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Cuéllar-Pérez R, Jauregui-Huerta F, Ruvalcaba-Delgadillo Y, Montero S, Lemus M, Roces de Álvarez-Buylla E, García-Estrada J, Luquín S. K252a Prevents Microglial Activation Induced by Anoxic Stimulation of Carotid Bodies in Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:871. [PMID: 37888721 PMCID: PMC10610815 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Inducing carotid body anoxia through the administration of cyanide can result in oxygen deprivation. The lack of oxygen activates cellular responses in specific regions of the central nervous system, including the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala, which are regulated by afferent pathways from chemosensitive receptors. These receptors are modulated by the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor TrkB. Oxygen deprivation can cause neuroinflammation in the brain regions that are activated by the afferent pathways from the chemosensitive carotid body. To investigate how microglia, a type of immune cell in the brain, respond to an anoxic environment resulting from the administration of NaCN, we studied the effects of blocking the TrkB receptor on this cell-type response. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized, and a dose of NaCN was injected into their carotid sinus to induce anoxia. Prior to the anoxic stimulus, the rats were given an intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of either K252a, a TrkB receptor inhibitor, BDNF, or an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). After the anoxic stimulus, the rats were perfused with paraformaldehyde, and their brains were processed for microglia immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that the anoxic stimulation caused an increase in the number of reactive microglial cells in the hypothalamic arcuate, basolateral amygdala, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. However, the infusion of the K252a TrkB receptor inhibitor prevented microglial activation in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cuéllar-Pérez
- Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Depto, de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (R.C.-P.)
| | - Fernando Jauregui-Huerta
- Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Depto, de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (R.C.-P.)
| | - Yaveth Ruvalcaba-Delgadillo
- Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Depto, de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (R.C.-P.)
| | - Sergio Montero
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | - Mónica Lemus
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
| | | | - Joaquín García-Estrada
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Sonia Luquín
- Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Depto, de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (R.C.-P.)
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Civelek E, Ozturk Civelek D, Akyel YK, Kaleli Durman D, Okyar A. Circadian Dysfunction in Adipose Tissue: Chronotherapy in Metabolic Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1077. [PMID: 37626963 PMCID: PMC10452180 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Essential for survival and reproduction, the circadian timing system (CTS) regulates adaptation to cyclical changes such as the light/dark cycle, temperature change, and food availability. The regulation of energy homeostasis possesses rhythmic properties that correspond to constantly fluctuating needs for energy production and consumption. Adipose tissue is mainly responsible for energy storage and, thus, operates as one of the principal components of energy homeostasis regulation. In accordance with its roles in energy homeostasis, alterations in adipose tissue's physiological processes are associated with numerous pathologies, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. These alterations also include changes in circadian rhythm. In the current review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge regarding the circadian rhythmicity of adipogenesis, lipolysis, adipokine secretion, browning, and non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissue and to evaluate possible links between those alterations and metabolic diseases. Based on this evaluation, potential therapeutic approaches, as well as clock genes as potential therapeutic targets, are also discussed in the context of chronotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Dilek Ozturk Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakıf University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, 34815 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Deniz Kaleli Durman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey; (E.C.); (D.K.D.)
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Liu XW, Yin J, Ma QS, Qi CC, Mu JY, Zhang L, Gao LP, Jing YH. Role of Arcuate Nucleus in the Regulation of Feeding Behavior in the Process of Altitude Acclimatization in Rats. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:234-241. [PMID: 28486037 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liu, Xiang-Wen, Jie Yin, Qi-Sheng Ma, Chu-Chu Qi, Ji-Ying Mu, Lang Zhang, Li-Ping Gao, and Yu-Hong Jing. Role of arcuate nucleus in the regulation of feeding behavior in the process of altitude acclimatization in rats. High Alt Med Biol. 18:234-241, 2017.-Highly efficient energy utilization and metabolic homeostasis maintenance rely on neuromodulation. Altitude exposure is known to stimulate neuroendocrine systems to respond to acute hypoxia and adaptive acclimatization. However, limited data on how the adaptive regulation of the arcuate nucleus performs in the process of altitude acclimatization are available. In the present study, male Sprague Dawley rats were transported to Huashixia, Qinghai (with an altitude of 4400 m) from Xian (with an altitude of 300 m) by air; rats were consistently raised in Xian as control. Food uptake and body weight were measured consecutively after being subjected to high-altitude condition. Contents of plasma leptin and ghrelin were analyzed by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kits. Brain coronal sections were obtained, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), proopiomelanocotin (POMC), and c-fos immunoreactivity in arcuate nucleus were observed. Arcuate nucleus was isolated from the hypothalamus, and the mRNA of NPY and POMC were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results showed both food consumption and body weight decreased in the high plateau compared with rats raised in the low-altitude condition. Plasma leptin increased at the early stage, and ghrelin decreased at a later stage after reaching the high plateau. The peak of c-fos immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus was at day 3 after reaching the high plateau. The expression level of NPY increased, and POMC decreased in the arcuate nucleus at day 7 after reaching the high plateau compared with the plain control group. These results indicate that the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus performs an important function in regulating feeding behavior during altitude acclimatization. Our study suggested that altitude acclimation is regulated by the hypothalamus that received leptin and ghrelin signals to response by its microcircuit, including NPY- and POMC-neurons in the arcuate nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wen Liu
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Sheng Ma
- 2 Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University , Xining, P.R. China
| | - Chu-Chu Qi
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ying Mu
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lang Zhang
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- 3 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Jing
- 1 Institute of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, and Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China .,4 Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou, P.R. China
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Lewis JE, Brameld JM, Hill P, Wilson D, Barrett P, Ebling FJP, Jethwa PH. Thyroid hormone and vitamin D regulate VGF expression and promoter activity. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:123-34. [PMID: 26643910 PMCID: PMC4705542 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) survives winter by decreasing food intake and catabolizing abdominal fat reserves, resulting in a sustained, profound loss of body weight. Hypothalamic tanycytes are pivotal for this process. In these cells, short-winter photoperiods upregulate deiodinase 3, an enzyme that regulates thyroid hormone availability, and downregulate genes encoding components of retinoic acid (RA) uptake and signaling. The aim of the current studies was to identify mechanisms by which seasonal changes in thyroid hormone and RA signaling from tanycytes might ultimately regulate appetite and energy expenditure. proVGF is one of the most abundant peptides in the mammalian brain, and studies have suggested a role for VGF-derived peptides in the photoperiodic regulation of body weight in the Siberian hamster. In silico studies identified possible thyroid and vitamin D response elements in the VGF promoter. Using the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line, we demonstrate that RA increases endogenous VGF expression (P<0.05) and VGF promoter activity (P<0.0001). Similarly, treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased endogenous VGF mRNA expression (P<0.05) and VGF promoter activity (P<0.0001), whereas triiodothyronine (T3) decreased both (P<0.01 and P<0.0001). Finally, intra-hypothalamic administration of T3 blocked the short day-induced increase in VGF expression in the dorsomedial posterior arcuate nucleus of Siberian hamsters. Thus, we conclude that VGF expression is a likely target of photoperiod-induced changes in tanycyte-derived signals and is potentially a regulator of seasonal changes in appetite and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - John M Brameld
- Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Phil Hill
- Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Dana Wilson
- Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Perry Barrett
- Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
| | - Preeti H Jethwa
- Division of Nutritional SciencesSchool of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UKSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKThe Rowett Institute of Nutrition and HealthUniversity of Aberdeen, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
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McMillan AC, White MD. Induction of thermogenesis in brown and beige adipose tissues: molecular markers, mild cold exposure and novel therapies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2015; 22:347-52. [PMID: 26313896 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this short review paper is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of the activation, growth and function of brown adipose tissue (BAT). RECENT FINDINGS Transcriptional markers for increased BAT activity and differentiation of white adipocytes to 'beige' or 'brite' adipocytes include amongst others peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, cytosine-enhancer-binding protein, positive regulatory domain 16 and bone morphogenetic proteins. These markers induce uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown and 'beige' or 'brite' adipocytes which allows energy from macronutrients to be expended as heat. Acute and repeated mild cold exposures of 17-19 °C in adult humans increase BAT volume and activity and this is a novel method for increasing their energy expenditure. Emerging evidence suggests that irisin and melatonin hormones may be involved in BAT activation. Additionally, brown adipocyte stem cell therapy transplantation is a means to stimulate this increased thermogenesis from brown and 'beige' or 'brite' adipocytes. SUMMARY Markers for increased BAT activation and for white adipocyte differentiation into beige/brite adipocytes have been identified, and these lead to an uncoupling protein 1-mediated increase in metabolic rate. Mild cold exposure and brown adipocyte stem cell transplantation are two potential strategies for inducing activation and growth of BAT for the treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C McMillan
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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