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Li M, Zhang L, Yu J, Wang X, Cheng L, Ma Z, Chen X, Wang L, Goh BC. AKR1C3 in carcinomas: from multifaceted roles to therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1378292. [PMID: 38523637 PMCID: PMC10957692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1378292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3 (AKR1C3), also known as type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD5) or prostaglandin F (PGF) synthase, functions as a pivotal enzyme in androgen biosynthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of weak androgens, estrone (a weak estrogen), and PGD2 into potent androgens (testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone), 17β-estradiol (a potent estrogen), and 11β-PGF2α, respectively. Elevated levels of AKR1C3 activate androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, contributing to tumor recurrence and imparting resistance to cancer therapies. The overexpression of AKR1C3 serves as an oncogenic factor, promoting carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and is correlated with unfavorable prognosis and overall survival in carcinoma patients. Inhibiting AKR1C3 has demonstrated potent efficacy in suppressing tumor progression and overcoming treatment resistance. As a result, the development and design of AKR1C3 inhibitors have garnered increasing interest among researchers, with significant progress witnessed in recent years. Novel AKR1C3 inhibitors, including natural products and analogues of existing drugs designed based on their structures and frameworks, continue to be discovered and developed in laboratories worldwide. The AKR1C3 enzyme has emerged as a key player in carcinoma progression and therapeutic resistance, posing challenges in cancer treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of AKR1C3's role in carcinoma development, its implications in therapeutic resistance, and recent advancements in the development of AKR1C3 inhibitors for tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Jingzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jingzhou, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Department of Haematology–Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Li Y, Tang J, Li J, Du Y, Bai F, Yang L, Li X, Jin X, Wang T. ARID3A promotes the chemosensitivity of colon cancer by inhibiting AKR1C3. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:965-975. [PMID: 35257428 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ARID3A is upregulated in colorectal cancer and can promote the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. However, patients with higher level of ARID3A have a better prognosis. This study aimed to uncover the mechanism by which ARID3A benefits the prognosis of colon cancer. Our results indicated that ARID3A upregulation enhanced the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), whereas ARID3A downregulation inhibited the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU. Through database analysis, we found that AKR1C3, a drug resistance related gene, was the target of ARID3A. Moreover, AKR1C3 was downregulated in colon cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. Next, we assessed the interaction between AKR1C3 and ARID3A, and found that ARID3A inhibited the transcription of AKR1C3, leading to the downregulation of AKR1C3 in colon cancer cells. We also verified that AKR1C3 inhibited the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU. Moreover, patients with higher ratio of ARID3A to AKR1C3 had a better prognosis. This study suggested that ARID3A promoted chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells by inhibiting AKR1C3 in colon cancer. The ratio of ARID3A to AKR1C3 is a good marker to predict the prognosis of colon cancer patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yaru Du
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Fuqiang Bai
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lirui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
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Lee HS, Lee IH, Kang K, Park SI, Kwon TW, Moon SJ, Lee CH, Lee DY. Systems Pharmacology Study of the Anticervical Cancer Mechanisms of FDY003. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20977364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing data support that herbal medicines are beneficial in the treatment of cervical cancer; however, their mechanisms of action remain to be elucidated. In the current study, we used a systems pharmacology approach to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of FDY003, an anticancer herbal formula comprising Lonicera japonica Thunberg, Artemisia capillaris Thunberg, and Cordyceps militaris (Linn.) Link, in the treatment of cervical cancer. Through the pharmacokinetic assessment of absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion characteristics, we found 18 active compounds that might interact with 106 cervical cancer-related targets responsible for the pharmacological effects. FDY003 targets were significantly associated with gene ontology terms related to the regulation of cellular behaviors, including cell proliferation, cell cycle processes, cell migration, cell apoptosis, cell death, and angiogenesis. The therapeutic targets of the herbal drug were further enriched in various oncogenic pathways that are implicated in the tumorigenesis and progression of cervical cancer, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, focal adhesion, human papillomavirus infection, and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways. Our study provides a systematic approach to explore the anticancer properties of herbal medicines against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sung Lee
- The Fore, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Forest Hospital, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hee Lee
- The Fore, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungrae Kang
- Forest Hospital, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-In Park
- Forestheal Hospital, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kwon
- Forest Hospital, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chol Hee Lee
- Forest Hospital, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yeon Lee
- The Fore, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Forest Hospital, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, He S, Chen Y, Liu Y, Feng F, Liu W, Guo Q, Zhao L, Sun H. Overview of AKR1C3: Inhibitor Achievements and Disease Insights. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11305-11329. [PMID: 32463235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is known as a hormone activity regulator and prostaglandin F (PGF) synthase that regulates the occupancy of hormone receptors and cell proliferation. Because of the overexpression in metabolic diseases and various hormone-dependent and -independent carcinomas, as well as the emergence of clinical drug resistance, an increasing number of studies have investigated AKR1C3 inhibitors. Here, we briefly review the physiological and pathological function of AKR1C3 and then summarize the recent development of selective AKR1C3 inhibitors. We propose our viewpoints on the current problems associated with AKR1C3 inhibitors with the aim of providing a reference for future drug discovery and potential therapeutic perspectives on novel, potent, selective AKR1C3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Huaian 223005, People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Linjawi S, AlGaithy Z, Sindi S, Hamdi N, Linjawi A, Alharbi M. Regulation of Lipocalin-2 oncogene and its impact on gene polymorphisms on breast cancer patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2018; 39:558-563. [PMID: 29915849 PMCID: PMC6058746 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2018.6.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the impact of Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) gene polymorphisms on breast cancer patients in western Saudi Arabia. METHODS It is a case control study in which blood samples of participants from Medical Reference Clinics and King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have been taken between 2014 and 2016. This study recruited 128 participants (50% control, 50% patients) and used Tetra-Primer amplification-refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of missense SNP (rs11556770). The study measured LCN2 plasma protein expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results: The results have shown that 100% of the genotypes were normal allele (G/G). In contrast, the plasma level of LCN2 was considerably elevated among patients as compared to control (p=0.001), and higher in invasive ductal carcinoma patients (p=0.001). The LCN2 protein expression in plasma level was significantly elevated among patients, particularly who demonstrated invasive ductal carcinoma. Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between breast cancer patients and LCN2 gene polymorphisms (rs11556770).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Linjawi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Zeng CM, Chang LL, Ying MD, Cao J, He QJ, Zhu H, Yang B. Aldo-Keto Reductase AKR1C1-AKR1C4: Functions, Regulation, and Intervention for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28352233 PMCID: PMC5349110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases comprise of AKR1C1-AKR1C4, four enzymes that catalyze NADPH dependent reductions and have been implicated in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. Recent studies have provided evidences of strong correlation between the expression levels of these family members and the malignant transformation as well as the resistance to cancer therapy. Mechanistically, most studies focus on the catalytic-dependent function of AKR1C isoforms, like their impeccable roles in prostate cancer, breast cancer, and drug resistance due to the broad substrates specificity. However, accumulating clues showed that catalytic-independent functions also played critical roles in regulating biological events. This review summarizes the catalytic-dependent and -independent roles of AKR1Cs, as well as the small molecule inhibitors targeting these family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Wu CH, Lin YW, Wu TF, Ko JL, Wang PH. Clinical implication of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 in uterine cervical cancer and its action on cervical cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4210-25. [PMID: 26716410 PMCID: PMC4826200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were performed to investigate the influence of human nonmetastatic clone 23 type 1 (nm23-H1), a metastasis-associated gene on proteomic alterations in cancer cells of the uterine cervix. It was validated by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The expression of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) was increased in nm23-H1 gene silenced SiHa or CaSki cervical cancer cells. The clinical implication was shown that cervical cancer tissues with positive VDAC1 immunoreactivity exhibited deep stromal invasion (>10 mm in depth) and large tumor size (> 4 cm in diameter). Cervical cancer patients with positive VDAC1 immunoreactivity displayed higher recurrence and poorer overall survival than those with negative VDAC1. Silencing of VDAC1 reduced cell proliferation and migratory ability. Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and reactive oxygen species generation was increased in the VDAC1 gene-silenced cervical cancer cells. Cell cycle progression and autophagy were not changed in VDAC1 silencing cells. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin was significantly enhanced by knockdown of cellular VDAC1 and the compounds that interfere with hexokinase binding to VDAC. Therapeutic strategies may be offered using VDAC1 as a target to reduce cell growth and migration, enhance the synergistic therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin and reduce cisplatin dose-limiting toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fan Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Eriksson J, Le Joncour V, Nummela P, Jahkola T, Virolainen S, Laakkonen P, Saksela O, Hölttä E. Gene expression analyses of primary melanomas reveal CTHRC1 as an important player in melanoma progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:15065-92. [PMID: 26918341 PMCID: PMC4924771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is notorious for its high tendency to metastasize and its refractoriness to conventional treatments after metastasis, and the responses to most targeted therapies are short-lived. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind melanoma development and progression is needed to develop more effective therapies and to identify new markers to predict disease behavior. Here, we compared the gene expression profiles of benign nevi, and non-metastatic and metastatic primary melanomas to identify any common changes in disease progression. We identified several genes associated with inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix modification to be upregulated in metastatic melanomas. We selected one of these genes, collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1), for detailed analysis, and found that CTHRC1 was expressed in both melanoma cells and the associated fibroblasts, as well as in the endothelium of tumor blood vessels. Knockdown of CTHRC1 expression by shRNAs in melanoma cells inhibited their migration in Transwell assays and their invasion in three-dimensional collagen and Matrigel matrices. We also elucidated the possible down-stream effectors of CTHRC1 by gene expression profiling of the CTHRC1-knockdown cells. Our analyses showed that CTHRC1 is regulated coordinately with fibronectin and integrin β3 by the pro-invasive and -angiogenic transcription factor NFATC2. We also found CTHRC1 to be a target of TFGβ and BRAF. These data highlight the importance of tumor stroma in melanoma progression. Furthermore, CTHRC1 was recognized as an important mediator of melanoma cell migration and invasion, providing together with its regulators-NFATC2, TGFβ, and BRAF-attractive therapeutic targets against metastatic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Eriksson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nummela
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Jahkola
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Virolainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Saksela
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Doig CL, Battaglia S, Khanim FL, Bunce CM, Campbell MJ. Knockdown of AKR1C3 exposes a potential epigenetic susceptibility in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:47-55. [PMID: 26429394 PMCID: PMC5391256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) has been heavily implicated in the propagation of prostate malignancy. AKR1C3 protein is elevated within prostate cancer tissue, it contributes to the formation of androgens and downstream stimulation of the androgen receptor (AR). Elevated expression of AKR1C3 is also reported in acute myeloid leukemia but the target nuclear receptors have been identified as members of the peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPARs) subfamily. Thus, AKR1C3 cancer biology is likely to be tissue dependent and hormonally linked to the availability of ligands for both the steroidogenic and non-steroidogenic nuclear receptors. METHODS In the current study we investigated the potential for AKR1C3 to regulate the availability of prostaglandin-derived ligands for PPARg mainly, prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). Using prostate cancer cell lines with stably reduced AKR1C3 levels we examined the impact of AKR1C3 upon proliferation mediated by PPAR ligands. RESULTS These studies revealed knockdown of AKR1C3 had no effect upon the sensitivity of androgen receptor independent prostate cancer cells towards PPAR ligands. However, the reduction of levels of AKR1C3 was accompanied by a significantly reduced mRNA expression of a range of HDACs, transcriptional co-regulators, and increased sensitivity towards SAHA, a clinically approved histone deacetylase inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a hitherto unidentified link between AKR1C3 levels and the epigenetic status in prostate cancer cells. This raises an interesting possibility of a novel rational to target AKR1C3, the utilization of AKRIC3 selective inhibitors in combination with HDAC inhibition as part of novel epigenetic therapies in androgen deprivation therapy recurrent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Doig
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Sebastiano Battaglia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Farhat L Khanim
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Moray J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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