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Porras-Rivera G, Górski K, Colin N. Behavioral biomarkers in fishes: A non-lethal approach to assess the effects of chemical pollution on freshwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119607. [PMID: 39002628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The expansion of the human population and the escalating use of chemical products pose a considerable threat to aquatic biodiversity. Consequently, there is an imperative need for the implementation of non-lethal, cost-effective, and easily deployable biomonitoring tools. In this context, fish and their behavior as biomarkers have gained prominence in monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the state of art in the use of behavioral biomarkers in ecotoxicology, emphasizing their role as informative tools for global environmental monitoring. Through a systematic literature search, ninety-two articles focusing on the evaluation of behavioral changes in freshwater fish in response to pollution were identified. The most prevalent keywords were "behavior" (7%) and "zebrafish" (6%). Experiments were conducted in countries with expansive territories, such as the United States (18%) and Brazil (17%). Exotic species were primarily employed (58%), with Danio rerio (26%) being the most frequently studied species. Among pollutants, pesticides (32%) and medicines (25%) were the most frequently studied, while locomotion (38%) and social behaviors (18%) were the most frequently evaluated behaviors. Across these studies, authors consistently reported significant changes in the behavior of fish exposed to contaminants, including decreased swimming speed and compromised feeding efficiency. The review findings affirm that evaluating behavioral biomarkers in freshwater fish offers an informative, non-lethal, cost-effective, and easily implementable approach to understanding pollution impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Although few studies on behavioral biomarkers were available to date, the number has rapidly increased in recent years. Furthermore, a variety of novel approaches and study models are being included. Research into behavioral biomarkers is crucial for understanding and managing environmental risks in freshwater ecosystems. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to enhance our understanding of behavioral toxicity indicators, considering factors such as life stage, sex, and breeding season in the tested species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Porras-Rivera
- Doctorado en Ciencias Mención Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Konrad Górski
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, 4030000, Chile
| | - Nicole Colin
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile; Programa Austral Patagonia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile.
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2
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Soloperto S, Renaux M, Lecarpentier L, Minier C, Aroua S, Halm-Lemeille MP, Jozet-Alves C. 17α-Ethinylestradiol exposure disrupts anxiety-like behaviours but not social preference in sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34922-2. [PMID: 39243328 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widespread pollutants known to interfere with hormonal pathways and to disrupt behaviours. Standardised behavioural procedures have been developed in common fish model species to assess the impact of various pollutants on behaviours such as locomotor activity and anxiety-like as well as social behaviours. These procedures need now to be adapted to improve our knowledge on the behavioural effects of EDCs on less studied marine species. In this context, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is emerging as a valuable species representative of the European marine environment. Here, we designed and validated a two-step procedure allowing to sequentially assess anxiety-like behaviours (novel tank test) and social preference (visual social preference test) in sea bass. Thereafter, using this procedure, we evaluated whether social behavioural disruption occurs in 2-month-old larvae after an 8-day exposure to a xenoestrogen, the 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2 at 0.5 and 50 nM). Our results confirmed previous studies showing that exposure to 50 nM of EE2 induces a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviours in sea bass larvae. On the contrary, social preference seemed unaffected whatever the EE2 concentration, suggesting that social behaviour has more complex mechanical regulations than anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soloperto
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, 25, Rue Philippe Lebon, 76063, Le Havre Cedex, France.
| | - Maelle Renaux
- Unité Littoral Ifremer, LITTORAL, 14520, Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - Lucas Lecarpentier
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, 14000, Caen, EthoS, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale Et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Minier
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, 25, Rue Philippe Lebon, 76063, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Salima Aroua
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, 25, Rue Philippe Lebon, 76063, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | | | - Christelle Jozet-Alves
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, 14000, Caen, EthoS, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie Animale Et Humaine) - UMR 6552, 35000, Rennes, France
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3
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Soloperto S, Olivier S, Poret A, Minier C, Halm-Lemeille MP, Jozet-Alves C, Aroua S. Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol on the neuroendocrine gonadotropic system and behavior of European sea bass larvae ( Dicentrarchus labrax). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:198-215. [PMID: 36803253 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2177781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and other estrogenic endocrine disruptors, results in a continuous release of estrogenic compounds into aquatic environments. Xenoestrogens may interfere with the neuroendocrine system of aquatic organisms and may produce various adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to expose European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax) to EE2 (0.5 and 50 nM) for 8 d and determine the expression levels of brain aromatase (cyp19a1b), gonadotropin-releasing hormones (gnrh1, gnrh2, gnrh3), kisspeptins (kiss1, kiss2) and estrogen receptors (esr1, esr2a, esr2b, gpera, gperb). Growth and behavior of larvae as evidenced by locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviors were measured 8 d after EE2 treatment and a depuration period of 20 d. Exposure to 0.5 nM EE2 induced a significant increase in cyp19a1b expression levels, while upregulation of gnrh2, kiss1, and cyp19a1b expression was noted after 8 d at 50 nM EE2. Standard length at the end of the exposure phase was significantly lower in larvae exposed to 50 nM EE2 than in control; however, this effect was no longer observed after the depuration phase. The upregulation of gnrh2, kiss1, and cyp19a1b expression levels was found in conjunction with elevation in locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviors in larvae. Behavioral alterations were still detected at the end of the depuration phase. Evidence indicates that the long-lasting effects of EE2 on behavior might impact normal development and subsequent fitness of exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soloperto
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - S Olivier
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - A Poret
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - C Minier
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - M P Halm-Lemeille
- Ifremer Port-en-Bessin, LaboratoireEnvironnement Ressources de Normandie, Port-en-Bessin, France
| | - C Jozet-Alves
- Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, Caen, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - S Aroua
- Normandie Univ, UNIHAVRE, Le Havre Cedex, France
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4
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Bazarini SN, Crook RJ. Environmental estrogen exposure disrupts sensory processing and nociceptive plasticity in the cephalopod Euprymna scolopes. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218008. [PMID: 32487666 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogens affect multiple sensory systems, including those involved in processing noxious and painful stimuli. Extensive evidence demonstrates that estrogenic environmental pollutants have profound, negative effects on growth and reproductive physiology, but there is limited information about how estrogenic pollutants might affect sensory systems known to be modulated by endogenous estrogens. Here, we show that ethinyl estradiol, the most common artificial estrogen found in coastal marine environments, disrupts normal behavioral and neural responses to tissue injury in the sepiolid Euprymna scolopes (Hawaiian bobtail squid), which inhabits shallow tropical waters close to dense human habitation. Behavioral hypersensitivity and neural plasticity that occur normally after tissue injury were impaired both under chronic estrogen exposure beginning during embryogenesis and after a single, high dose co-incident with injury. This suggests that these naturally selected responses to injury, which function to protect animals from predation and infection risk, may be impaired by anthropogenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Bazarini
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Robyn J Crook
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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5
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Lamb SD, Chia JHZ, Johnson SL. Paternal exposure to a common herbicide alters the behavior and serotonergic system of zebrafish offspring. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228357. [PMID: 32275662 PMCID: PMC7147785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, studies are revealing that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter animal behavior. Early life exposure to EDCs may permanently alter phenotypes through to adulthood. In addition, the effects of EDCs may not be isolated to a single generation − offspring may indirectly be impacted, via non-genetic processes. Here, we analyzed the effects of paternal atrazine exposure on behavioral traits (distance moved, exploration, bottom-dwelling time, latency to enter the top zone, and interaction with a mirror) and whole-brain mRNA of genes involved in the serotonergic system regulation (slc6a4a, slc6a4b, htr1Aa, htr1B, htr2B) of zebrafish (Danio rerio). F0 male zebraFIsh were exposed to atrazine at 0.3, 3 or 30 part per billion (ppb) during early juvenile development, the behavior of F1 progeny was tested at adulthood, and the effect of 0.3 ppb atrazine treatment on mRNA transcription was quantified. Paternal exposure to atrazine significantly reduced interactions with a mirror (a proxy for aggression) and altered the latency to enter the top zone of a tank in unexposed F1 offspring. Bottom-dwelling time (a proxy for anxiety) also appeared to be somewhat affected, and activity (distance moved) was reduced in the context of aggression. slc6a4a and htr1Aa mRNA transcript levels were found to correlate positively with anxiety levels in controls, but we found that this relationship was disrupted in the 0.3 ppb atrazine treatment group. Overall, paternal atrazine exposure resulted in alterations across a variety of behavioral traits and showed signs of serotonergic system dysregulation, demonstrating intergenerational effects. Further research is needed to explore transgenerational effects on behavior and possible mechanisms underpinning behavioral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Lamb
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SDL); (SLJ)
| | - Jolyn H. Z. Chia
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Sheri L. Johnson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SDL); (SLJ)
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6
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Jacquin L, Petitjean Q, Côte J, Laffaille P, Jean S. Effects of Pollution on Fish Behavior, Personality, and Cognition: Some Research Perspectives. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Javanshir Khoei A, Forsatkar MN, Brown C. Behavioral and immunotoxic effects of Prograf® (tacrolimus) in the male Siamese fighting fish. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:1032-1037. [PMID: 31489591 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) has been extensively exploited in the behavioral and physiological toxicology studies of drugs. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug largely used in liver and renal transplantations. Here we found that a 7-day exposure of male B. splendens to concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 µg/mL Prograf® (tacrolimus) caused alterations in aggression and immunity indexes. Tacrolimus exposed fish presented lower opercular display in a mirror test which is indicative of reduced aggression. In addition, serum levels of lysozyme, IgM, alternative complement, and bactericidal activity of subjects exposed to 0.1 µg/mL tacrolimus were lower than those from the control treatment. These results showed the behavioral impairment and immunotoxic impacts of tacrolimus in a model of aquatic toxicology. The results suggest fishes provide a possible model for better understanding of the drug action in vertebrates, and possible consequences for the environment via its effects on non-target organisms in an ecotoxicology context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Javanshir Khoei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Culum Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Eastern Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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8
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Ligocki IY, Munson A, Farrar V, Viernes R, Sih A, Connon RE, Calisi RM. Environmentally relevant concentrations of bifenthrin affect the expression of estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors in brains of female western mosquitofish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 209:121-131. [PMID: 30769158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, pyrethroid pesticides have been deemed a safer alternative to previously used pesticides. While some evidence supports this assumption in mammals and birds, exposure to certain pyrethroids can affect concentrations of hormones vital to reproduction in fish. Thus, we hypothesized that pyrethroid exposure impacts fish reproductive behavior and the expression of genes associated with reproduction. We tested our hypothesis by examining effects of the widely used pyrethroid pesticide, bifenthrin, on the reproductive behaviors of the broadly distributed livebearing western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. We exposed sexually mature female fish to one of five environmentally relevant concentrations of bifenthrin and conducted behavioral assays to assess reproductive, social, and space use behaviors before and after exposure. We did not detect changes in behaviors measured in response to bifenthrin. However, exposure was associated with increased expression of an estrogen receptor gene (ER-α) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in brain tissue at bifenthrin concentrations at concentrations of 5.90 and 24.82 ng/L, and 5.90 and 12.21 ng/L, respectively. Our study supports the perspective that the use of multiple endpoints through integrative approaches is essential for understanding the cumulative impact of pollutants. Integrating physiological, morphological, and behavioral investigations of nonlethal concentrations of pollutants like bifenthrin may heighten our potential to predict their impact on individuals, populations, and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Y Ligocki
- Dept. of Evolution, Ecology, and Org. Biology, The Ohio State University, 43210, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Amelia Munson
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Victoria Farrar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Rechelle Viernes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Richard E Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Rebecca M Calisi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, United States
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9
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Neuropharmacology, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of aggression: The zebrafish model. Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:602-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Porseryd T, Larsson J, Kellner M, Bollner T, Dinnétz P, Porsch Hällström I. Altered non-reproductive behavior and feminization caused by developmental exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol persist to adulthood in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:142-152. [PMID: 30572174 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and commonly detected in sewage effluents, interferes with the endocrine system in multiple ways. Exposure during sensitive windows of development causes persistent effects on fertility, reproductive and non-reproductive behavior in mammals and fish. In the present study, three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were exposed to nominal 0 and 20 ng/L EE2 from fertilization to 7 weeks post-hatch. After 8 months of remediation in clean water three non-reproductive behaviors, not previously analyzed in developmentally EE2-exposed progeny of wild-caught fish, were evaluated. Chemical analysis revealed that the nominal 0 and 20 ng/L exposure contained 5 and 30 ng/L EE2, respectively. Therefore, the use of control fish from previous experiments was necessary for comparisons. Fish exposed during development showed significant concentration-dependent reduction in anxiety-like behavior in the scototaxis (light/dark preference) test by means of shorter latency to first entrance to the white compartment, more visits in white, and longer total time in white compared to unexposed fish. In the novel tank test, developmental exposure significantly increased the number of transitions to the upper half of the aquaria. Exposure to EE2 during development did not alter shoal cohesion in the shoaling test compared with unexposed fish but fish exposed to 30 ng/L EE2 had significantly longer latency to leave the shoal and fewer transitions away from the shoal compared to fish exposed to 5 ng/L EE2. Skewed sex ratio with more females, sex reversal in genetic males as well as intersex in males was observed after exposure to 30, but not 5 ng/L EE2. In conclusion, EE2 exposure during development in three-spined stickleback resulted in persistent effects on anxiety-like behaviors. These long-term effects from developmental exposure are likely to be of higher relevance for natural populations than are short-term effects from adult exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Porseryd
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Josefine Larsson
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Martin Kellner
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bollner
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnétz
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inger Porsch Hällström
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
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11
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Venkatasubramanian H, Selvaraj V, Ramasamy M, Santhakumar K. Effect of Fadrozole Exposure on Socioreproductive Behaviors and Neurochemical Parameters in Betta splendens. Zebrafish 2018; 16:139-151. [PMID: 30523744 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of all-male population in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, has potential application in ornamental fish trade. In addition, the sexually dimorphic nature of aggressive behavior exhibited by this species has made it into an emerging model for behavioral studies. Fadrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, which has been used widely in masculinization, has captivated us to use it in this study. Twenty one days postfertilization (dpf), B. splendens fry were subjected to discrete immersion treatment with various concentrations of fadrozole, and eventually, analyses of various socioreproductive behaviors and analyses of stress markers such as dopamine in brain samples, sex hormones, cortisol, and glucose in plasma samples were performed. We observed that 91% of 50 μg/L fadrozole treated fish developed as males. Interestingly, reproductive analyses of these males gave rise to two subgroups (A and B). Subsequent sociobehavioral analyses demonstrated a timid and subdued behavior in subgroup B males. Furthermore, estimation of stress markers such as dopamine levels in the brain tissue, cortisol, and glucose levels in blood plasma and sex hormone levels in blood plasma exhibited an endocrine disruption-mediated stress leading to altered behavior in these males. These findings will help in understanding the fadrozole-mediated masculinization and behavioral alterations following endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemagowri Venkatasubramanian
- 1 Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Velanganni Selvaraj
- 1 Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Mohankumar Ramasamy
- 2 Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Kirankumar Santhakumar
- 1 Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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12
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Bertram MG, Saaristo M, Martin JM, Ecker TE, Michelangeli M, Johnstone CP, Wong BBM. Field-realistic exposure to the androgenic endocrine disruptor 17β-trenbolone alters ecologically important behaviours in female fish across multiple contexts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:900-911. [PMID: 30245452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of pharmaceutical pollution to alter behaviour in wildlife is of increasing environmental concern. A major pathway of these pollutants into the environment is the treatment of livestock with hormonal growth promotants (HGPs), which are highly potent veterinary pharmaceuticals that enter aquatic ecosystems via effluent runoff. Hormonal growth promotants are designed to exert biological effects at low doses, can act on physiological pathways that are evolutionarily conserved across taxa, and have been detected in ecosystems worldwide. However, despite being shown to alter key fitness-related processes (e.g., development, reproduction) in various non-target species, relatively little is known about the potential for HGPs to alter ecologically important behaviours, especially across multiple contexts. Here, we investigated the effects of exposure to a field-realistic level of the androgenic HGP metabolite 17β-trenbolone-an endocrine-disrupting chemical that has repeatedly been detected in freshwater systems-on a suite of ecologically important behaviours in wild-caught female eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). First, we found that 17β-trenbolone-exposed fish were more active and exploratory in a novel environment (i.e., maze arena), while boldness (i.e., refuge use) was not significantly affected. Second, when tested for sociability, exposed fish spent less time in close proximity to a shoal of stimulus (i.e., unexposed) conspecific females and were, again, found to be more active. Third, when assayed for foraging behaviour, exposed fish were faster to reach a foraging zone containing prey items (chironomid larvae), quicker to commence feeding, spent more time foraging, and consumed a greater number of prey items, although the effect of exposure on certain foraging behaviours was dependent on fish size. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential for exposure to sub-lethal levels of veterinary pharmaceuticals to alter sensitive behavioural processes in wildlife across multiple contexts, with potential ecological and evolutionary implications for exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiarne E Ecker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Mintram KS, Brown AR, Maynard SK, Liu C, Parker SJ, Tyler CR, Thorbek P. Assessing population impacts of toxicant-induced disruption of breeding behaviours using an individual-based model for the three-spined stickleback. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Porseryd T, Kellner M, Reyhanian Caspillo N, Volkova K, Elabbas L, Ullah S, Olsén H, Dinnétz P, Porsch Hällström I. Combinatory effects of low concentrations of 17α-etinylestradiol and citalopram on non-reproductive behavior in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:9-17. [PMID: 29017090 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sewage effluents contain pharmaceuticals, personal care products and industrial chemicals, exposing aquatic organisms to complex mixtures. The consequences of exposure to combinations of different classes of drugs in fish are largely unknown. In this study, we exposed adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) males and females for two weeks to low, environmentally relevant concentrations of the endocrine disrupting chemical 17α-etinylestradiol (EE2) and the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram, alone and in combination, and analyzed behaviors of importance for population fitness, scototaxis (light/dark preference), the novel tank test and shoal cohesion. Control water contained 0.4ng/L EE2 and the measured exposure concentrations were 0.9ng/L EE2 (nominal 0.1) and 1ng/L EE2 (nominal 0.5). The measured concentrations of citalopram were 0.1 (nominal 0.1) and 0.4μg/L (nominal 0.5). Both EE2 exposures increased anxiety in males in the scototaxis test, with significantly longer latency periods before entering and fewer visits to the white zone of the tank. The combined exposures (0.9ng/L EE2+0.1μg/L citalopram and 1ng/L EE2+0.4μg/L citalopram) resulted in abolishment of effects of EE2, with shorter latency period and more transitions to white than for fish exposed to EE2 alone. In the novel tank test, the results surprisingly indicated lower anxiety after both EE2 and citalopram exposure. Significantly more transitions to the upper half of the tank observed in males exposed to 0.1μg/L citalopram alone compared to control males. Males exposed to EE2 (0.9ng/L) had shorter latency period to the upper half. Combination exposure resulted in a longer latency and fewer transitions to the upper half compared to both control, EE2- and citalopram-exposed males. Males exposed to the combination spent significantly less time in the upper half than males EE2 or citalopram-exposed males. Females exposed to 1ng/L EE2 had fewer transitions to the upper half than the control group and females exposed to 0.4μg/L citalopram. In the shoaling test, males exposed to 0.1μg/L citalopram+0.9ng/L EE2 showed more transitions away from peers than males exposed to 0.1μg/L citalopram alone. In conclusion, low concentrations of EE2, closely above the predicted no effect concentration (NOEC) of 0.1ng/L, created anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish males. Citalopram showed marginal effects at these low concentrations but in the combination exposure the behavioral effects of EE2 were abolished. This is an initial effort to understand the effects of cocktails of anthropogenic substances contaminating aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Porseryd
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Martin Kellner
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nasim Reyhanian Caspillo
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden; Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kristina Volkova
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden; Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lubna Elabbas
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Shahid Ullah
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Laboratory, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsén
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnétz
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inger Porsch Hällström
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
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15
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Chen TH, Hsieh CY. Fighting Nemo: Effect of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on aggressive behavior and social hierarchy of the false clown anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:760-766. [PMID: 28034494 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior is crucial for maintaining social hierarchy in anemonefish. Endocrine disrupting chemicals such as EE2 may affect fish social hierarchy via disrupting their aggression. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on aggressive behavior and social hierarchy in the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). In the laboratory experiment, juvenile anemonefish were randomly distributed to separated tanks to form small colonies of three individuals and were fed with EE2-dosed diet (100ng/g food) or a control diet for 90d. Through the experiment, each tank was videotaped and behavioral indicators of social status, including aggressive behavior, submissive response, and shelter utilization, were quantitatively analyzed from the videos. The EE2 exposure caused a higher frequency of intra-colonial aggressive interactions and a less stable social hierarchy. Our findings demonstrate the importance of examining the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the social behavior of coral reef fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hao Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yu Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
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16
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Mintram KS, Brown AR, Maynard SK, Thorbek P, Tyler CR. Capturing ecology in modeling approaches applied to environmental risk assessment of endocrine active chemicals in fish. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:109-120. [PMID: 28929839 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1367756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine active chemicals (EACs) are widespread in freshwater environments and both laboratory and field based studies have shown reproductive effects in fish at environmentally relevant exposures. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) seeks to protect wildlife populations and prospective assessments rely on extrapolation from individual-level effects established for laboratory fish species to populations of wild fish using arbitrary safety factors. Population susceptibility to chemical effects, however, depends on exposure risk, physiological susceptibility, and population resilience, each of which can differ widely between fish species. Population models have significant potential to address these shortfalls and to include individual variability relating to life-history traits, demographic and density-dependent vital rates, and behaviors which arise from inter-organism and organism-environment interactions. Confidence in population models has recently resulted in the EU Commission stating that results derived from reliable models may be considered when assessing the relevance of adverse effects of EACs at the population level. This review critically assesses the potential risks posed by EACs for fish populations, considers the ecological factors influencing these risks and explores the benefits and challenges of applying population modeling (including individual-based modeling) in ERA for EACs in fish. We conclude that population modeling offers a way forward for incorporating greater environmental relevance in assessing the risks of EACs for fishes and for identifying key risk factors through sensitivity analysis. Individual-based models (IBMs) allow for the incorporation of physiological and behavioral endpoints relevant to EAC exposure effects, thus capturing both direct and indirect population-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Mintram
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - A Ross Brown
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Samuel K Maynard
- b Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire , UK
| | - Pernille Thorbek
- b Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre , Bracknell , Berkshire , UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
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17
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Weigmann K. Swimming in a sea of drugs: Psychiatric drugs in the aquatic environment could have severe adverse effects on wildlife and ecosystems. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1688-1692. [PMID: 28864816 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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18
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The bachelorette: Female Siamese fighting fish avoid males exposed to an estrogen mimic. Behav Processes 2017; 140:169-173. [PMID: 28478321 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to improper disposal and a lack of removal during the wastewater treatment process, endocrine disrupting chemicals enter aquatic ecosystems where they exert detrimental effects on fish behavior and physiology. Perhaps the most well-studied and prevalent EDC is 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), an active ingredient in oral contraceptives, which is known to cause dramatic reductions in male-typical behaviors. While it is likely that alterations in male courtship behavior decrease reproductive fitness, this is rarely explicitly examined. To this end, whether EE2 exposure reduces male attractiveness to female Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, was investigated by showing females video images of exposed and unexposed males. Females were randomly assigned to one of two exposure conditions (exposed to EE2, control) and each subject then viewed four different video combinations of male conspecifics (courting exposed+exposed; courting unexposed+unexposed; courting unexposed+exposed; swimming unexposed+exposed). Females, regardless of whether or not they were exposed to EE2, directed markedly less behavior towards exposed males, especially when they viewed an exposed male and an unexposed male simultaneously. These findings demonstrate that EE2 can have significant individual- and population-level consequences on fitness by disrupting sexual selection and, ultimately, the success of exposed males.
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Dang HM, Inagaki Y, Yamauchi Y, Kurihara T, Vo CH, Sakakibara Y. Acute Exposure to 17α-Ethinylestradiol Alters Aggressive Behavior of Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) Toward Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:643-648. [PMID: 28160040 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-2016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Behavior of the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) toward the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) was tested under exposure to environmental 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic derivative of natural estrogen, estradiol. The mosquitofish were exposed to EE2 at different concentrations-0, 0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 ng/L-for 2 days, before their behavioral changes toward the medaka were observed. Results indicate that female mosquitofish became more aggressive at the high level of EE2 (50 ng/L), in terms of how persistently they attempted to approach the medaka. The males showed increased aggressive behavior toward the medaka, by significantly increasing the number and persistence of approach attempts at the low (0.5 and 5 ng/L) levels of EE2. At the highest EE2 concentration (50 ng/L), however, the number of attempts decreased, while the persistence increased in the males showing the same pattern as in the females. All behavioral changes were reversed once EE2 was removed from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu M Dang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yoshihiko Inagaki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamauchi
- Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ngo Xuan Quang Street, Trauquy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Takaaki Kurihara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Cong H Vo
- Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ngo Xuan Quang Street, Trauquy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yutaka Sakakibara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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20
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Porseryd T, Volkova K, Reyhanian Caspillo N, Källman T, Dinnetz P, Porsh Hällström I. Persistent Effects of Developmental Exposure to 17α-Ethinylestradiol on the Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Brain Transcriptome and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:69. [PMID: 28473760 PMCID: PMC5397488 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an endocrine disrupting compound of concern due to its persistence and widespread presence in the aquatic environment. Effects of developmental exposure to low concentrations of EE2 in fish on reproduction and behavior not only persisted to adulthood, but have also been observed to be transmitted to several generations of unexposed progeny. To investigate the possible biological mechanisms of the persistent anxiogenic phenotype, we exposed zebrafish embryos for 80 days post fertilization to 0, 3, and 10 ng/L EE2 (measured concentrations 2.14 and 7.34 ng/L). After discontinued exposure, the animals were allowed to recover for 120 days in clean water. Adult males and females were later tested for changes in stress response and shoal cohesion, and whole-brain gene expression was analyzed with RNA sequencing. The results show increased anxiety in the novel tank and scototaxis tests, and increased shoal cohesion in fish exposed during development to EE2. RNA sequencing revealed 34 coding genes differentially expressed in male brains and 62 in female brains as a result of EE2 exposure. Several differences were observed between males and females in differential gene expression, with only one gene, sv2b, coding for a synaptic vesicle protein, that was affected by EE2 in both sexes. Functional analyses showed that in female brains, EE2 had significant effects on pathways connected to the circadian rhythm, cytoskeleton and motor proteins and synaptic proteins. A large number of non-coding sequences including 19 novel miRNAs were also differentially expressed in the female brain. The largest treatment effect in male brains was observed in pathways related to cholesterol biosynthesis and synaptic proteins. Circadian rhythm and cholesterol biosynthesis, previously implicated in anxiety behavior, might represent possible candidate pathways connecting the transcriptome changes to the alterations to behavior. Further the observed alteration in expression of genes involved in synaptogenesis and synaptic function may be important for the developmental modulations resulting in an anxiety phenotype. This study represents an initial survey of the fish brain transcriptome by RNA sequencing after long-term recovery from developmental exposure to an estrogenic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Porseryd
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristina Volkova
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden.,Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro UniversityÖrebro, Sweden
| | - Nasim Reyhanian Caspillo
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden.,Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro UniversityÖrebro, Sweden
| | - Thomas Källman
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnetz
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden
| | - Inger Porsh Hällström
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn UniversityHuddinge, Sweden
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21
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22
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Individual boldness traits influenced by temperature in male Siamese fighting fish. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:267-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Way GP, Southwell M, McRobert SP. Boldness, Aggression, and Shoaling Assays for Zebrafish Behavioral Syndromes. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27684060 DOI: 10.3791/54049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A behavioral syndrome exists when specific behaviors interact under different contexts. Zebrafish have been test subjects in recent studies and it is important to standardize protocols to ensure proper analyses and interpretations. In our previous studies, we have measured boldness by monitoring a series of behaviors (time near surface, latency in transitions, number of transitions, and darts) in a 1.5 L trapezoidal tank. Likewise, we quantified aggression by observing bites, lateral displays, darts, and time near an inclined mirror in a rectangular 19 L tank. By dividing a 76 L tank into thirds, we also examined shoaling preferences. The shoaling assay is a highly customizable assay and can be tailored for specific hypotheses. However, protocols for this assay also must be standardized, yet flexible enough for customization. In previous studies, end chambers were either empty, contained 5 or 10 zebrafish, or 5 pearl danios (D. albolineatus). In the following manuscript, we present a detailed protocol and representative data that accompany successful applications of the protocol, which will allow for replication of behavioral syndrome experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Way
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University; Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Pennsylvania
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24
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Forsatkar MN, Nematollahi MA, Brown C. The toxicological effect of Ruta graveolens extract in Siamese fighting fish: a behavioral and histopathological approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:824-834. [PMID: 26924199 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of pharmacological waste on aquatic ecosystems are increasingly highlighted in ecotoxicology research. Many of these products are designed for human physiology but owing to the conservative nature of vertebrate evolution they also tend to have effects on aquatic organisms and fishes in particular when they find their way into aquatic systems via wastewater effluent. One area of research has focused on reproductive control and the associated hormone treatments. Many of these hormones affect the reproductive physiology of fishes and may cause feminization of male reproductive traits. Alternative medicines have also been widely used particularly in traditional cultures but few of these alternative treatments have been assessed with respect to their potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. Rue (Ruta graveolens) has been used as a male contraceptive in traditional medicines but its effects on fish behavior and reproductive anatomy have yet to be established. Here we show that treating Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, with extract of rue has a significant effect on key aggressive/reproductive behaviors and the propensity to explore novel objects (boldness). In all cases the respective behaviors were reduced relative to controls and sham injected fish. Histological analysis of the testes revealed that rue exposure reduced the number of spermatozoa but increased the number of spermatocytes relative to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Navid Forsatkar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Chamran St., PO Box: 31585-4314, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nematollahi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Chamran St., PO Box: 31585-4314, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Culum Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Eastern Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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25
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Kellner M, Porseryd T, Hallgren S, Porsch-Hällström I, Hansen SH, Olsén KH. Waterborne citalopram has anxiolytic effects and increases locomotor activity in the three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 173:19-28. [PMID: 26827268 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Citalopram is an antidepressant drug, which acts by inhibiting the re-uptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft into the pre-synaptic nerve ending. It is one of the most common drugs used in treatment of depression, it is highly lipophilic and frequently found in sewage treatment plant effluents and surface waters around the world. Citalopram and other selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors have, at concentrations that occur in nature, been shown to have behavioural as well as physiological effects on fish and other animals. This study is the result of several different experiments, intended to analyse different aspects of behavioural effects of chronic citalopram exposure in fish. Our model species the three-spine stickleback is common in the entire northern hemisphere and is considered to be a good environmental sentinel species. Female three-spine sticklebacks were exposed to 0, 1.5 and 15μg/l nominal concentrations of citalopram for 21 days and subjected to the novel tank (NT) diving test. In the NT test, the fish exposed to 1.5μg/l, but not the 15μg/l fish made a significantly higher number of transitions to the upper half and stayed there for significantly longer time than the fish exposed to 0μg/l. The 15μg/l group, however, displayed a significantly lower number of freeze bouts and a shorter total freezing time. The test for locomotor activity included in the NT test showed that fish treated with 1.5 and 15μg/l displayed a significantly higher swimming activity than control fish both 5-7 and 15-17min after the start of the experiment. In the next experiment we compared fish exposed to 1.5μg/l and 0.15μg/l to pure water controls with regard to shoaling intensity and found no effect of treatment. In the final experiment the propensity of fish treated with 1.5μg/l to approach an unknown object and aggressive behaviour was investigated using the Novel Object test and a mirror test, respectively. The exposed fish ventured close to the unknown object significantly more often and stayed there for significantly longer time than unexposed fish. The aggression test yielded no statistically significant effects. It is concluded that citalopram changes the behaviour of the three-spine stickleback in a way that is likely to have ecological consequences and that it must not be considered an environmentally safe pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kellner
- Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Sweden.
| | - T Porseryd
- Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Sweden
| | - S Hallgren
- Uppsala University, Environmental Toxicology, Department of Organismal Biology, Sweden
| | - I Porsch-Hällström
- Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Sweden
| | - S H Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K H Olsén
- Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Sweden
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Dzieweczynski TL, Kane JL, Campbell BA, Lavin LE. Fluoxetine exposure impacts boldness in female Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:69-79. [PMID: 26462842 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, on the behavior of female Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, in three different boldness assays (Empty Tank, Novel Environment, Social Tendency). When females were unexposed to fluoxetine, boldness was consistent within a context and correlated across assays. Fluoxetine exposure affected behavior within and among individuals on multiple levels. Exposure reduced overall boldness levels, made females behave in a less consistent manner, and significantly reduced correlations over time and across contexts. Fluoxetine exerted its effects on female Betta splendens behavior in a dose-dependent fashion and these effects persisted even after females were housed in clean water. If fluoxetine exposure impacts behaviors such as exploration that are necessary to an individual’s success, this may yield evolutionary consequences. In conclusion, the results show that fluoxetine exposure alters behavior beyond the level of overall response and highlights the importance of studying the behavioral effects of inadvertent pharmaceutical exposure in multiple contexts and with different dosing regimes.
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27
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Cunha DLD, Silva SMCD, Bila DM, Oliveira JLDM, Sarcinelli PDN, Larentis AL. Regulamentação do estrogênio sintético 17α-etinilestradiol em matrizes aquáticas na Europa, Estados Unidos e Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 32:e00056715. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00056715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O estrogênio sintético 17α-etinilestradiol, principal componente utilizado em formulações de contraceptivos orais, tem sido apontado como um dos principais compostos responsáveis por provocar efeitos adversos no sistema endócrino de várias espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o estado da arte dos dispositivos legais e normativos referentes ao controle desse estrogênio sintético nas águas da Europa e dos Estados Unidos, e traçar um paralelo com a realidade brasileira. No geral, os países têm buscado ampliar a regulamentação e monitoramento de alguns micropoluentes emergentes que antes não eram objeto de atenção por parte dos dispositivos legais. A Europa está mais avançada no que tange à qualidade dos corpos hídricos, enquanto que nos Estados Unidos esta substância é alvo de regulamentação apenas para a água destinada ao consumo humano. No Brasil, ainda não há nenhum dispositivo legal ou normativo que aborde esse estrogênio, o que pode ser associado a uma baixa maturidade do sistema brasileiro quanto ao controle de poluentes hídricos.
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28
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Volkova K, Reyhanian Caspillo N, Porseryd T, Hallgren S, Dinnétz P, Porsch-Hällström I. Developmental exposure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to 17α-ethinylestradiol affects non-reproductive behavior and fertility as adults, and increases anxiety in unexposed progeny. Horm Behav 2015; 73:30-8. [PMID: 26072466 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EDCs) during development affects fertility, reproductive and non-reproductive behavior in mammals and fish. These effects can also be transferred to coming generations. In fish, the effects of developmental EDC exposure on non-reproductive behavior are less well studied. Here, we analyze the effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) on anxiety, shoaling behavior and fertility in zebrafish after developmental treatment and remediation in clean water until adulthood. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from day 1 to day 80 post fertilization to actual concentrations of 1.2 and 1.6ng/L EE2. After remediation for 82days non-reproductive behavior and fertilization success were analyzed in both sexes. Males and females from the 1.2ng/L group, as well as control males and females, were bred, and behavior of the untreated F1 offspring was tested as adults. Developmental treatment with 1.2 and 1.6ng/L EE2 significantly increased anxiety in the novel tank test and increased shoaling intensity in both sexes. Fertilization success was significantly reduced by EE2 in both sexes when mated with untreated fish of opposite sex. Progeny of fish treated with 1.2ng/L EE2 showed increased anxiety in the novel tank test and increased light avoidance in the scototaxis test compared to control offspring. In conclusion, developmental exposure of zebrafish to low doses of EE2 resulted in persistent changes in behavior and fertility. The behavior of unexposed progeny was affected by their parents' exposure, which might suggest transgenerational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Volkova
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden; Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Nasim Reyhanian Caspillo
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden; Örebro Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tove Porseryd
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stefan Hallgren
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnétz
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inger Porsch-Hällström
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, SE-141 89 Huddinge, Sweden
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