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Chai X, Zhu T, Chen Z, Zhang H, Wu X. Improvements and challenges in intraperitoneal laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy: The novel "tent-pitching" antegrade approach and vascular anatomical variations in the para-aortic region. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2024; 103:1753-1763. [PMID: 39004921 PMCID: PMC11324933 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study introduces and compares a new intraperitoneal laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy method to reach the level of the renal vein, the "tent-pitching" antegrade approach with the retrograde approach in gynecological malignancy surgeries in terms of success rate, complication incidence, and the number of lymph nodes removed. It focuses on the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness. Meanwhile, this article reports on the vascular anatomical variations discovered in the para-aortic region to enhance surgical safety. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study including patients undergone laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy at a single center from January 2020 to December 2023 for high-risk endometrial and early-stage ovarian cancer. Patient charts were reviewed for mode of operation, perioperative complications, operative details, and histopathology. The patients were divided into anterograde group and retrograde group according to the operation mode. The two groups were further compared based on the success rate of lymph node clearance at the renal vein level, perioperative complications, and the number of removed lymph nodes. Quantitative data were analyzed using the t-test, non-normally distributed data using the rank-sum test, and categorical data using Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test, with statistical significance defined as P < 0.05. RESULTS Among 173 patients, the antegrade group showed higher surgery success (97.5% vs 68.82%), more lymph nodes removed (median 14 vs 7), and less median blood loss. The operation time was shorter in the antegrade group. Postoperative complications like lymphocele and venous thrombosis were lower in the antegrade group. Vascular abnormalities were found in 28.9% of patients, with accessory lumbar vein routing anomaly and accessory renal arteries being most common. CONCLUSIONS The antegrade approach is feasible, safe, and effective, improving surgical exposure, reducing difficulty without additional instruments or puncture sites, and minimizing organ damage risk. It is effective in achieving better access to the renal vein and removing more para-aortic lymph nodes than the retrograde method. Recognizing and carefully managing the diverse vascular abnormalities in the para-aortic area, including variations in renal arteries, veins, and the inferior vena cava, is essential to reduce intraoperative bleeding and the likelihood of converting to open surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Chai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xianqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Disease in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Raimondo D, Raffone A, Aguzzi A, Bertoldo L, Seracchioli R. Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy with indocyanine green and site of injection in endometrial cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2024; 36:383-390. [PMID: 39106403 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of the present narrative review is to summarize the state of art on sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in endometrial cancer, with a special focus on indocyanine green (ICG) as adopted tracer. RECENT FINDINGS Over the years, the surgical nodal staging in patients with endometrial cancer has been intensively investigated. Traditionally, systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy represented the gold standard surgical treatment to assess nodal involvement of the tumor. Through the last two decades, SLNB has gradually replaced lymphadenectomy as a more targeted procedure. A great heterogeneity of tracers and injection techniques have been proposed to perform SLNB. However, no universally accepted recommendations are still available. SUMMARY SLNB has nowadays almost replaced pelvic lymphadenectomy in low-risk endometrial cancers, offering a better safety profile while being related to a comparable nodal involvement sensitivity. Currently, ICG is considered to be the most used tracer among others. Different injection sites have been proposed, with different detection features. While ICG cervical injection is nowadays the suggested technique for SLNB, noncervical injection techniques, such as hysteroscopic and combined procedures, seem to have a better accuracy in para-aortic nodal assessment, which have a role in high-risk endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Raimondo
- Division of Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
| | - Antonio Raffone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Aguzzi
- Division of Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Linda Bertoldo
- Division of Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna
| | - Renato Seracchioli
- Division of Gynaecology and Human Reproduction Physiopathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna
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Otsuka I. Therapeutic Benefit of Systematic Lymphadenectomy in Node-Negative Uterine-Confined Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma: Omission of Adjuvant Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184516. [PMID: 36139675 PMCID: PMC9497184 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological tract malignancy in developed countries. Extrauterine disease, in particular lymph node metastasis, is an important prognostic factor. Nevertheless, pelvic lymphadenectomy is not considered to have a therapeutic benefit, as it did not improve survival in randomized studies. However, lymphadenectomy may have a therapeutic benefit if adjuvant therapy can be omitted without decreasing oncological outcomes, as the long-term quality of life is maintained by avoiding morbidities associated with adjuvant therapy. In intermediate- and high-risk endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, adjuvant therapy may be safely omitted without decreasing long-term survival by open surgery including systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy when patients are node-negative. Systematic lymphadenectomy may remove undetectable low-volume lymph node metastasis in both pelvic and para-aortic regions, and open surgery may reduce vaginal recurrence even without vaginal brachytherapy. However, lymphadenectomy may not improve survival in elderly patients and patients with p53-mutant tumors. Abstract Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological tract malignancy in developed countries, and its incidence has been increasing globally with rising obesity rates and longer life expectancy. In endometrial cancer, extrauterine disease, in particular lymph node metastasis, is an important prognostic factor. Nevertheless, pelvic lymphadenectomy is not considered to have a therapeutic benefit, as it did not improve survival in randomized studies. However, lymphadenectomy may have a therapeutic benefit if adjuvant therapy can be omitted without decreasing oncological outcomes, as the long-term quality of life is maintained by avoiding morbidities associated with adjuvant therapy. In intermediate- and high-risk endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, adjuvant therapy may be safely omitted without decreasing long-term survival by open surgery including systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy when patients are node-negative. Systematic lymphadenectomy may remove undetectable low-volume lymph node metastasis in both pelvic and para-aortic regions, and open surgery may reduce vaginal recurrence even without vaginal brachytherapy. However, lymphadenectomy may not improve survival in elderly patients and patients with p53-mutant tumors. In this review, I discuss the characteristics of lymph node metastasis, the methods of lymph node assessment, and the therapeutic benefits of systematic lymphadenectomy in patients with intermediate- and high-risk endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Otsuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa 296-8602, Chiba, Japan
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Nagar H, Wietek N, Goodall RJ, Hughes W, Schmidt-Hansen M, Morrison J. Sentinel node biopsy for diagnosis of lymph node involvement in endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 6:CD013021. [PMID: 34106467 PMCID: PMC8189170 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013021.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic lymphadenectomy provides prognostic information for those diagnosed with endometrial (womb) cancer and provides information that may influence decisions regarding adjuvant treatment. However, studies have not shown a therapeutic benefit, and lymphadenectomy causes significant morbidity. The technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), allows the first draining node from a cancer to be identified and examined histologically for involvement with cancer cells. SLNB is commonly used in other cancers, including breast and vulval cancer. Different tracers, including colloid labelled with radioactive technetium-99, blue dyes, e.g. patent or methylene blue, and near infra-red fluorescent dyes, e.g. indocyanine green (ICG), have been used singly or in combination for detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN). OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in the identification of pelvic lymph node involvement in women with endometrial cancer, presumed to be at an early stage prior to surgery, including consideration of the detection rate. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE (1946 to July 2019), Embase (1974 to July 2019) and the relevant Cochrane trial registers. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of tracers for SLN assessment (involving the identification of a SLN plus histological examination) against a reference standard of histological examination of removed pelvic +/- para-aortic lymph nodes following systematic pelvic +/- para-aortic lymphadenectomy (PLND/PPALND) in women with endometrial cancer, where there were sufficient data for the construction of two-by-two tables. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors (a combination of HN, JM, NW, RG, and WH) independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance, classified studies for inclusion/exclusion and extracted data. We assessed the methodological quality of studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. We calculated the detection rate as the arithmetic mean of the total number of SLNs detected out of the total number of women included in the included studies with the woman as the unit of analysis, used univariate meta-analytical methods to estimate pooled sensitivity estimates, and summarised the results using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS The search revealed 6259 unique records after removal of duplicates. After screening 232 studies in full text, we found 73 potentially includable records (for 52 studies), although we were only able to extract 2x2 table data for 33 studies, including 2237 women (46 records) for inclusion in the review, despite writing to trial authors for additional information. We found 11 studies that analysed results for blue dye alone, four studies for technetium-99m alone, 12 studies that used a combination of blue dye and technetium-99m, nine studies that used indocyanine green (ICG) and near infra-red immunofluorescence, and one study that used a combination of ICG and technetium-99m. Overall, the methodological reporting in most of the studies was poor, which resulted in a very large proportion of 'unclear risk of bias' ratings. Overall, the mean SLN detection rate was 86.9% (95% CI 82.9% to 90.8%; 2237 women; 33 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). In studies that reported bilateral detection the mean rate was 65.4% (95% CI 57.8% to 73.0%) . When considered according to which tracer was used, the SLN detection rate ranged from 77.8% (95% CI 70.0% to 85.6%) for blue dye alone (559 women; 11 studies; low-certainty evidence) to 100% for ICG and technetium-99m (32 women; 1 study; very low-certainty evidence). The rates of positive lymph nodes ranged from 5.2% to 34.4% with a mean of 20.1% (95% CI 17.7% to 22.3%). The pooled sensitivity of SLNB was 91.8% (95% CI 86.5% to 95.1%; total 2237 women, of whom 409 had SLN involvement; moderate-certainty evidence). The sensitivity for of SLNB for the different tracers were: blue dye alone 95.2% (95% CI 77.2% to 99.2%; 559 women; 11 studies; low-certainty evidence); Technetium-99m alone 90.5% (95% CI 67.7% to 97.7%; 257 women; 4 studies; low-certainty evidence); technetium-99m and blue dye 91.9% (95% CI 74.4% to 97.8%; 548 women; 12 studies; low-certainty evidence); ICG alone 92.5% (95% CI 81.8% to 97.1%; 953 women; 9 studies; moderate-certainty evidence); ICG and blue dye 90.5% (95% CI 63.2.6% to 98.1%; 215 women; 2 studies; low-certainty evidence); and ICG and technetium-99m 100% (95% CI 63% to 100%; 32 women; 1 study; very low-certainty evidence). Meta-regression analyses found that the sensitivities did not differ between the different tracers used, between studies with a majority of women with FIGO stage 1A versus 1B or above; between studies assessing the pelvic lymph node basin alone versus the pelvic and para-aortic lymph node basin; or between studies that used subserosal alone versus subserosal and cervical injection. It should be noted that a false-positive result cannot occur, as the histological examination of the SLN is unchanged by the results from any additional nodes removed at systematic lymphadenectomy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic test accuracy for SLNB using either ICG alone or a combination of a dye (blue or ICG) and technetium-99m is probably good, with high sensitivity, where a SLN could be detected. Detection rates with ICG or a combination of dye (ICG or blue) and technetium-99m may be higher. The value of a SLNB approach in a treatment pathway, over adjuvant treatment decisions based on uterine factors and molecular profiling, requires examination in a high-quality intervention study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Nagar
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital and the Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Nina Wietek
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Goodall
- Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Will Hughes
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mia Schmidt-Hansen
- National Guideline Alliance, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, UK
| | - Jo Morrison
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, GRACE Centre, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton, UK
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Re: Concordance Between Intracervical and Fundal Injections for Sentinel Node Mapping in Patients With Endometrial Cancer? A Study Using Intracervical Radiotracer and Fundal Blue Dye Injections. Clin Nucl Med 2020; 44:848-849. [PMID: 31162253 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martinelli F, Ditto A, Bogani G, Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Signorelli M, Chiappa V, Raspagliesi F. Sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial cancer: performance of hysteroscopic injection of tracers. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 30:332-338. [PMID: 31911536 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2019-000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on the performance of hysteroscopic injection of tracers (indocyanine green (ICG) and technetium-99m (Tc-99m)) for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in endometrial cancer. METHODS Single-center retrospective evaluation of consecutive patients who underwent SLN mapping following hysteroscopic peritumoral injection of tracer. Detection rate (overall/bilateral/aortic) diagnostic accuracy, and oncologic outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 221 procedures met the inclusion criteria. Mean patient age was 60 (range 28-84) years and mean body mass index was 26.9 (range 15-47) kg/m2 . In 164 cases (70.9%) mapping was performed laparoscopically. The overall detection rate of the technique was 94.1% (208/221 patients). Bilateral pelvic mapping was found in 62.5% of cases with at least one SLN detected and was more frequent using ICG than with Tc-99m (73.8% vs 53.3%; p<0.001). In 47.6% of cases SLNs mapped in both pelvic and aortic nodes, and in five cases (2.4%) only in the aortic area. In eight patients (3.8%) SLNs were found in aberrant (parametrial/presacral) areas. Mean number of detected SLNs was 3.7 (range 1-8). In 51.9% of cases at least one node other than SLNs was removed. Twenty-six patients (12.5%) had nodal involvement: 12 (46.2%) macrometastases, six (23.1%) micrometastases, and eight (30.7%) isolated tumor cells. In 12 cases (46.8%) the aortic area was involved. Overall, 6/221 (2.7%) patients had isolated para-aortic nodes. Three false-negative results were found, all in the Tc-99m group. All had isolated aortic metastases. Overall sensitivity was 88.5% (95% CI 71.7 to 100.0) and overall negative predictive value was 96.5% (95% CI 86.8 to 100.0). There were 10 (4.8%) recurrences: five abdominal/distant, four vaginal, and one nodal (in the aortic area following a unilateral mapping plus side-specific pelvic lymphadenectomy). Most recurrences (9/10 cases) were patients in whom a completion lymphadenectomy was performed. No deaths were reported after a mean follow-up of 47.7 months. CONCLUSIONS Hysteroscopic injection of tracers for SLN mapping in endometrial cancer is as accurate as cervical injection with a higher detection rate in the aortic area. ICG improves the bilateral detection rate. Adding lymphadenectomy to SLN mapping does not reduce the risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinelli
- Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Ditto
- Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bogani
- Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Signorelli
- Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiappa
- Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Multinu F, Casarin J, Cappuccio S, Keeney GL, Glaser GE, Cliby WA, Weaver AL, McGree ME, Angioni S, Faa G, Leitao MM, Abu-Rustum NR, Mariani A. Ultrastaging of negative pelvic lymph nodes to decrease the true prevalence of isolated paraaortic dissemination in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 154:60-64. [PMID: 31126637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial cancer (EC) with isolated paraaortic dissemination who underwent pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy. METHODS From 2004 to 2008, patients undergoing surgery for EC at our institution were prospectively treated according to a validated surgical algorithm relying on intraoperative frozen section. For the current study, we re-reviewed pathologic slides obtained at the time of diagnosis and performed ultrastaging of all negative pelvic lymph nodes to assess the prevalence of occult pelvic lymph node metastasis. RESULTS Of 466 patients at risk for lymphatic dissemination, 394 (84.5%) underwent both pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Of them, 10 (2.5%) had isolated paraaortic metastasis. Pathologic review of hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides identified 1 patient with micrometastasis in 1 of 18 pelvic lymph nodes removed. Ultrastaging of 296 pelvic lymph nodes removed from the 9 other patients (median [range], 32 [20-50] nodes per patient) identified 2 additional cases (1 with micrometastasis and 1 with isolated tumor cells), for a total of 3/10 patients (30%) having occult pelvic dissemination. CONCLUSIONS Ultrastaging and pathologic review of negative pelvic lymph nodes of patients with presumed isolated paraaortic metastasis can identify occult pelvic dissemination and reduce the prevalence of true isolated paraaortic disease. In the era of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) algorithm for EC staging, which incorporates ultrastaging of the SLNs removed, these findings demonstrate that use of the SLN algorithm can further mitigate the concern of missing cases of isolated paraaortic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Multinu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America; Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Gynecology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jvan Casarin
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Serena Cappuccio
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Gary L Keeney
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Gretchen E Glaser
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - William A Cliby
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Amy L Weaver
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Michaela E McGree
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Stefano Angioni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mario M Leitao
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Nadeem R Abu-Rustum
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrea Mariani
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America.
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Concordance Between Intracervical and Fundal Injections for Sentinel Node Mapping in Patients With Endometrial Cancer? Clin Nucl Med 2019; 44:e123-e127. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Tailoring adjuvant treatment in patients with uterine cancer - Authors' reply. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19:e656. [PMID: 30507416 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schlappe BA, Weaver AL, Ducie JA, Eriksson AGZ, Dowdy SC, Cliby WA, Glaser GE, Soslow RA, Alektiar KM, Makker V, Abu-Rustum NR, Mariani A, Leitao MM. Multicenter study comparing oncologic outcomes between two nodal assessment methods in patients with deeply invasive endometrioid endometrial carcinoma: A sentinel lymph node algorithm versus a comprehensive pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 151:235-242. [PMID: 30177461 PMCID: PMC6214768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare oncologic outcomes in the staging of deeply invasive endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) using a sentinel lymph node algorithm (SLN) versus pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy to the renal veins (LND); to compare outcomes in node-negative cases. METHODS At two institutions, patients with deeply invasive (≥50% myometrial invasion) EEC were identified. One institution used LND (2004-2008), the other SLN (2005-2013). FIGO stage IV cases were excluded. Clinical characteristics and follow-up data were recorded. RESULTS 176 patients were identified (LND, 94; SLN, 82). SLN patients were younger (p = 0.003) and had more LVSI (p < 0.001). 9.8% in the SLN and 29.8% in the LND cohorts, respectively, received no adjuvant therapy (p < 0.001). There was no association between type of assessment and recurrence; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR; LND vs. SLN) 0.87 (95%CI 0.40, 1.89) PFS. After controlling for age and adjuvant therapy, there was no association between assessment method and OS (aHR 2.54; 95%CI 0.81, 7.91). The node-negative cohort demonstrated no association between survival and assessment method: aHR 0.69 (95%CI 0.23, 2.03) PFS, 0.81 (95%CI 0.16, 4.22) OS. In the node-negative cohort, neither adjuvant EBRT+/-IVRT (HR 1.63; 95%CI 0.18, 14.97) nor adjuvant chemotherapy+/-EBRT+/-IVRT (HR 0.49; 95%CI 0.11, 2.22) were associated with OS, compared to no adjuvant therapy or IVRT-only. CONCLUSION Use of an SLN algorithm in deeply invasive EEC does not impair oncologic outcomes. Survival is excellent in node-negative cases, irrespective of assessment method. Adjuvant chemotherapy in node-negative patients does not appear to impact outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Schlappe
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy L Weaver
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Ducie
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ane Gerda Zahl Eriksson
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean C Dowdy
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William A Cliby
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gretchen E Glaser
- Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaled M Alektiar
- Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vicky Makker
- Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadeem R Abu-Rustum
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Mariani
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mario M Leitao
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Persson J, Geppert B, Lönnerfors C, Bollino M, Måsbäck A. Description of a reproducible anatomically based surgical algorithm for detection of pelvic sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 147:120-125. [PMID: 28751118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and evaluate a reproducible, anatomically based surgical algorithm, including reinjection of tracer to enhance technical success rate, for detection of pelvic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS A prospective study of 102 consecutive women with high risk EC scheduled for robotic surgery was conducted. Following cervical injection of a fluorescent dye, an algorithm for trans- and retroperitoneal identification of tracer display in the lower and upper paracervical pathways was strictly adhered to. To enhance the technical success rate, this included ipsilateral reinjection of tracer in case of non-display of any lymphatic pathway. The lymphatic pathways were kept intact by opening the avascular planes. To minimize disturbance from leaking dye, removal of SLNs was first performed along the lower paracervical (presacral) pathways followed by the more caudal upper paracervical pathways. In each pathway, the juxtauterine node with an afferent lymph vessel was defined as an SLN. After removal of SLNs, a complete pelvic and, unless contraindicated, infrarenal paraaortic lymph node dissection was performed. RESULTS The bilateral detection rate including tracer reinjection was 96%. All 24 (23.5%) node positive patients had at least one metastatic SLN. Presacral lymph node metastases were discovered in 33.3% of the node positive patients. One patient (4.2%) had an isolated presacral lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS The described cranial-to-caudal anatomically based surgical SLN algorithm, including a presacral dissection and reinjection of tracer, results in a high SLN detection rate and identified all patients with lymph node metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Persson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Barbara Geppert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Céline Lönnerfors
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michele Bollino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Måsbäck
- Department of Pathology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Sentinel node mapping in endometrial cancer following Hysteroscopic injection of tracers: A single center evaluation over 200 cases. Gynecol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28625394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze detection-rate(DR) and diagnostic-accuracy (A) of sentinel-nodes(SLNs) mapping following hysteroscopic-injection of tracer. To compare DR and A between tracers: ICG and Tc99m. METHODS Evaluation of endometrial-cancer patients who underwent SLNs mapping after hysteroscopic-peritumoral-injection of tracer±lymphadenectomy. Analysis of DR (overall-bilateral-aortic) and A in the entire cohort and comparison between tracers. RESULTS 202 procedures were performed from January/2005 to February/2017. Mean age:60years (28-82); mean BMI: 26.8 kg/m2 (15-47). In 133 cases (65.8%) hysterectomy and mapping procedure were performed laparoscopically. The overall-DR of the technique was 93.2% (179/192) (10 cases were excluded: 9 for technical-equipment failure; 1 for vagal reaction). Bilateral pelvic mapping was found in 59.7% of cases (107/179) and was more frequent in the ICG group (72.8% vs 53.3%; p: 0.012). In 50.8% of cases (91/179) SLNs were mapped both in pelvic and aortic nodes, and in 5 cases (2.8%) only in the aortic area. The mean number of detected SLNs was 3.7 (1-8). 22 patients (12.3%) had nodal involvement: 10-(45.5%)-macrometastases; 5-(22.7%)-micrometastases; 7-(31.8%)-ITCs. In 6 cases (27.3%) only aortic nodes were positive; in 5 cases (22.7%) both pelvic and aortic nodes and in 11 cases (50%) only pelvic nodes were involved. Three false-negative results were found, all in the Tc99m group. All had isolated aortic metastases with negative pelvic nodes. Overall-sensitivity was 86.4% (95%CI: 68.4-100) and overall-negative-predictive-value (NPV) was 96.4% (95%CI 86.7-100). No differences in terms of overall-DR, overall-sensitivity and overall-NPV were found between the two tracers. CONCLUSIONS Hysteroscopic-injection of tracer for SLNs mapping in endometrial cancer is as accurate as cervical injection with a higher DR in the aortic area. ICG improves bilateral-DR. Further investigation is warranted on this topic.
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Geppert B, Lönnerfors C, Bollino M, Arechvo A, Persson J. A study on uterine lymphatic anatomy for standardization of pelvic sentinel lymph node detection in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 145:256-261. [PMID: 28196672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the anatomy of uterine lymphatic drainage following cervical or fundal tracer injection to enable standardization of a pelvic sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept in endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS A prospective consecutive study of women with EC was conducted. A fluorescent dye (Indocyanine green) was injected into the cervix (n=60) or the uterine fundus (n=30). A systematic trans- and retroperitoneal mapping of uterine lymphatic drainage was performed. Positions of the pelvic SLNs, defined by afferent lymph vessels, and lymph node metastases were compared. RESULTS Two consistent lymphatic pathways with pelvic SLNs were identified irrespective of injection site; an upper paracervical pathway (UPP) with draining medial external and/or obturator lymph nodes and a lower paracervical pathway (LPP) with draining internal iliac and/or presacral lymph nodes. Bilateral display of at least one pelvic pathway following cervical and fundal injection occurred in 98% and 80% respectively (p=0.005). Bilateral display of both pelvic pathways occurred in 30% and 20% respectively (p=0.6) as the LPP was less often displayed. Nearly one third of the 19% node positive patients had metastases along the LPP. No false negative SLNs were identified. CONCLUSIONS Based on uterine lymphatic anatomy a bilateral detection of at least one SLN in both the UPP and LPP should be aimed for. Absence of display of the LPP may warrant a full presacral lymphadenectomy. Although pelvic pathways and positions of SLNs are independent of the tracer injection site, cervical injection is preferable due to a higher technical success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Geppert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Céline Lönnerfors
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michele Bollino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anastasija Arechvo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Persson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Martinelli F, Ditto A, Bogani G, Signorelli M, Chiappa V, Lorusso D, Haeusler E, Raspagliesi F. Laparoscopic Sentinel Node Mapping in Endometrial Cancer After Hysteroscopic Injection of Indocyanine Green. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016; 24:89-93. [PMID: 27725278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To report the detection rate (DR) of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in endometrial cancer (EC) patients after hysteroscopic injection of indocyanine green (ICG) and laparoscopic near-infrared (L-NIR) fluorescence mapping. DESIGN Prospectively collected data (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING Gynecologic oncology referral center. PATIENTS Consecutive patients with apparent early-stage endometrioid EC scheduled for surgical treatment: total laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, SLN mapping. INTERVENTIONS The mapping technique consisted in an intraoperative hysteroscopic peritumoral injection of 5 mg ICG followed by L-NIR fluorescence mapping. Evaluations of the SLN DR and sites of mapping were performed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 57 procedures was performed. Patient mean age was 60 years (range, 28-80) and mean body mass index was 28.2 kg/m2 (range, 19-43). At least 1 SLN was detected in 89.5% of the whole population (51/57). After the first 16 cases, L-NIR camera technical improvement led to a 95% DR (39/41). The mean number of harvested SLNs was 4.1 (range. 1-8), and in 47% of cases SLNs mapped to aortic nodes (24/51). Bilateral pelvic mapping was found in 74.5% of cases (38/51). Three patients had SLN metastases: 1 in the pelvic area only, 1 both in the pelvic and aortic area, and 1 presented with 2 metastatic aortic SLNs with negative pelvic SLNs. Overall, 2 of 3 node-positive patients (67%) had aortic SLN involvement. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic SLN mapping after the hysteroscopic injection of ICG has comparable DRs with both radioactive tracer series and ICG series with cervical injection, overcoming the need for radioactive substances. Hysteroscopic injection leads to a higher mapping in the aortic area compared with cervical injection. Further investigation is warranted on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinelli
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonino Ditto
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bogani
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Signorelli
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiappa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Edward Haeusler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Raspagliesi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Tschernichovsky R, Diver EJ, Schorge JO, Goodman A. The Role of Lymphadenectomy Versus Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Early-stage Endometrial Cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2016; 39:516-21. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Bogani G, Martinelli F, Ditto A, Signorelli M, Chiappa V, Recalcati D, Lorusso D, Raspagliesi F. Sentinel lymph node detection in endometrial cancer: does injection site make a difference? J Gynecol Oncol 2016; 27:e23. [PMID: 26768786 PMCID: PMC4717228 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bogani
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Martinelli
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Ditto
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Signorelli
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiappa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Recalcati
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
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Ehrisman J, Secord AA, Berchuck A, Lee PS, Di Santo N, Lopez-Acevedo M, Broadwater G, Valea FA, Havrilesky LJ. Performance of sentinel lymph node biopsy in high-risk endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2016; 17:69-71. [PMID: 27453926 PMCID: PMC4941561 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the rate and performance of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping among women with high-risk endometrial cancers. Methods Patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 with uterine cancer of grade 3 endometrioid, clear cell, serous or carcinosarcoma histology and who underwent SLN mapping prior to full pelvic lymph node dissection were included. Subjects underwent methylene blue or ICG injection for laparoscopic (N = 16) or robotic-assisted laparoscopic (N = 20) staging. Outcomes included SLN mapping rates, SLN and non-SLN positive rates, false negative SLN algorithm rate, and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the SLN algorithm. Fisher's exact test was used to compare mapping and node positivity rates. Results 9/36 (25%) patients with high-risk uterine cancer had at least one metastatic lymph node identified. Successful mapping occurred in 30/36 (83%) patients. SLN mapped to pelvic nodes bilaterally in 20 (56%), unilaterally in 9 (25%), and aortic nodes only in 1 (3%). Malignancy was identified in 14/95 (15%) of all sentinel nodes and 12/775 (1.5%) of all non-sentinel nodes (p < 0.001). The false negative rate of SLN mapping alone was 2/26 (7.7%); the NPV was 92.3%. When the SLN algorithm was applied retrospectively the false negative rate was 0/31 (0%); the NPV was 100%. Conclusion SLN mapping rates for high-risk cancers are slightly lower than in prior reports of lower risk cancers. The NPV of the SLN mapping alone is 92% and rises to 100% when the SLN algorithm is applied. Such results are acceptable and consistent with larger subsets of lower risk endometrial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Ehrisman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Angeles Alvarez Secord
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Paula S Lee
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicola Di Santo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Micael Lopez-Acevedo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, George Washington University Hospital, Washington DC, United States
| | - Gloria Broadwater
- Biostatistics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Fidel A Valea
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Laura J Havrilesky
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PET/CT and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in staging high-risk endometrial cancer patients (G2 and deep myometrial invasion, G3, serous clear cell carcinoma or carcinosarcoma) in early clinical stage. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2006 to December 2012, high-risk early-stage endometrial cancer patients performing PET/CT scan followed by surgery (systematic pelvic ± aortic lymphadenectomy) were included. From December 2010, SLN mapping with Tc-albumin nanocolloid and blue dye cervical injection was included in our clinical practice and additionally performed. Histological findings were used as the reference standard. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included, of which 22 of 93 had both PET/CT and SLN biopsy. The median number of dissected lymph nodes (LNs) was 28. Nineteen women (20.4%) had pelvic LN metastases; 14 were correctly identified by PET/CT. Among 5 false-negative cases, 3 occurred after the introduction of SLN mapping due to detection of micrometastases by ultrastaging. On overall patient-based analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of PET/CT for pelvic LN metastases were 73.7%, 98.7%, 93.6%, 93.3%, 93.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PET/CT demonstrated moderate sensitivity and high specificity in detecting pelvic LN metastases; its high positive predictive value (93.3%) is useful to refer patients to appropriate debulking surgery. Sentinel LN mapping and histological ultrastaging increased the identification of metastases (incidence, 18.3%-27.3%) not detectable by PET/CT because of its spatial resolution. The combination of both modalities is promising for nodal staging purpose.
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19
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Laios A, Volpi D, Tullis IDC, Woodward M, Kennedy S, Pathiraja PNJ, Haldar K, Vojnovic B, Ahmed AA. A prospective pilot study of detection of sentinel lymph nodes in gynaecological cancers using a novel near infrared fluorescence imaging system. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:608. [PMID: 26502876 PMCID: PMC4621870 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) sampling may significantly reduce surgical morbidity by avoiding needless radical lymphadenectomy. In gynaecological cancers, the current practice in the UK is testing the accuracy of SLN detection using radioactive isotopes within the context of clinical trials. However, radioactive tracers pose significant logistic problems. We, therefore, conducted a pilot, observational study to assess the feasibility of a novel optical imaging device for SLN detection in gynaecological cancers using near infrared (NIR) fluorescence. METHODS A novel, custom-made, optical imaging system was developed to enable detection of multiple fluorescence dyes and allow simultaneous bright-field imaging during open surgery and laparoscopic procedures. We then evaluated the performance of the system in a prospective study of 49 women with early stage vulval, cervical and endometrial cancer who were scheduled to undergo complete lymphadenectomy. Clinically approved fluorescent contrast agents indocyanine green (ICG) and methylene blue (MB) were used. The main outcomes of the study included SLN mapping detection rates, false negative rates using the NIR fluorescence technique and safety of the procedures. We also examined the association between injection sites and differential lymphatic drainage in women with endometrial cancer by fluorescence imaging of ICG and MB. RESULTS A total of 64 SLNs were detected during both open surgery and laparoscopy. Following dose optimisation and the learning phase, SLN detection rate approached 100 % for all cancer types with no false negatives detected. Fluorescence from ICG and MB detected para-aortic SLNs in women with endometrial cancer following uterine injection. Percutaneous SLN detection was also achieved in most women with vulval cancer. No adverse reactions associated with the use of either dyes were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the successful clinical application of a novel NIR fluorescence imaging system for SLN detection across different gynaecological cancers. We showcased the first in human imaging, during the same procedure, of two fluorescence dyes in women with endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Laios
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Davide Volpi
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Iain D C Tullis
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Martha Woodward
- Early Phase Research Hub, Department of Oncology, Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stephen Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Pubudu N J Pathiraja
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Krishnayan Haldar
- Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ahmed A Ahmed
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Gynaecological Oncology Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX37DS, UK.
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20
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Smith B, Backes F. The role of sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial and cervical cancer. J Surg Oncol 2015; 112:753-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.24022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blair Smith
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - Floor Backes
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
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21
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Factors associated with successful bilateral sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 138:542-7. [PMID: 26095896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As our understanding of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping for endometrial cancer (EC) evolves, tailoring the technique to individual patients at high risk for failed mapping may result in a higher rate of successful bilateral mapping (SBM). The study objective is to identify patient, tumor, and surgeon factors associated with successful SBM in patients with EC and complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH). METHODS From September 2012 to November 2014, women with EC or CAH underwent SLN mapping via cervical injection followed by robot-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy (RA-TLH) at a tertiary care academic center. Completion lymphadenectomy and ultrastaging were performed according to an institutional protocol. Patient demographics, tumor and surgeon/intraoperative variables were prospectively collected and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed evaluating factors known or hypothesized to impact the rate of successful lymphatic mapping. RESULTS RA-TLH and SLN mapping was performed in 111 women; 93 had EC and 18 had CAH. Eighty women had low grade and 31 had high grade disease. Overall, at least one SLN was identified in 85.6% of patients with SBM in 62.2% of patients. Dye choice (indocyanine green versus isosulfan blue), odds ratio (OR: 4.5), body mass index (OR: 0.95), and clinically enlarged lymph nodes (OR: 0.24) were associated with SBM rate on multivariate analyses. The use of indocyanine green dye was particularly beneficial in patients with a body mass index greater than 30. CONCLUSION Injection dye, BMI, and clinically enlarged lymph nodes are important considerations when performing sentinel lymph node mapping for EC.
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22
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Plante M, Touhami O, Trinh XB, Renaud MC, Sebastianelli A, Grondin K, Gregoire J. Sentinel node mapping with indocyanine green and endoscopic near-infrared fluorescence imaging in endometrial cancer. A pilot study and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 137:443-7. [PMID: 25771495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Indocyanine green (ICG) with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is a new tracer modality used for lymphatic mapping. We report our initial experience with ICG for SLN mapping in cervical and endometrial cancer using a new endoscopic fluorescence imaging system. METHODS We reviewed all patients who underwent primary surgery for early-stage endometrial and cervical carcinoma with SLN mapping using fluorescence imaging followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy from February to July 2014. Intracervical injection of ICG at 3 and 9 o'clock was performed in all cases. SLNs were ultrastaged on final pathology. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated. RESULTS A total of 50 patients were included in the study (42 endometrial and 8 cervical cancers). The median age was 62 (24-88) and median BMI 29 (19-56). The median SLN count was 3.1 (0-7) and median lymph node count was 15 (2-37). The overall and bilateral detection rate was 96% (48/50) and 88% (44/50). Positive SLNs were identified in 22% of patients (11/50), including 8 isolated tumor cells (ITC), 2 micrometastasis and 1 macrometastasis. There was one side-specific false negative case. Sensitivity, specificity and NPV were 93.3%, 100% and 98.7% respectively per side. Paraaortic node dissection was performed in 22% of cases. Two had paraaortic node metastasis both in patients with positive pelvic SLN. There were no allergic reactions to the ICG. CONCLUSIONS Based on our pilot experience, NIR fluorescence imaging with ICG is an excellent and safe tracer modality for SLN mapping with a very high overall (96%) and bilateral (88%) detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Plante
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Omar Touhami
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Xuan-Bich Trinh
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Renaud
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Alexandra Sebastianelli
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Katherine Grondin
- Department of Pathology, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jean Gregoire
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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Lymphedema after surgery for endometrial cancer: prevalence, risk factors, and quality of life. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124:307-315. [PMID: 25004343 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate lower extremity lymphedema prevalence in patients surgically treated for endometrial cancer, identify predictors of lymphedema, and evaluate the effects of lymphedema on quality of life. METHODS One thousand forty-eight consecutive patients who were operated on between 1999 and 2008 at the Mayo Clinic were mailed a survey, which included our validated 13-item lymphedema screening questionnaire and two validated quality-of-life measures. Logistic regression models were fit to identify factors associated with prevalent lymphedema; a multivariable model was obtained using stepwise and backward variable selection methods. The relationship between lymphedema and obesity with each quality-of-life score was evaluated separate multivariable linear models. RESULTS There were 591 responders (56%) after exclusions. Our questionnaire revealed a previous self-reported lymphedema diagnosis in 103 (17%) patients and identified undiagnosed lymphedema in 175 (30%) (overall prevalence 47.0%, median 6.2 years follow-up). Lymphedema prevalence in patients treated with hysterectomy alone compared with lymphadenectomy was 36.1% and 52.3%, respectively (attributable risk 23%). Lymphedema risk was not associated with the number of nodes removed or the extent of lymphadenectomy after adjusting for other factors. On multivariable analysis, higher body mass index, congestive heart failure, performance of lymphadenectomy, and radiation therapy were associated with prevalent lymphedema. Multiple quality-of-life scores were worse in women with lymphedema. CONCLUSION The attributable risk of developing lower extremity lymphedema was 23% for patients with endometrial cancer who underwent lymphadenectomy compared with hysterectomy alone with an overall prevalence of 47%. Lymphedema was associated with reductions in multiple quality-of-life domains. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Rimbach S, Neis K, Solomayer E, Ulrich U, Wallwiener D. Current and Future Status of Laparoscopy in Gynecologic Oncology. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014; 74:852-859. [PMID: 25278627 PMCID: PMC4175127 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1383075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Laparoscopy is playing an increasingly important role in gynecologic oncology. The benefits of minimally invasive surgery for oncology patients and the quality of this treatment are well documented. Outcomes and quality of minimally invasive surgical procedures to treat cervical cancer were evaluated based on retrospective and case-control studies; outcomes and quality after minimally invasive treatment für early-stage low-risk endometrial cancer were also assessed in prospective randomized studies. If indicated, laparoscopic lymphadenectomy is both technically feasible and oncologically safe. Adipose patients in particular benefit from minimally invasive procedures, where feasible. The potential role of laparoscopy in neoadjuvant therapy for ovarian cancer and in surgery for early-stage ovarian carcinoma is still controversially discussed and is currently being assessed in further studies. Using a minimally invasive approach in gynecologic oncology procedures demands strict adherence to oncological principles and requires considerable surgical skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rimbach
- Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - K. Neis
- Praxis Frauenärzte am Staden, Saarbrücken
| | - E. Solomayer
- Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Univ.-klinik des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar
| | - U. Ulrich
- Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Martin-Luther-Krankenhaus, Berlin
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Ditto A, Martinelli F, Bogani G, Papadia A, Lorusso D, Raspagliesi F. Sentinel node mapping using hysteroscopic injection of indocyanine green and laparoscopic near-infrared fluorescence imaging in endometrial cancer staging. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014; 22:132-3. [PMID: 25135786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein is presented a technique for minimally invasive sentinel node mapping. The patient had apparently early stage endometrial cancer. Sentinel node mapping was performed using a hysteroscopic injection of indocyanine green followed by laparoscopic sentinel node detection via near-infrared fluorescence. This technique ensures delineation of lymphatic drainage from the tumor area, thus achieving accurate detection of sentinel nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Ditto
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabio Martinelli
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bogani
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Papadia
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenica Lorusso
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
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