Lynch syndrome associated ovarian cancer and the efficacy of surveillance in the early detection of these ovarian cancers. METHODS All Lynch syndrome associated ovarian cancer cases identified in either the Dutch Lynch syndrome registry (DLSR) between 1987 and 2016, and/or the cohort at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) between 1993 and 2016 were included. Clinical data on age at diagnosis, mutation type, histological type, FIGO stage, treatment, follow-up and gynecological surveillance were collected. RESULTS A total of 46/798 (6%) women in the DLSR and 7/80 (9%) in the UMCG cohort were identified as LS associated ovarian cancer patients. The median age at ovarian cancer diagnosis was 46.0 years (range 20-75 years). The most frequently reported histological type was endometrioid adenocarcinoma (40%; n = 21) and serous carcinoma (36%; n = 19). Most tumors (87%; n = 46) were detected at an early stage (FIGO I/II). Forty-one of 53 (77%) patients were diagnosed with ovarian cancer before LS was diagnosed. In the other 12/53 (23%) women, ovarian cancer developed after starting annual gynecological surveillance for LS; three ovarian cancers were screen-detected in asymptomatic women. Overall survival was 83%. CONCLUSION Ovarian cancer in women with LS has a wide age-range of onset, is usually diagnosed at an early stage with predominantly endometrioid type histology and a good overall survival. The early stage at diagnosis could not be attributed to annual gynecological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Woolderink
- Department of Gynecology, Martini Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G H De Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J A de Hullu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R P Zweemer
- Department Gynecological Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B F M Slangen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K N Gaarenstroom
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M van Beurden
- Department of Gynecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H C van Doorn
- Department of Gynecology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R H Sijmons
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H F A Vasen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M J E Mourits
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Versluis MAC, Marchal S, Plat A, de Bock GH, van Hall T, de Bruyn M, Hollema H, Nijman HW. The prognostic benefit of tumour-infiltrating Natural Killer cells in endometrial cancer is dependent on concurrent overexpression of Human Leucocyte Antigen-E in the tumour microenvironment. Eur J Cancer 2017; 86:285-295. [PMID: 29059634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Leucocyte Antigen- E (HLA-E) has been reported as both a positive and negative prognostic marker in cancer. This apparent discrepancy may be due to opposing actions of HLA-E on tumour-infiltrating immune cells. Therefore, we evaluated HLA-E expression and survival in relation to the presence of intratumoural natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). METHODS Tissue microarrays (TMAs) of endometrial tumours were used for immunohistochemical staining of parameters of interest. The combined impact of clinical, pathological and immune parameters on survival was analysed using log rank testing and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Upregulation of HLA-E was associated with an improved disease-free and disease-specific survival in univariate analysis (HR 0.58 95% CI 0.37-0.89; HR 0.42 95% CI 0.25-0.73, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the presence of NK cells predicts survival with a hazard ratio (HR) 0.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09-0.91) when HLA-E expression is upregulated; but it is associated with a worse prognosis when HLA-E expression is normal (HR 13.43, 95% CI 1.70-106.14). By contrast, the prognostic benefit of T cells was not modulated by HLA-E expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we demonstrate that the prognostic benefit of NK cells, but not T-cells, is influenced by HLA-E expression in endometrial cancer (EC) and propose a model to explain our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A C Versluis
- Department of Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - S Marchal
- Department of Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Plat
- Department of Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T van Hall
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M de Bruyn
- Department of Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H W Nijman
- Department of Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Eggink FA, Mom CH, Bouwman K, Boll D, Becker JH, Creutzberg CL, Niemeijer GC, van Driel WJ, Reyners AK, van der Zee AG, Bremer GL, Ezendam NP, Kruitwagen RF, Pijnenborg JM, Hollema H, Nijman HW, van der Aa MA. Corrigendum to "Less-favourable prognosis for low-risk endometrial cancer patients with a discordant pre- versus post-operative risk stratification" [Eur J Cancer 78 (2017) 82-90]. Eur J Cancer 2017; 84:370. [PMID: 28844347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Eggink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C H Mom
- VU University Medical Center, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Bouwman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Boll
- Catharina Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J H Becker
- St. Antonius Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C L Creutzberg
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G C Niemeijer
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of UMC Staff, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W J van Driel
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A K Reyners
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Oncology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A G van der Zee
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G L Bremer
- Zuyderland Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Heerlen/Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - N P Ezendam
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Department of Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R F Kruitwagen
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J M Pijnenborg
- Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H W Nijman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M A van der Aa
- Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, Department of Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Boers A, Wang R, van Leeuwen RW, Klip HG, de Bock GH, Hollema H, van Criekinge W, de Meyer T, Denil S, van der Zee AGJ, Schuuring E, Wisman GBA. Discovery of new methylation markers to improve screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:29. [PMID: 26962367 PMCID: PMC4784352 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of DNA promoter methylation markers in cervical scrapings for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer is feasible, but finding methylation markers with both high sensitivity as well as high specificity remains a challenge. In this study, we aimed to identify new methylation markers for the detection of high-grade CIN (CIN2/3 or worse, CIN2+) by using innovative genome-wide methylation analysis (MethylCap-seq). We focused on diagnostic performance of methylation markers with high sensitivity and high specificity considering any methylation level as positive. Results MethylCap-seq of normal cervices and CIN2/3 revealed 176 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) comprising 164 genes. After verification and validation of the 15 best discriminating genes with methylation-specific PCR (MSP), 9 genes showed significant differential methylation in an independent cohort of normal cervices versus CIN2/3 lesions (p < 0.05). For further diagnostic evaluation, these 9 markers were tested with quantitative MSP (QMSP) in cervical scrapings from 2 cohorts: (1) cervical carcinoma versus healthy controls and (2) patients referred from population-based screening with an abnormal Pap smear in whom also HPV status was determined. Methylation levels of 8/9 genes were significantly higher in carcinoma compared to normal scrapings. For all 8 genes, methylation levels increased with the severity of the underlying histological lesion in scrapings from patients referred with an abnormal Pap smear. In addition, the diagnostic performance was investigated, using these 8 new genes and 4 genes (previously identified by our group: C13ORF18, JAM3, EPB41L3, and TERT). In a triage setting (after a positive Pap smear), sensitivity for CIN2+ of the best combination of genes (C13ORF18/JAM3/ANKRD18CP) (74 %) was comparable to hrHPV testing (79 %), while specificity was significantly higher (76 % versus 42 %, p ≤ 0.05). In addition, in hrHPV-positive scrapings, sensitivity and specificity for CIN2+ of this best-performing combination was comparable to the population referred with abnormal Pap smear. Conclusions We identified new CIN2/3-specific methylation markers using genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. The diagnostic performance of our new methylation panel shows higher specificity, which should result in prevention of unnecessary colposcopies for women referred with abnormal cytology. In addition, these newly found markers might be applied as a triage test in hrHPV-positive women from population-based screening. The next step before implementation in primary screening programs will be validation in population-based cohorts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0196-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boers
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, internal postal code DA13, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, internal postal code DA13, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R W van Leeuwen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, internal postal code DA13, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H G Klip
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, internal postal code DA13, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W van Criekinge
- Department of Mathematical Modeling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T de Meyer
- Department of Mathematical Modeling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Denil
- Department of Mathematical Modeling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A G J van der Zee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, internal postal code DA13, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Schuuring
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G B A Wisman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, internal postal code DA13, Cancer Reserch Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Helder-Woolderink J, Blok E, Vasen H, Hollema H, Mourits M, De Bock G. Ovarian cancer in Lynch syndrome; a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2016; 55:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Versluis MA, de Jong RA, Plat A, Bosse T, Smit VT, Mackay H, Powell M, Leary A, Mileshkin L, Kitchener HC, Crosbie EJ, Edmondson RJ, Creutzberg CL, Hollema H, Daemen T, de Bock GH, Nijman HW. Prediction model for regional or distant recurrence in endometrial cancer based on classical pathological and immunological parameters. Br J Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26217922 PMCID: PMC4559831 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adjuvant therapy increases disease-free survival in endometrial cancer (EC), but has no impact on overall survival and negatively influences the quality of life. We investigated the discriminatory power of classical and immunological predictors of recurrence in a cohort of EC patients and confirmed the findings in an independent validation cohort. Methods: We reanalysed the data from 355 EC patients and tested our findings in an independent validation cohort of 72 patients with EC. Predictors were selected and Harrell's C-index for concordance was used to determine discriminatory power for disease-free survival in the total group and stratified for histological subtype. Results: Predictors for recurrence were FIGO stage, lymphovascular space invasion and numbers of cytotoxic and memory T-cells. For high risk cancer, cytotoxic or memory T-cells predicted recurrence as well as a combination of FIGO stage and lymphovascular space invasion (C-index 0.67 and 0.71 vs 0.70). Recurrence was best predicted when FIGO stage, lymphovascular space invasion and numbers of cytotoxic cells were used in combination (C-index 0.82). Findings were confirmed in the validation cohort. Conclusions: In high-risk EC, clinicopathological or immunological variables can predict regional or distant recurrence with equal accuracy, but the use of these variables in combination is more powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Versluis
- Department of Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A de Jong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Plat
- Department of Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - V T Smit
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Mackay
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Powell
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Barts Health NHS trust, London, UK
| | - A Leary
- Department of Medicine, Gynecology Unit, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - L Mileshkin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Victoria, Australia
| | - H C Kitchener
- Department of Gynecology, St Marys Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - E J Crosbie
- Department of Gynecology, St Marys Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - R J Edmondson
- Department of Gynecology, St Marys Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - C L Creutzberg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H W Nijman
- Department of Gynecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Oonk MHM, Hollema H, van der Zee AGJ. Sentinel node biopsy in vulvar cancer: Implications for staging. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29:812-21. [PMID: 25962357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2008, the first Groningen International Study on Sentinel nodes in Vulvar cancer (GROINSS-V) showed that omission of inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy is safe in patients with early-stage vulvar cancer and a negative sentinel node and it simultaneously decreases treatment-related morbidity. An important part of the sentinel node procedure is pathologic ultrastaging of the removed sentinel nodes. Subsequently, since the introduction of this procedure in the standard care of patients with early-stage vulvar cancer, more and smaller inguinofemoral lymph node metastases have been diagnosed. The clinical consequences of these micrometastases are not clear yet. With increasing size of the sentinel node metastasis, chances of non-sentinel node metastases increase and those of survival decrease. The size of lymph node metastases is included in the latest staging system for vulvar cancer, however at this moment without clinical implications. Furthermore, a separate category for micrometastases is not incorporated yet. More research is needed to determine the clinical consequences of the size of (sentinel) lymph node metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H M Oonk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - A G J van der Zee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Wouters M, Dijkgraaf EM, Kuijjer ML, Jordanova ES, Hollema H, Welters M, van der Hoeven J, Daemen T, Kroep JR, Nijman HW, van der Burg SH. Interleukin-6 receptor and its ligand interleukin-6 are opposite markers for survival and infiltration with mature myeloid cells in ovarian cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 3:e962397. [PMID: 25964862 PMCID: PMC4353164 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.962397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is correlated with a worse prognosis. IL-6 stimulates tumor-growth and inflammation. We investigated the intricate interaction between the IL-6 signaling pathway and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) to determine their prognostic impact in EOC. 160 EOC samples were analyzed for the expression of IL-6, its receptor (IL-6R) and downstream signaling via pSTAT3 by immunohistochemistry. Triple color immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was used to identify myeloid cell populations by CD14, CD33, and CD163. The relationship between these markers, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, clinical-pathological characteristics and survival was investigated. EOC displayed a dense infiltration with myeloid cells, in particular of the CD163+ type. The distribution pattern of all myeloid subtypes was comparable among the different histological subtypes. Analysis of the tumor cells revealed a high expression of IL-6R in 15% and of IL-6 in 23% of patients. Interestingly, tumors expressing IL-6 or IL-6R formed two different groups. Tumors with a high expression of IL-6R displayed low mature myeloid cell infiltration and a longer disease-specific survival (DSS), especially in late stage tumors. High expression of IL-6R was an independent prognostic factor for survival by multivariate analyses (hazard ratio = 0.474, p = 0.011). In contrast, tumors with high epithelial IL-6 expression displayed a dense infiltration of mature myeloid cells and were correlated with a shorter DSS. Furthermore, in densely CD8+ T-cell infiltrated tumors, the ratio between these lymphoid cells and CD163+ myeloid cells was predictive for survival. Thus, IL-6 and IL-6R are opposite markers for myeloid cell infiltration and survival.
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Key Words
- DSS, disease-specific survival
- EOC, epithelial ovarian cancer
- FIGO, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
- IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-6R, interleukin-6 receptor
- IL-6R, interleukin-6, IL-6, interleukin-6 receptor
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- T reg, regulatory T cell
- TAM, tumor-associated macrophage
- TIL, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TIM, tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell
- TMA, tissue microarray
- epithelial ovarian cancer
- pSTAT3
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells
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Affiliation(s)
- McA Wouters
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Hanzeplein ; Groningen, The Netherlands ; Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Hanzeplein , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E M Dijkgraaf
- Department of ClinicalOncology; Leiden University Medical Center ; Albinusdreef , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M L Kuijjer
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA USA ; Department of Biostatistics; Harvard School of Public Health ; Boston, MA USA
| | - E S Jordanova
- Center for Gynaecological Oncology Amsterdam ; VUMC, De Boelelaan , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Hanzeplein , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mjp Welters
- Department of ClinicalOncology; Leiden University Medical Center ; Albinusdreef , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jjm van der Hoeven
- Department of ClinicalOncology; Leiden University Medical Center ; Albinusdreef , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Hanzeplein , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J R Kroep
- Department of ClinicalOncology; Leiden University Medical Center ; Albinusdreef , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H W Nijman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Hanzeplein ; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S H van der Burg
- Department of ClinicalOncology; Leiden University Medical Center ; Albinusdreef , Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schreurs LMA, Smit JK, Pavlov K, Pultrum BB, Pruim J, Groen H, Hollema H, Plukker JTM. Prognostic Impact of Clinicopathological Features and Expression of Biomarkers Related to 18F-FDG Uptake in Esophageal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3751-7. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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van Enckevort CCG, de Graaf APJ, Hollema H, Sluiter WJ, Kleibeuker JH, Koornstra JJ. Predictors of colorectal neoplasia after polypectomy: based on initial and consecutive findings. Neth J Med 2014; 72:139-145. [PMID: 24846927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal adenoma patients are kept under surveillance because of the risk of developing metachronous neoplasia. The aim is to determine predictors of neoplasia development after polypectomy. METHODS It is an observational cohort study. 433 Patients who had ≥1 adenoma removed between 1988 and 2004 were included, with follow-up until 2010. Multivariate analysis of patient and adenoma characteristics was performed at initial colonoscopy and at consecutive positive examinations. The main outcome measured was the development of metachronous (advanced) adenomas during follow-up. RESULTS Median follow-up was 85 months. Multivariate analysis identified male sex, ≥3 adenomas, high-grade dysplasia and age ≥55 years as risk factors for metachronous lesions at first surveillance. Analysis using life expectancy as a timescale showed ≥3 adenomas to be the only predictive factor. The time to second or third metachronous adenoma did not depend on the number of adenomas. Patients with ≥3 adenomas were five years older at the time of their first polypectomy compared with those with fewer adenomas, but of the same age at the first recurrence. Prevalence of high-grade dysplasia was associated with age and high-grade dysplasia in the prior adenoma independent of time interval. CONCLUSIONS Adenoma development after polypectomy occurs in a regular and repetitive way. Our data suggest that only the interval between the initial colonoscopy and the first follow-up colonoscopy should be based on initial findings, i.e. number of adenomas, and that subsequent colonoscopies can be planned at predetermined intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C G van Enckevort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Gooden MJM, Wiersma VR, Boerma A, Leffers N, Boezen HM, ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Walenkamp AME, Daemen T, Nijman HW, Bremer E. Elevated serum CXCL16 is an independent predictor of poor survival in ovarian cancer and may reflect pro-metastatic ADAM protease activity. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1535-44. [PMID: 24518602 PMCID: PMC3960624 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In certain cancers, expression of CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 associate with lymphocyte infiltration, possibly aiding anti-tumour immune response. In other cancers, CXCL16 and CXCR6 associate with pro-metastatic activity. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the role of CXCL16, sCXCL16, and CXCR6 in ovarian cancer (OC). METHODS CXCL16/CXCR6 expression was analysed on tissue microarray containing 306 OC patient samples. Pre-treatment serum sCXCL16 was determined in 118 patients using ELISA. In vitro, (primary) OC cells were treated with an ADAM-10/ADAM-17 inhibitor (TAPI-2) and an ADAM-10-specific inhibitor (GI254023x), whereupon CXCL16 levels were evaluated on the cell membrane (immunofluorescent analysis, western blots) and in culture supernatants (ELISA). In addition, cell migration was assessed using scratch assays. RESULTS sCXCL16 independently predicted for poor survival (hazard ratio=2.28, 95% confidence interval=1.29-4.02, P=0.005), whereas neither CXCL16 nor CXCR6 expression correlated with survival. Further, CXCL16/CXCR6 expression and serum sCXCL16 levels did not associate with lymphocyte infiltration. In vitro inhibition of both ADAM-17 and ADAM-10, but especially the latter, decreased CXCL16 membrane shedding and strongly reduced cell migration of A2780 and cultured primary OC-derived malignant cells. CONCLUSIONS High serum sCXCL16 is a prognostic marker for poor survival of OC patients, possibly reflecting ADAM-10 and ADAM-17 pro-metastatic activity. Therefore, serum sCXCL16 levels may be a pseudomarker that identifies patients with highly metastatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J M Gooden
- 1] Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - V R Wiersma
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Boerma
- 1] Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N Leffers
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H M Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K A ten Hoor
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - T Daemen
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H W Nijman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Bremer
- Department of Surgery, Translational Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Meijer A, Kruyt FAE, van der Zee AGJ, Hollema H, Le P, ten Hoor KA, Groothuis GMM, Quax WJ, de Vries EGE, de Jong S. Nutlin-3 preferentially sensitises wild-type p53-expressing cancer cells to DR5-selective TRAIL over rhTRAIL. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2685-95. [PMID: 24136147 PMCID: PMC3833221 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour cell-selective activation of apoptosis by recombinant human TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (rhTRAIL) is enhanced through co-activation of p53 by chemotherapeutic drugs. The novel anticancer agent nutlin-3 provides a promising alternative for p53 activation by disrupting the interaction between p53 and its negative feedback regulator MDM2. Methods: We examined whether nutlin-3 enhances apoptosis induction by rhTRAIL and the DR5-selective TRAIL variant D269H/E195R in wild-type p53-expressing ovarian, colon and lung cancer cell lines and in an ex vivo model of human ovarian cancer. Results: Nutlin-3 enhanced p53, p21, MDM2 and DR5 surface expression. Although nutlin-3 did not induce apoptosis, it preferentially enhanced D269H/E195R-induced apoptosis over rhTRAIL. Combination treatment potentiated the cleavage of caspases 8, 9, 3 and PARP. P53 and MDM2 siRNA experiments showed that this enhanced apoptotic effect was mediated by wild-type p53. Indeed, nutlin-3 did not enhance rhTRAIL-induced apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cells harbouring mutant p53. Addition of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin to the combination further increased p53 and DR5 levels and rhTRAIL- and D269H/E195R-induced apoptosis. As a proof of concept, we show that the combination of D269H/E195R, nutlin-3 and cisplatin induced massive apoptosis in ex vivo tissue slices of primary human ovarian cancers. Conclusion: Nutlin-3 is a potent enhancer of D269H/E195R-induced apoptosis in wild-type p53-expressing cancer cells. Addition of DNA-damaging agents such as cisplatin further enhances DR5-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Helder-Woolderink JM, De Bock GH, Sijmons RH, Hollema H, Mourits MJE. The additional value of endometrial sampling in the early detection of endometrial cancer in women with Lynch syndrome. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:304-8. [PMID: 23769810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on previous studies, standard gynecological screening consisting of annual transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) was added with endometrial sampling in women with Lynch syndrome (LS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the additional value of endometrial sampling in detecting (pre)malignancies of the endometrial tissue in women with LS or first-degree relatives. METHODS All women above 30 years of age with LS or first-degree relatives at 50% risk of LS are offered annual gynecological screening in our family cancer clinic. Endometrial screening results from January 2003-December 2007 (period I: standard screening by transvaginal sonography and serum CA125) were compared with screening results from January 2008-June 2012 (period II: standard screening added with endometrial sampling). RESULTS Seventy five women (300 patient years) were screened annually. There were 266 screening visits, 117 in period I and 149 in period II. In period I, four premalignant endometrial lesions were detected and one endometrial carcinoma (FIGO stage IB). In period II, two premalignancies were found. None of the lesions would have been missed without standard endometrial sampling. No interval endometrial cancers were detected in this study. CONCLUSION In this study, annual endometrial screening seems an effective screening tool in the detection of premalignancies and early endometrial cancer in women with LS. Adding standard endometrial sampling to annual TVU has no additional value in the early detection of (pre)malignant endometrial lesions in women with LS in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Helder-Woolderink
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Reyners AKL, de Munck L, Erdkamp FLG, Smit WM, Hoekman K, Lalisang RI, de Graaf H, Wymenga ANM, Polee M, Hollema H, van Vugt MATM, Schaapveld M, Willemse PHB. A randomized phase II study investigating the addition of the specific COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib to docetaxel plus carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy for stage IC to IV epithelial ovarian cancer, Fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinomas: the DoCaCel study. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2896-2902. [PMID: 22689176 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ovarian cancer, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression is prognostic for poor survival. We investigated the efficacy of celecoxib (C), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, added to docetaxel (Taxotere)/carboplatin (DC) in advanced ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a phase II, randomized study, 400 mg celecoxib b.i.d. was added to first-line DC treatment (DCC). Celecoxib was to be continued after DC termination up to 3 years. Study end points were tolerability, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS 151 of 196 eligible patients were diagnosed with stage IIIC/IV disease. Median follow-up for patients alive was 32.3 months. Celecoxib was used during a mean of 8.5 months. Twenty-three of 97 DCC patients stopped celecoxib prematurely, mainly due to skin reactions. Complete biochemical response was achieved in 51/78 DC patients (65%) versus 57/78 DCC patients (75%, not significant). In both study arms, median PFS was 14.3 months and median OS 34 months. COX-2 was expressed in 82% of 120 tumor samples retrospectively recovered. The PFS and OS of patients with intermediate/high COX-2 expression were similar to that in the other patients. CONCLUSION Celecoxib did not influence PFS and OS, but interpretation of results is hampered by premature celecoxib discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K L Reyners
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen.
| | - L de Munck
- Department of Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center The Netherlands, Utrecht
| | - F L G Erdkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Orbis Medical Center, Sittard
| | - W M Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede
| | - K Hoekman
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - R I Lalisang
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Maastricht
| | - H de Graaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden
| | - A N M Wymenga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede
| | - M Polee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
| | - M A T M van Vugt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
| | - M Schaapveld
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P H B Willemse
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
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20
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Eijsink JJH, Lendvai Á, Deregowski V, Klip HG, Verpooten G, Dehaspe L, de Bock GH, Hollema H, van Criekinge W, Schuuring E, van der Zee AGJ, Wisman GBA. A four-gene methylation marker panel as triage test in high-risk human papillomavirus positive patients. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:1861-9. [PMID: 21796628 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cervical neoplasia-specific biomarkers, e.g. DNA methylation markers, with high sensitivity and specificity are urgently needed to improve current population-based screening on (pre)malignant cervical neoplasia. We aimed to identify new cervical neoplasia-specific DNA methylation markers and to design and validate a methylation marker panel for triage of high-risk human papillomavirus (hr-HPV) positive patients. First, high-throughput quantitative methylation-specific PCRs (QMSP) on a novel OpenArray™ platform, representing 424 primers of 213 cancer specific methylated genes, were performed on frozen tissue samples from 84 cervical cancer patients and 106 normal cervices. Second, the top 20 discriminating methylation markers were validated by LightCycler® MSP on frozen tissue from 27 cervical cancer patients and 20 normal cervices and ROCs and test characteristics were assessed. Three new methylation markers were identified (JAM3, EPB41L3 and TERT), which were subsequently combined with C13ORF18 in our four-gene methylation panel. In a third step, our methylation panel detected in cervical scrapings 94% (70/74) of cervical cancers, while in a fourth step 82% (32/39) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or higher (CIN3+) and 65% (44/68) CIN2+ were detected, with 21% positive cases for ≤CIN1 (16/75). Finally, hypothetical scenario analysis showed that primary hr-HPV testing combined with our four-gene methylation panel as a triage test resulted in a higher identification of CIN3 and cervical cancers and a higher percentage of correct referrals compared to hr-HPV testing in combination with conventional cytology. In conclusion, our four-gene methylation panel might provide an alternative triage test after primary hr-HPV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J H Eijsink
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Oonk MHM, Eijsink JJH, Volders HH, Hollema H, Wisman GBA, Schuuring E, van der Zee AGJ. Identification of inguinofemoral lymph node metastases by methylation markers in vulvar cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:352-7. [PMID: 22266550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymph node status in early-stage vulvar cancer can be accurately assessed by the sentinel-node (SN) procedure. Molecular techniques, such as DNA-methylation assay, might improve SN assessment. In this study, we selected methylation markers for vulvar cancer and determined if these methylation markers were suitable for lymph node assessment. METHODS We performed methylation specific PCR on DNA isolated from primary tumors, metastatic lymph nodes, and negative lymph nodes from twenty vulvar cancer patients using the following genes: P16INK4a, MGMT, TWIST1, CADM1, TERT, and TFPI2. For P16INK4a and MGMT immunohistochemistry was performed on primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes in order to explore intratumor heterogeneity in gene expression patterns. RESULTS TERT was methylated in all vulvar cancers, P16INK4a in 13/20, TFPI2 in 12/20, CADM1 in 11/20, MGMT in 9/20, and TWIST1 in 7/20. A panel of three methylation markers (P16INK4a, TERT and TFPI2) reached a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 100% for detection of metastatic lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry showed intratumor heterogeneity for expression of P16INK4a and MGMT in respectively 55% and 45% of primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows methylation for one or more methylation markers in all vulvar cancers. Despite a specificity of 100% our panel of three methylation markers had only moderate sensitivity for metastatic lymph node detection, thereby limiting its applicability for lymph node assessment. Intratumor heterogeneity for expression of P16INK4a and MGMT may reflect intratumor heterogeneity for methylation patterns and thereby in general explain the moderate sensitivity of our marker panel for detection of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H M Oonk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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de Jong RA, Toppen NL, Ten Hoor KA, Boezen HM, Kema IP, Hollema H, Nijman HW. Status of cellular immunity lacks prognostic significance in vulvar squamous carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 125:186-93. [PMID: 22155674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.12.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is generally recognized that the immune system has an important role in regulating cancer development. Evidence indicating a prognostic role of the immune system in vulvar carcinoma is scarce. This study investigated the presence and prognostic significance of several aspects of the immune system in vulvar squamous carcinoma. METHODS The number of intratumoral CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) T-lymphocytes, next to HLA class I (HLA-A, HLA-B/C and β(2)-m) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in a consecutively selected cohort of 286 vulvar squamous carcinoma patients, all treated in the University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands. Associations between immunohistochemistry expression and the influence on survival were determined. RESULTS The number of tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T-lymphocytes was significantly lower in tumors with loss of HLA-A (p=0.004), HLA-B/C (p=0.024) or β(2)-m (p=0.025) expression compared with tumors with expression of HLA class I. No association was found between the number of intratumoral CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and Foxp3(+) T-lymphocytes, HLA class I and IDO expression and survival of vulvar squamous carcinoma patients. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the immune system does not seem to have a major influence on prognosis of patients with vulvar squamous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A de Jong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Smit JK, Niemantsverdriet M, van Os RP, Hollema H, Plukker JT, Coppes RP. Evaluation of esophageal carcinoma for a radioresistant subpopulation with cancer stem cell characteristics. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
36 Background: Neo-adjuvant chemoradiation is considered as standard treatment in esophageal cancer (EC). However, a significant proportion of these tumors do not respond well to radiotherapy. Here, we investigated the presence of radioresistant cells in EC with cancer stem cell characteristics. Methods: EC OE-33 adenotype and OE-21 squamous cell carcinoma cell-lines and fresh tumor material of EC patients were analyzed for common CSC-markers with Fluorecence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and immunohistochemistry. Subpopulations were tested for clonogenic survival to determine radioresistance. Non-adherent 3D sphere-cultures and xenograft tumors generated in NOD/SCID mice were performed to investigate stem cell properties. Results: Both cell lines lacked expression of CD133 and CD90, whereas the expression of EpCam overlapped with CD44 in OE-33. In sub-confluent cultures the expression of CD44+/CD24- was 5.6% SD ± 2.3 and 35.1% SD ± 1.3 in OE-33 and OE-21, respectively. In a clonogenic survival assay the CD44+/CD24- cells showed up to a 2-fold lower radiosensitivity compared to CD44+/CD24+ cells in both the OE-33 (p = 0.02) and the OE-21 cell line (p = 0.01). The CD44+/CD24- subpopulation had a 2.2-fold higher sphere-forming capacity compared to the CD44+/CD24+ subset (p = 0.01) in OE-33. Analysis of the spheres showed an enrichment in the CD44+/CD24- phenotype from 5.6% to 56.4% (p = 0.01) after 4 days of culturing as measured by FACS, but differentiated to a higher percentage of CD44+/CD24+ in time. Furthermore, CD44+/CD24- cells exhibited a greater in vivo tumor initiating capacity, shorter latency time and faster growth speed compared with unsorted or CD44+/CD24+ cells. Importantly, a clear CD44+/CD24- population could be identified in fresh EC biopsies of patients. Conclusions: EC appear to contain a radioresistant CD44+/CD24- subpopulation. This phenotype displays some CSC characteristics in vitro and in vivo and is present in human EC tumors. This marker could be used in future trials to predict tumor response. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Smit
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - R. P. van Os
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H. Hollema
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. T. Plukker
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - R. P. Coppes
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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24
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Wang D, Smit JK, Hollema H, Plukker JT. Reduction of nodal micrometastases in patients with histological node-negative esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant treatment. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
73 Background: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) is important in the treatment ofesophageal cancer. Rationales are tumor-downstaging and elimination of micrometastases improving resectability and curability rate. In this study we evaluated the effect of neo-adjuvant CRT on nodal micrometastases (NMM) in pN0 esophageal cancer patients. Methods: From a prospective database, we selected a matched group of patients on cT-stage, histological type and treatment without (group 1) or with neo-adjuvant CRT (group 2). Patients were staged by EUS, PET-scan, CT-scan and EUS guided cytology. CRT was given in a randomized clinical trial and consisted of paclitaxel 50 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC = 2 for 5 weeks and concurrent radiotherapy (41.4 Gy/23 frs). All patients (n = 19) underwent a curative intended transthoracic esophagectomy with extended 2-field nodal dissection. After reviewing routine pathological examination all tumors were confirmed as stage pN0. Four sections of every examined lymph node (n = 261) were made at different levels according to a sentinel node protocol and further analyzed immunohistochemically with anti-CK8/18 (CAM 5.2) to detect NMM. Results: Patients characteristics were equally distributed. All patients had a microscopically radical (R0) resection. In group 2 (n = 9) the response rate was 55% which was complete (CR) in 33%. The median number of resected nodes was comparable: 15 ± 6.5 and 15 ± 5.6 in both groups. Thirtheen of the 261 (5%) pN0 nodes in these 19 pts contained NMM. In group 1 (n = 10); 12 of the 136 (9%) examined pN0 lymph nodes were positive and in group 2 only one of the 125 (0.8%) examined pN0 nodes was positive (p = 0.003). NMM were found in 7 pts (70%) in group 1 and in only one patient (11%) in group 2 (p = 0.02). Interestingly, this last patient had responded well to CRT. Conclusions: Neo-adjuvant CRT seems to have a significant impact on the numbers of NMMs in esophageal cancer. Based on the presence of NMM even in patients with good responses, we still advocate a curatively intended nodal dissection. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Wang
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. K. Smit
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H. Hollema
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. T. Plukker
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Akakubo N, Kagawa N, Yabuuchi A, Silber SJ, Yamaguchi S, Nagumo Y, Takai Y, Ishihara S, Takehara Y, Kato O, Kocent J, Hu JCY, Neri QV, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD, Armuand G, Rodriguez-Wallberg K, Wettergren L, Lampic C, Martinez-Soto JC, Domingo JC, Cordovilla B, Gadea J, Landeras J, Sadri-Ardekani H, Akhondi MM, van der Veen F, de Rooij DG, Repping S, van Pelt AMM, Vanacker J, Luyckx V, Dolmans MM, Amorim CA, Van Langendonckt A, Donnez J, Camboni A, Camboni A, Amorim CA, Vanacker J, Dolmans MM, Van Langendonckt A, Donnez J, Gavella M, Lipovac V, Siftar Z, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G, Gook D, Borg J, Edgar DH, Brink-van der Vlugt JJ, Van der Velden VHJ, Noordijk A, Timmer-Bosscha H, Tissing WJE, Land JA, Hollema H, Van Echten-Arends J, Alvarez JG, Gosalvez A, Velilla E, Lopez-Teijon M, Lopez-Fernandez C, Gosalvez J, Kristensen SG, Rasmussen A, Yding Andersen C, Raziel A, Friedler S, Gidoni Y, Ben Ami I, Kaufman S, Omansky A, Strassburger D, Komarovsky D, Bern O, Kasterstein E, Komsky A, Maslansky B, Ron-El R, Fujimoto A, Osuga Y, Ichinose M, Oishi H, Harada M, Koizumi M, Takemura Y, Yano T, Taketani Y, Molnar Z, Mokanszki A, Benyo M, Bazsane Kassai Z, Olah E, Jakab A, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Vonheim E, Gumus E, Persson I, Lundqvist M, Karlstrom PO, Hovatta O, Pasqualotto FF, Teixeira R, Medeiros GS, Canabarro C, Tonezer J, Grando APC, Borges Jr. E, Pasqualotto EB, Westphal JR, Bastings L, Beerendonk CCM, Braat DDM, Peek R, Courbiere B, Berthelot-Ricou A, Di Giorgio C, De Meo M, Roustan A, Botta A, Perrin J, Abir R, Orvieto R, Friedman O, Ben-Haroush A, Fisch B, Lawrenz B, Henes J, Henes M, Neunhoeffer E, Schmalzing M, Fehm T, Koetter I. POSTER VIEWING SESSION - MALE AND FEMALE FERTILITY PRESERVATION. Hum Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/26.s1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Leffers N, Fehrmann RSN, Gooden MJM, Schulze URJ, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Boezen HM, Daemen T, de Jong S, Nijman HW, van der Zee AGJ. Identification of genes and pathways associated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration of serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:685-92. [PMID: 20664601 PMCID: PMC2938262 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are predictors of disease-specific survival (DSS) in ovarian cancer. It is largely unknown what factors contribute to lymphocyte recruitment. Our aim was to evaluate genes and pathways contributing to infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer. Methods: For this study global gene expression was compared between low TIL (n=25) and high TIL tumours (n=24). The differences in gene expression were evaluated using parametric T-testing. Selectively enriched biological pathways were identified with gene set enrichment analysis. Prognostic influence was validated in 157 late-stage serous ovarian cancer patients. Using immunohistochemistry, association of selected genes from identified pathways with CTL was validated. Results: The presence of CTL was associated with 320 genes and 23 pathways (P<0.05). In addition, 54 genes and 8 pathways were also associated with DSS in our validation cohort. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed strong correlations between MHC class I and II membrane expression, parts of the antigen processing and presentation pathway, and CTL recruitment. Conclusion: Gene expression profiling and pathway analyses are valuable tools to obtain more understanding of tumour characteristics influencing lymphocyte recruitment in advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer. Identified genes and pathways need to be further investigated for suitability as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leffers
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology (CB22), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Noordhuis MG, Eijsink JJ, ten Hoor KA, Roossink F, Hollema H, Arts HJ, Pras E, Maduro JH, Reyners AK, de Bock GH, Wisman GBA, Schuuring E, van der Zee AG. Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Activated EGFR Predict Poor Response to (Chemo)radiation and Survival in Cervical Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7389-97. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Eijsink JJH, de Bock GH, Kuiper JL, Reesink-Peters N, van Hemel BM, Hollema H, Nijman HW, Mourits MJE, van der Zee AGJ. Routine follow-up intervals in patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and free excision margins can safely be increased in the first two years after Large Loop Excision of the Transformation Zone (LLETZ). Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113:348-51. [PMID: 19297014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the compliance of HSIL patients to the national Dutch routine follow-up protocol in the first 2 years after LLETZ and to determine if based on the status of excision margins, follow-up intervals could be modified. METHODS A prospective cohort study was performed in patients, referred because of an abnormal Pap smear between 1996 and 2004 and treated for HSIL with LLETZ. The Dutch national routine follow-up protocol orders a Pap smear after 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Follow-up results were completed by using PALGA, the nationwide network and registry of histo- and cytopathology in the Netherlands. To assess compliance to the follow-up protocol, adequate follow-up was defined as three cervical smears taken after 6 (+/-3), 12 (+/-3) and 24 (+/-3) months, respectively. RESULTS Compliance to the first 2 years follow-up protocol declined from 86.2% to 64.8% to 51.2% for first, second and third follow-up cervical smears, respectively. Patients with involved excision margins had a three times higher overall risk of developing a subsequent HSIL after LLETZ as compared to patients with free excision margins (HR: 3.2, 95% CI=1.3-7.9, p=0.01). Risk for diagnosing HSIL during the first 12 months of follow-up for patients with free excision margins was only 1%. CONCLUSIONS Compliance to the Dutch national routine follow-up protocol in HSIL patients after LLETZ is only moderate. For HSIL patients with free excision margins after LLETZ the first cytological follow-up interval can safely be increased to 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J H Eijsink
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jorna F, Hollema H, Hendrikse H, Bart J, Brouwers A, Plukker J. P-gp and MRP1 Expression in Parathyroid Tumors Related to Histology, Weight and 99 mTc-Sestamibi Imaging Results. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2009; 117:406-12. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1105925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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van der Vegt B, de Bock GH, Hollema H, Wesseling J. Microarray methods to identify factors determining breast cancer progression: potentials, limitations, and challenges. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 70:1-11. [PMID: 18848465 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
65-80% of the patients with breast cancer might not benefit from the adjuvant therapy they receive based on 'classical' markers used for the selection for adjuvant therapy. Therefore it is necessary to develop new markers that are able to tailor treatment for an individual patient. A number of microarray methods have been developed in recent years to accommodate this search for new factors that determine breast cancer progression. We give an overview of the most commonly used microarray methods to identify tumour progression markers (oligo- or cDNA arrays, CGH arrays, PCR arrays, and tissue microarrays). Their applications will be illustrated using the most influential examples from literature. The potentials, limitations and the related statistical analyses of each method are discussed. We conclude that microarray studies have led to an increase in the understanding of the complexity and diversity of breast carcinoma and have provided clinical relevant subgroups of breast cancer that may benefit from patient tailored treatment. Still, more extensive external validation and long-term follow-up will be necessary before such assays can be implemented into routine clinical practice. Most likely, these novel prognostic indicators will be complementary to the already available classical prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bijen CB, de Bock GH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Mourits MJ. Role of endocervical curettage (ECC) in the preoperative staging of endometrial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.16512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Crijns APG, de Graeff P, Geerts D, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, van der Sluis T, Hofstra RMW, de Bock GH, de Jong S, van der Zee AGJ, de Vries EGE. MEIS and PBX homeobox proteins in ovarian cancer. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:2495-505. [PMID: 17949970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three amino-acid loop extension (TALE) homeobox proteins MEIS and PBX are cofactors for HOX-class homeobox proteins, which control growth and differentiation during embryogenesis and homeostasis. We showed that MEIS and PBX expression are related to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines. Therefore, MEIS1, MEIS2 and PBX expression were investigated immunohistochemically in a tissue microarray (N=232) of ovarian cancers and ovarian surface epithelium (N=15). Results were related to clinicopathologic characteristics and survival. All cancers expressed MEIS1, MEIS2 and PBX in nucleus and cytoplasm. MEIS1 and 2 only stained nuclear in surface epithelium. Nuclear MEIS2 was negatively related to stage, grade and overall survival in univariate analyses. Additionally, MEIS and PBX RNA expression in ovarian surface epithelium and other normal tissues and ovarian cancer versus other tumour types using public array data sets were studied. In ovarian cancer, MEIS1 is highly expressed compared to other cancer types. In conclusion, MEIS and PBX are extensively expressed in ovarian carcinomas and may play a role in ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P G Crijns
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Nijhuis ER, Nijman HW, Oien KA, Bell A, ten Hoor KA, Reesink-Peters N, Boezen HM, Hollema H, van der Zee AGJ. Loss of MSH2 protein expression is a risk factor in early stage cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:824-30. [PMID: 17596548 PMCID: PMC1995775 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.036038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of mismatch repair (MMR) gene expression has been associated with fewer metastases and improved prognosis in various tumour types. AIMS To evaluate the predictive and prognostic significance of loss of MMR protein MSH2 in early stage cervical cancer. METHODS Specimens from 218 consecutive patients with early stage, surgically treated cervical cancer were analysed. Median age was 42 years (interquartile range 35-53). International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages were IB1 (57%), IB2 (25%) and IIA (18%). Histology was 70% squamous cell, 6% adenosquamous and 24% adenocarcinoma. Pelvic lymph node metastasis was present in 66 (30%) patients. Median follow-up was 5.2 years (interquartile range 2.5-7.9). Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed containing three cores of paraffin-embedded tumour per case. MSH2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on TMAs and full sections. RESULTS In TMAs MSH2 expression could be analysed in 184/218 (84%) tumours. Loss of MSH2 was observed in 58/184 (32%) tumours, with a moderately strong concordance between TMAs and full sections (kappa = 0.47). In tumours with loss of MSH2, pelvic lymph node metastasis and cancer invasion beyond 10 mm were more frequent (48% vs 25%, and 59% vs 37%, respectively). However, loss of MSH2 expression was not related to recurrence or survival. CONCLUSION TMAs are powerful tools for high throughput screening of biological markers for prognostic value in cervical cancer. Absence of MSH2 expression is associated with a high-risk profile in early stage cervical cancer, but does not predict lymph node status with sufficient accuracy to be used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Nijhuis
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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de Graeff P, Hall J, Crijns APG, de Bock GH, Paul J, ten Hoor KA, de Jong S, Hollema H, Bartlett JMS, Brown R, van der Zee AGJ. Reply: The classification of p53 immunohistochemical staining results and patient outcome in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2007. [PMCID: PMC2359950 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Joerger M, Huitema ADR, Richel DJ, Dittrich C, Pavlidis N, Briasoulis E, Vermorken JB, Strocchi E, Martoni A, Sorio R, Sleeboom HP, Izquierdo MA, Jodrell DI, Calvert AH, Boddy A, Hollema H, Féty R, Van der Vijgh WJF, Hempel G, Chatelut E, Karlsson M, Tranchand B, Schrijvers AHGJ, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM. Population PKPD of paclitaxel and carboplatin in ovarian cancer patients: A study by the EORTC-PAMM-NDDG. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02886_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Oonk MHM, de Bock GH, van der Veen DJ, Ten Hoor KA, de Hullu JA, Hollema H, van der Zee AGJ. EGFR expression is associated with groin node metastases in vulvar cancer, but does not improve their prediction. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104:109-13. [PMID: 16963112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High morbidity of elective inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy in early stage vulvar cancer patients urges the need for defining a group of low-risk patients in whom inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy can be safely omitted. Aim of the study was to evaluate whether in addition to 'classic' clinicopathological factors determination of EGFR expression in vulvar cancer can be helpful in defining such a 'low-risk' group. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples of 197 surgically treated T1/2 patients were collected in a Tissue Micro Array (TMA). On this TMA, immunohistochemistry for EGFR was performed. Logistic regression analyses were performed including histopathological characteristics with the presence of nodal metastases as outcome. A predictive model was constructed, and absolute risks were calculated. RESULTS EGFR expression was present in 68% of the vulvar tumors and related to the presence of lymph node metastases (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.09-4.10). Our predictive model with only clinicopathological factors was able to define a group of patients with a likelihood of absence of lymph node metastases of 13% (95% CI 5-36), which could be decreased to 6% (95% CI 0-29) after inclusion of EGFR expression (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS EGFR expression is present in the majority of vulvar tumors and is associated with groin node metastases in vulvar cancer. Current classic clinicopathological predictive factors for inguinofemoral lymph node metastases with or without EGFR analysis are not strong enough for identification of "sufficiently low" risk T1/2 vulvar cancer patients. Our predictive model approach however is excellent for evaluation of new cell biological parameters, associated with clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H M Oonk
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Niessen RC, Berends MJW, Wu Y, Sijmons RH, Hollema H, Ligtenberg MJL, de Walle HEK, de Vries EGE, Karrenbeld A, Buys CHCM, van der Zee AGJ, Hofstra RMW, Kleibeuker JH. Identification of mismatch repair gene mutations in young patients with colorectal cancer and in patients with multiple tumours associated with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Gut 2006; 55:1781-8. [PMID: 16636019 PMCID: PMC1856475 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2005.090159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) or those with multiple tumours associated with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) raise suspicion of the presence of germline DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations. AIM To analyse the value of family history, microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis and MMR protein staining in the tumour to predict the presence of an MMR gene mutation in such patients. METHODS In 281 patients diagnosed with CRC before the age of 50 years or with CRC and at least one additional HNPCC-associated cancer, germline mutation analysis in MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 was carried out with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. MSI analysis with five consensus markers and MMR protein staining for MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 were carried out in the tumours. RESULTS 25 pathogenic mutations (8 in MLH1, 9 in MSH2 and 8 in MSH6) were found. MSI analysis missed three and immunohistochemistry (IHC) missed two mutation carriers. Sensitivities of family history, MSI analysis and IHC for the presence of a mutation were 76%, 82% and 88%, specificities were 64%, 70% and 84%, and positive predictive values were 19%, 23% and 38%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the highest odds ratio for IHC (38.3, 95% confidence interval 9.0 to 184). Prevalence of pathogenic germline MMR gene mutations in patients with CRC before the age of 50 years was 6% and in those with > or =2 HNPCC-associated tumours was 22%. In the second group, no mutation carriers were found among the 29 patients who were diagnosed with their first tumour after the age of 60 years. CONCLUSION Family history, MSI analysis and IHC are indicative parameters to select patients with CRC for MMR gene mutation analysis. The data show that IHC is the best single selection criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Niessen
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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de Graeff P, Hall J, Crijns APG, de Bock GH, Paul J, Oien KA, ten Hoor KA, de Jong S, Hollema H, Bartlett JMS, Brown R, van der Zee AGJ. Factors influencing p53 expression in ovarian cancer as a biomarker of clinical outcome in multicentre studies. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:627-33. [PMID: 16880779 PMCID: PMC2360689 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic impact of p53 immunostaining in a large series of tumours from epithelial ovarian cancer patients in a two-centre study was analysed. The study population (n=476) comprised of a retrospective series of 188 patients (Dutch cohort) and a prospective series of 288 patients (Scottish cohort) enrolled in clinical trials. P53 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was analysed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Aberrant p53 overexpression was significantly associated with PFS in the Dutch and Scottish cohorts (P=0.001 and 0.038, respectively), but not with OS in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, when the two groups were combined and account taken of clinical factors and country of origin of the cohort, p53 expression was not an independent prognostic predictor of PFS or OS. In this well-powered study with minimal methodological variability, p53 immunostaining is not an independent prognostic marker of clinical outcome in epithelial ovarian cancer. The data demonstrate the importance of methodological standardisation, particularly defining patient characteristics and survival end-point data, if biomarker data from multicentre studies are to be combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Graeff
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - J Hall
- Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - A P G Crijns
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - G H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - J Paul
- Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - K A Oien
- Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - K A ten Hoor
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - S de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen; University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - H Hollema
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - J M S Bartlett
- Endocrine Cancer Group, University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - R Brown
- Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- E-mail:
| | - A G J van der Zee
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to review the literature on currently available non- and minimally-invasive diagnostic methods and analysis of primary tumor characteristics for prediction of inguinofemoral lymph node metastases in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. We used the English language literature in PubMed and reference lists from selected articles. Search terms included vulvar carcinoma, prognosis, lymph node metastases, ultrasound, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and sentinel lymph node. No study type restrictions were imposed. Currently no noninvasive imaging techniques exist that are able to predict lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. A depth of invasion < or =1 mm is the only histopathologic parameter that can exclude patients for complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. No other clinicopathologic parameter allows exclusion of lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. The minimally invasive sentinel node procedure is a promising technique for selecting patients for complete lymphadenectomy, but its safety has not been proven yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H M Oonk
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to review the literature on currently available non- and minimally-invasive diagnostic methods and analysis of primary tumor characteristics for prediction of inguinofemoral lymph node metastases in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. We used the English language literature in Pubmed and reference lists from selected articles. Search terms included vulvar carcinoma, prognosis, lymph node metastases, ultrasound, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and sentinel lymph node. No study type restrictions were imposed. Currently no noninvasive imaging techniques exist that are able to predict lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. A depth of invasion ≤1 mm is the only histopathologic parameter that can exclude patients for complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. No other clinicopathologic parameter allows exclusion of lymph node metastases with a high enough negative predictive value. The minimally invasive sentinel node procedure is a promising technique for selecting patients for complete lymphadenectomy, but its safety has not been proven yet.
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Rijcken F, van der Zee A, van der Sluis T, Boersma-van Ek W, Kleibeuker J, Hollema H. Cell cycle regulators and apoptosis-associated proteins in relation to proliferative activity and degree of apoptosis in HNPCC versus sporadic endometrial carcinoma. Histopathology 2006; 48:275-85. [PMID: 16430474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mismatch repair gene malfunction occurs early in the carcinogenesis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancers (HNPCCs), leading to an accelerated accumulation of mutations and possibly to change in expression of cell cycle proteins. There is strong evidence that tumorigenesis in HNPCCs differs from sporadic ones. HNPCC-related endometrial cancers are less well studied. Our aim was to compare expression of cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins in relation to proliferation and apoptosis in HNPCC-related and sporadic endometrial cancers to identify differences in their carcinogenetic pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighteen HNPCC-related endometrial cancers, each matched by tumour type, stage and grade with two sporadic endometrial cancers, were examined for proliferation, apoptosis and the expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors, cyclin B1, D3 and E, p21, p27, bcl-2, bax, p53 and COX-2. No differences in proliferation or apoptotic indices were detected between HNPCC-related and sporadic endometrial cancers. Cyclin B1 expression was significantly higher in HNPCC-related cancers than in sporadic endometrial cancers. More HNPCC-related endometrial cancers had total loss of bax expression. CONCLUSIONS Apart from differences in cyclin B1 and bax expression, HNPCC-related and sporadic endometrial cancers are comparable. The subtle differences detected are consistent with the minor clinical diversity between HNPCC-related and sporadic endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rijcken
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Jongen VHWM, Hollema H, Van Der Zee AGJ, Heineman MJ. Aromatase in the context of breast and endometrial cancer. A review. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2006; 31:47-60. [PMID: 16498363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Generally, estrogens are considered to be involved in the neoplastic transformation of endometrium. After the menopause these estrogens mainly originate from conversion of adrenal androgens by aromatization in body fat. However, in case of stromal hyperplasia of the ovaries, it cannot be excluded that production of aromatizable androgens by postmenopausal ovaries leads to increased availability of androgen precursors for intratumoral estrogen synthesis in the endometrial tissue as well. The local presence of androgens and the local expression and activity of aromatase is considered important for this steroidogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the available evidence that androgens, produced in hyperplastic ovarian stroma or body fat tissues, play a role in the development of endometrial cancer through conversion into estrogens, a reaction catalyzed in the endometrium by the enzyme aromatase cytochrome P450. As the presence of aromatase appeared to be a pathophysiological factor in the formation of breast cancer, the latter will be evaluated in relation to the development of endometrioid endometrial cancer as well, since both disorders appear partly estrogen dependent. As treatment with aromatase inhibitors appeared feasible in breast cancer, current knowledge of comparable treatment modalities in hormone dependent endometrial cancer will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H W M Jongen
- Department of Obstetrics, Diaconessenhuis Meppel, Meppel, The Netherlands.
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de Hullu JA, Pras E, Hollema H, van der Zee AGJ, Bogchelman DH, Mourits MJE. Presentations of endometrial activity after curative radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Maturitas 2005; 51:172-6. [PMID: 15917158 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The treatment of choice for patients with advanced stage cervical cancer is (chemo)radiotherapy. Gynaecologic side effects consist of loss of ovarian function and destruction of the endometrium, resulting in infertility and premature ovarian failure. In premenopausal patients estrogens are prescribed to prevent climacteric symptoms. In general, no progestagens are added to the hormone replacement therapy because of the assumption of complete destruction of the basal layer of the endometrium after pelvic radiotherapy. The aim of this report is to show the different presentations of endometrial activity after curative radiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer. METHODS Presentation of four patients who developed symptoms of residual endometrial activity. RESULTS In two patients, proliferation of functional endometrium led to hematocolpos and hematometrum with abdominal pain. The third patient underwent ovarian transposition and developed regular periods 3 months after finishing the radiotherapy. The fourth patient underwent trachelectomy with radiotherapy because of narrow tumour free margins. She developed vaginal blood loss after starting estrogens. CONCLUSIONS These patients show that in premenopausal patients, curative radiotherapy until 80Gy, may lead to symptoms of residual functional endometrium, e.g. hematometrum, hematocolpos, (ir)regular vaginal blood loss. In our opinion patients should be advised to use estrogens in combination with a progestogen, instead of unopposed estrogens, to prevent stimulation of residual functional endometrium. Tibolone may be an appropriate alternative hormone replacement therapy especially with the advantage of low androgen effects which might support the sexual functions, and the decrease of breast density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A de Hullu
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Nijmegen University Hospital, St. Radboud, The Netherlands.
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Westra JL, Hollema H, Schaapveld M, Platteel I, Oien KA, Keith WN, Mauritz R, Peters GJ, Buys CHCM, Hofstra RMW, Plukker JTM. Predictive value of thymidylate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase protein expression on survival in adjuvantly treated stage III colon cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:1646-53. [PMID: 16012177 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predictive value of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) expression on long-term survival by influencing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) effect were determined in primary tumours and node metastases of stage III colon cancer patients treated adjuvantly with 5-FU regimens (n=391). The effect of TP 53 mutation status, which is thought to be functionally linked to TS inhibition, was also examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS TS and DPD protein expression was determined by immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarrays of these colon tumours. Two hundred and twenty tumours had already been screened in a previous study for TP 53 mutations. RESULTS Low TS protein levels in primary stage III colon tumours appeared to be associated with mucinous histology and low DPD protein levels with young age at time of randomisation. Concordance between TS and DPD expression in primary and metastatic tumours was low. No associations were found between disease-free survival (DFS) and TS or DPD protein levels. When stratified by TP 53 mutation status DFS did not differ with TS expression. CONCLUSIONS Expression of TS and DPD proteins is not predictive for survival in patients with stage III colon cancer treated adjuvantly with 5-FU regimens. TS protein levels did not alter the effect of TP 53 mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Westra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Reesink-Peters N, Hougardy BMT, van den Heuvel FAJ, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Boezen HM, de Vries EGE, de Jong S, van der Zee AGJ. Death receptors and ligands in cervical carcinogenesis: an immunohistochemical study. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:705-13. [PMID: 15721415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis is important in cervical carcinogenesis. The death ligands FasL and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induce apoptosis by binding to their cognate cell-surface death receptors Fas or death receptor (DR) 4 and DR5. This study aims to examine if changes in death ligand and death receptor expression during different stages of cervical carcinogenesis are related to an imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis. METHODS The immunohistochemical expression and localization of Fas/FasL and DR4/DR5/TRAIL were assessed in 11 normal cervices, 15 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade I, 15 CIN II, 13 CIN III, and 25 (microinvasive) squamous cell cervical cancers. The number of apoptotic cells was determined by morphological criteria and the number of proliferating cells by counting Ki-67-positive cells. RESULTS A marked increase in proliferation as well as apoptosis percentage was found with increasing severity of neoplasia. In normal cervix and CIN I samples, FasL, DR4, DR5, and TRAIL staining was mainly observed in the basal/parabasal layer, whereas Fas staining was localized in the superficial, more differentiated epithelial layer. Frequency of Fas-positive staining decreased with increasing severity of CIN. In contrast, homogeneous FasL, DR4, DR5, and TRAIL expression throughout the lesions was more frequently observed in CIN III and cervical cancer. FasL, DR4, DR5, and TRAIL staining patterns were correlated, although TRAIL expression was more intense in low-grade lesions. No association was found between death receptor or ligand expression with the percentage of apoptosis or proliferation. CONCLUSION The loss of Fas and the deregulation of FasL, DR4, DR5, and TRAIL in the CIN-cervical cancer sequence suggest a possible functional role of these death ligands and receptors during cervical carcinogenesis. The frequent expression of DR4 and DR5 presents these receptors as promising targets for innovative therapy modalities in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reesink-Peters
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jongen VHWM, Thijssen JHH, Hollema H, Donker GH, Santema JG, Van der Zee AGJ, Heineman MJ. Is aromatase cytochrome P450 involved in the pathogenesis of endometrioid endometrial cancer? Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005; 15:529-36. [PMID: 15882181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2005.15320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospectively, the relationship between androgen levels in the utero-ovarian circulation, aromatase activity in endometrial and body fat tissue, and the presence or absence of endometrioid endometrial cancer was studied in postmenopausal women. In 43 women with endometrioid endometrial cancer and 8 women with a benign gynecological condition, a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Using tritium water-release assays, aromatase activities in endometrial and body fat tissue were determined and related to the steroid levels from the peripheral and the utero-ovarian venous circulation (estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone) and to the presence or absence of endometrial cancer. Significant aromatase activity was found in both benign and malignant endometrial tissue samples. Aromatase activity in samples of endometrial tissue and in samples of body fat did not correlate with steroid levels in peripheral or utero-ovarian venous blood. Aromatase activity in samples of benign or malignant endometrium did not differ. Remarkably, in four women with mainly poorly differentiated endometrial cancer, very high aromatase activity was found in endometrial tissue. It is likely that multiple pathogenetic pathways exist that eventually lead to the formation of endometrioid endometrial cancer. The local availability of androgens and the finding that aromatase activity is present in both endometrial cancer and benign endometrial tissue support the hypothesis that aromatase activity in the endometrium may play a role in malignant transformation by converting androgens into mitogenic estrogens in the endometrial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H W M Jongen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Heeren PAM, Kelder W, Blondeel I, van Westreenen HL, Hollema H, Plukker JT. Prognostic value of nodal micrometastases in patients with cancer of the gastro-oesophageal junction. European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 2005; 31:270-6. [PMID: 15780562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aim of this study was to examine the presence and the prognostic impact of immunohistochemically identified nodal micrometastases in patients with gastro-oesophageal junction (GEJ) carcinomas. METHODS Between January 1988 and December 2000, 148 patients underwent a radical (R0) resection with a two-field lymphadenectomy for a GEJ carcinoma. Specimens of 60 patients in whom conventional haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) examination did not demonstrate lymph-node metastases (pN0) were available for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis using antibodies AE1/AE3 directed against cytokeratins. Paraffin embedded material of all retrieved lymph nodes in these patients were serially sectioned and analysed by one pathologist after H & E examination for the presence of micrometastases by IHC. RESULTS In 60 resection specimens initially staged as pN0 a total of 524 lymph nodes were available for IHC analyses. Micrometastases were detected in 126 out of 524 lymph nodes (24%), corresponding with 18 of the 60 patients (30%) who were upstaged by this technique. Compared with the pN0 group, the disease free survival (DFS) was significantly lower in patients with nodal involvement at IHC (p<0.001). Survival of patients with IHC identified micrometastatic disease was comparable to those with H & E positive lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Micrometastases in regional nodes were detected by cytokeratin-specific IHC in 30% of radical resected GEJ tumours without overt nodal involvement. Their presence conveys a worse prognosis with a significant reduced DFS, suggesting that the finding of micrometastases should be included in the staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A M Heeren
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jongen VHWM, Thijssen JHH, Hollema H, Donker GH, Santema JG, Van Der Zee AGJ, Heineman MJ. Is aromatase cytochrome P450 involved in the pathogenesis of endometrioid endometrial cancer? Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200505000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospectively, the relationship between androgen levels in the utero-ovarian circulation, aromatase activity in endometrial and body fat tissue, and the presence or absence of endometrioid endometrial cancer was studied in postmenopausal women. In 43 women with endometrioid endometrial cancer and 8 women with a benign gynecological condition, a hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. Using tritium water-release assays, aromatase activities in endometrial and body fat tissue were determined and related to the steroid levels from the peripheral and the utero-ovarian venous circulation (estradiol, androstenedione, testosterone) and to the presence or absence of endometrial cancer. Significant aromatase activity was found in both benign and malignant endometrial tissue samples. Aromatase activity in samples of endometrial tissue and in samples of body fat did not correlate with steroid levels in peripheral or utero-ovarian venous blood. Aromatase activity in samples of benign or malignant endometrium did not differ. Remarkably, in four women with mainly poorly differentiated endometrial cancer, very high aromatase activity was found in endometrial tissue. It is likely that multiple pathogenetic pathways exist that eventually lead to the formation of endometrioid endometrial cancer. The local availability of androgens and the finding that aromatase activity is present in both endometrial cancer and benign endometrial tissue support the hypothesis that aromatase activity in the endometrium may play a role in malignant transformation by converting androgens into mitogenic estrogens in the endometrial tissue.
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Bart J, Hollema H, Groen HJM, de Vries EGE, Hendrikse NH, Sleijfer DT, Wegman TD, Vaalburg W, van der Graaf WTA. The distribution of drug-efflux pumps, P-gp, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP2, in the normal blood-testis barrier and in primary testicular tumours. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:2064-70. [PMID: 15341980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The drug-efflux pumps P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) are present in the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and may hamper the delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the testis. The precise localisation of P-gp and MRP1 in testicular tissue and the presence of the efflux pumps MRP2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in the BTB are unknown. We therefore studied the localisation of these pumps in the BTB in normal testis (n = 12), in non-seminoma (n = 10) seminoma (n = 10), and testicular lymphoma (n = 9). Slides were scored semi-quantitatively for P-gp, MRP1, MRP2 and BCRP and blood vessels with factor VIII antibody. In normal testis, P-gp and BCRP were strongly expressed by myoid cells and luminal capillary endothelial wall and P-gp also by Leydig cells. MRP1 was observed at the basal side of Sertoli cells and on Leydig cells. MRP2 was only weakly expressed by myoid cells. Seminomas and non-seminomas expressed P-gp and/or BCRP and/or MRP1, lymphomas strongly expressed P-gp, weakly expressed BCRP and did not or showed weak expression of MRP1. There was very little staining for MRP2 in the tumours. Newly formed vessels in all tumours only expressed P-gp and BCRP. P-gp, BCRP and MRP1 are present in different cell layers of the normal testis, suggesting the optimal protection of spermatogenesis. In germ cell tumours, this expression pattern may explain the chemoresistance observed to P-gp, BCRP and MRP1 substrates. In germ cell tumours and testicular lymphomas, P-gp and BCRP expression by tumour cells and by newly formed vessels may also contribute to chemoresistance. These findings underscore the importance of removing the affected testis in cases of primary germ cell tumours and testicular lymphomas, irrespective of whether the patient has already undergone chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bart
- Department of Pathology, Groningen University Hospital, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Westra JL, Boven LG, De Boer JP, Van der Vlies P, Hollema H, Buys CH, Plukker JTH, Kok K, Hofstra RM. Determination of the use of CGH array to detect chromosomal instability (CIN). J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Westra
- University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - L. G. Boven
- University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - J. P. De Boer
- University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - H. Hollema
- University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - C. H. Buys
- University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - K. Kok
- University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - R. M. Hofstra
- University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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