1
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Zhao K, Yang Z. The second heart field: the first 20 years. Mamm Genome 2022:10.1007/s00335-022-09975-8. [PMID: 36550326 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-022-09975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, three independent groups reported the identification of a novel cluster of progenitor cells that contribute to heart development in mouse and chicken embryos. This population of progenitor cells was designated as the second heart field (SHF), and a new research direction in heart development was launched. Twenty years have since passed and a comprehensive understanding of the SHF has been achieved. This review provides retrospective insights in to the contribution, the signaling regulatory networks and the epithelial properties of the SHF. It also includes the spatiotemporal characteristics of SHF development and interactions between the SHF and other types of cells during heart development. Although considerable efforts will be required to investigate the cellular heterogeneity of the SHF, together with its intricate regulatory networks and undefined mechanisms, it is expected that the burgeoning new technology of single-cell sequencing and precise lineage tracing will advance the comprehension of SHF function and its molecular signals. The advances in SHF research will translate to clinical applications and to the treatment of congenital heart diseases, especially conotruncal defects, as well as to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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2
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Wang Y, Fang Y, Lu P, Wu B, Zhou B. NOTCH Signaling in Aortic Valve Development and Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682298. [PMID: 34239905 PMCID: PMC8259786 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NOTCH intercellular signaling mediates the communications between adjacent cells involved in multiple biological processes essential for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. The NOTCH1 mutations are the first identified human genetic variants that cause congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Genetic variants affecting other genes in the NOTCH signaling pathway may also contribute to the development of BAV and the pathogenesis of CAVD. While CAVD occurs commonly in the elderly population with tri-leaflet aortic valve, patients with BAV have a high risk of developing CAVD at a young age. This observation indicates an important role of NOTCH signaling in the postnatal homeostasis of the aortic valve, in addition to its prenatal functions during aortic valve development. Over the last decade, animal studies, especially with the mouse models, have revealed detailed information in the developmental etiology of congenital aortic valve defects. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and cellular aspects of aortic valve development and examine the embryonic pathogenesis of BAV. We will focus our discussions on the NOTCH signaling during the endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and the post-EMT remodeling of the aortic valve. We will further examine the involvement of the NOTCH mutations in the postnatal development of CAVD. We will emphasize the deleterious impact of the embryonic valve defects on the homeostatic mechanisms of the adult aortic valve for the purpose of identifying the potential therapeutic targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Wang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics (Pediatric Genetic Medicine), and Medicine (Cardiology), The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- The Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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3
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Jinqiang Zhuang MD, Ruijun Yuan MD, Yizeng MD, Congliang Miao MD, Dandan Zhou MD, Anli Na MD, Xinying Yang MD, Hui Xu MD, Hong J. The CnB1 p.D102A variant is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy via impaired Calcineurin activity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 148:15-24. [PMID: 32882262 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B)) in the pathogenesis of human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has not been fully elucidated. We determined the potential involvement of calcineurin in the pathogenesis of DCM caused by mutations in CnB1, a subunit of calcineurin. METHODS By whole-exome sequencing, we identified a new CnB1 variant in a Han Chinese proband with cardiomyopathy from a 3-generation family with 2 normal individuals and 3 individuals with familial dilated cardiomyopathy. The potential pathogenic variant was validated by Sanger sequencing. We performed functional and mechanistic experiments in a CnB1-knockin (KI) mouse model and at the cellular level. RESULTS We detected a rare heterozygous CnB1 variant (p.D102A) in a proband with dilated cardiomyopathy. This variant was localized to the EF hand 3 region of CnB1, where no variants have been previously reported. KI mice harboring the p.D102A variant exhibited decreased cardiac function and cardiac dilatation. Immunoblotting, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence results showed decreased cardiomyocyte size and heart failure-related protein expression. A calcineurin activity assay demonstrated decreased calcineurin activity in the KI mice, accompanied by the decreased ability of CnB1 to bind CnA. CONCLUSIONS CnB1 p.D102A is a disease-associated variant that confers susceptibility to cardiac dilatation. This variant is associated with impaired calcineurin activity and a subsequent decrease in the ability of CnB1 to bind CnA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Jinqiang Zhuang
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - M D Ruijun Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University. Shanghai, China
| | - M D Yizeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - M D Congliang Miao
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - M D Dandan Zhou
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - M D Anli Na
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - M D Xinying Yang
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - M D Hui Xu
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Jiang Hong
- Department of Internal and Emergency Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
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4
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Abstract
Cardiogenesis is a complex developmental process involving multiple overlapping stages of cell fate specification, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Precise spatiotemporal coordination between the different cardiogenic processes is ensured by intercellular signalling crosstalk and tissue-tissue interactions. Notch is an intercellular signalling pathway crucial for cell fate decisions during multicellular organismal development and is aptly positioned to coordinate the complex signalling crosstalk required for progressive cell lineage restriction during cardiogenesis. In this Review, we describe the role of Notch signalling and the crosstalk with other signalling pathways during the differentiation and patterning of the different cardiac tissues and in cardiac valve and ventricular chamber development. We examine how perturbation of Notch signalling activity is linked to congenital heart diseases affecting the neonate and adult, and discuss studies that shed light on the role of Notch signalling in heart regeneration and repair after injury.
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5
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Khalil A, Al-Haddad C, Hariri H, Shibbani K, Bitar F, Kurban M, Nemer G, Arabi M. A Novel Mutation in FOXC1 in a Lebanese Family with Congenital Heart Disease and Anterior Segment Dysgenesis: Potential Roles for NFATC1 and DPT in the Phenotypic Variations. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:58. [PMID: 28979898 PMCID: PMC5611365 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are still the leading cause of death in neonates. Anterior segment dysgenesis is a broad clinical phenotype that affects the normal development of the eye, leading in most of the cases to glaucoma which is still a major cause of blindness for children and adolescents. Despite tremendous insights gained from genetic studies, a clear genotype–phenotype correlation is still difficult to draw. In Lebanon, a small country with still a high rate of consanguineous marriages, there are little data on the epidemiology of glaucoma amongst children with or without CHD. We carried out whole exome sequencing (WES) on a family with anterior segment dysgenesis, and CHD composed of three affected children with glaucoma, two of them with structural cardiac defects and three healthy siblings. The results unravel a novel mutation in FOXC1 (p. R127H) segregating with the phenotype and inherited from the mother, who did not develop glaucoma. We propose a digenic model for glaucoma in this family by combining the FOXC1 variant with a missense variant inherited from the father in the dermatopontin (DPT) gene. We also unravel a novel NFATC1 missense mutation predicted to be deleterious and present only in the patient with a severe ocular and cardiac phenotype. This is the first report on FOXC1 using WES to genetically characterize a family with both ocular and cardiac malformations. Our results support the usage of such technology to have a better genotype–phenotype picture for Mendelian-inherited diseases for which expressivity and penetrance are still not answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Hadla Hariri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kamel Shibbani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Bitar
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mariam Arabi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Bolar N, Verstraeten A, Van Laer L, Loeys B. Molecular Insights into Bicuspid Aortic Valve Development and the associated aortopathy. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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7
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Monaghan MG, Linneweh M, Liebscher S, Van Handel B, Layland SL, Schenke-Layland K. Endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation and mesenchymal cell colonization at the onset of human cardiac valve development. Development 2015; 143:473-82. [PMID: 26674310 PMCID: PMC4760315 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of mechanisms in semilunar valve development might enable the development of new therapies for congenital heart disorders. Here, we found differences in proliferation-associated genes and genes repressed by VEGF between human semilunar valve leaflets from first and second trimester hearts. The proliferation of valve interstitial cells and ventricular valve endothelial cells (VECs) and cellular density declined from the first to the second trimester. Cytoplasmic expression of NFATC1 was detected in VECs (4 weeks) and, later, cells in the leaflet/annulus junction mesenchyme expressing inactive NFATC1 (5.5-9 weeks) were detected, indicative of endocardial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT) in valvulogenesis. At this leaflet/annulus junction, CD44(+) cells clustered during elongation (11 weeks), extending toward the tip along the fibrosal layer in second trimester leaflets. Differing patterns of maturation in the fibrosa and ventricularis were detected via increased fibrosal periostin content, which tracked the presence of the CD44(+) cells in the second trimester. We revealed that spatiotemporal NFATC1 expression actively regulates EndMT during human valvulogenesis, as early as 4 weeks. Additionally, CD44(+) cells play a role in leaflet maturation toward the trilaminar structure, possibly via migration of VECs undergoing EndMT, which subsequently ascend from the leaflet/annulus junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Miriam Linneweh
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (CVRL), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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8
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Martin PS, Kloesel B, Norris RA, Lindsay M, Milan D, Body SC. Embryonic Development of the Bicuspid Aortic Valve. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:248-272. [PMID: 28529942 PMCID: PMC5438177 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital valvular heart defect with an overall frequency of 0.5%–1.2%. BAVs result from abnormal aortic cusp formation during valvulogenesis, whereby adjacent cusps fuse into a single large cusp resulting in two, instead of the normal three, aortic cusps. Individuals with BAV are at increased risk for ascending aortic disease, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. The frequent occurrence of BAV and its anatomically discrete but frequent co-existing diseases leads us to suspect a common cellular origin. Although autosomal-dominant transmission of BAV has been observed in a few pedigrees, notably involving the gene NOTCH1, no single-gene model clearly explains BAV inheritance, implying a complex genetic model involving interacting genes. Several sequencing studies in patients with BAV have identified rare and uncommon mutations in genes of cardiac embryogenesis. But the extensive cell-cell signaling and multiple cellular origins involved in cardiac embryogenesis preclude simplistic explanations of this disease. In this review, we examine the series of events from cellular and transcriptional embryogenesis of the heart, to development of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Benjamin Kloesel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley St, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mark Lindsay
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (M.L.); (D.M.)
| | - David Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (M.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Simon C. Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-732-7330; Fax: +1-617-730-2813
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9
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Bowen CJ, Zhou J, Sung DC, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 coordinates cellular migration and extracellular matrix remodeling during aortic valve maturation. Dev Biol 2015; 407:145-57. [PMID: 26188246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper remodeling of the endocardial cushions into thin fibrous valves is essential for gestational progression and long-term function. This process involves dynamic interactions between resident cells and their local environment, much of which is not understood. In this study, we show that deficiency of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin-11 (Cad-11) results in significant embryonic and perinatal lethality primarily due to valve related cardiac dysfunction. While endocardial to mesenchymal transformation is not abrogated, mesenchymal cells do not homogeneously cellularize the cushions. These cushions remain thickened with disorganized ECM, resulting in pronounced aortic valve insufficiency. Mice that survive to adulthood maintain thickened and stenotic semilunar valves, but interestingly do not develop calcification. Cad-11 (-/-) aortic valve leaflets contained reduced Sox9 activity, β1 integrin expression, and RhoA-GTP activity, suggesting that remodeling defects are due to improper migration and/or cellular contraction. Cad-11 deletion or siRNA knockdown reduced migration, eliminated collective migration, and impaired 3D matrix compaction by aortic valve interstitial cells (VIC). Cad-11 depleted cells in culture contained few filopodia, stress fibers, or contact inhibited locomotion. Transfection of Cad-11 depleted cells with constitutively active RhoA restored cell phenotypes. Together, these results identify cadherin-11 mediated adhesive signaling for proper remodeling of the embryonic semilunar valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Derek C Sung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States
| | - Jonathan T Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, United States.
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10
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Burger NB, Bekker MN, de Groot CJM, Christoffels VM, Haak MC. Why increased nuchal translucency is associated with congenital heart disease: a systematic review on genetic mechanisms. Prenat Diagn 2015; 35:517-28. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B. Burger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N. Bekker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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11
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Philippen LE, Dirkx E, da Costa-Martins PA, De Windt LJ. Non-coding RNA in control of gene regulatory programs in cardiac development and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:51-8. [PMID: 25820097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis of the vertebrate heart is a highly specialized process involving progressive specification and differentiation of distinct embryonic cardiac progenitor cell populations driven by specialized gene programming events. Likewise, the onset of pathologies in the adult heart, including cardiac hypertrophy, involves the reactivation of embryonic gene programs. In both cases, these intricate genomic events are temporally and spatially regulated by complex signaling networks and gene regulatory networks. Apart from well-established transcriptional mechanisms, increasing evidence indicates that gene programming in both the developing and the diseased myocardium are under epigenetic control by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, and numerous studies have now established critical roles for this species of tiny RNAs in a broad range of aspects from cardiogenesis towards adult heart failure. Recent reports now also implicate the larger family of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in these processes as well. Here we discuss the involvement of these two ncRNA classes in proper cardiac development and hypertrophic disease processes of the adult myocardium. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonne E Philippen
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Dirkx
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Medicine, International Centre of Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paula A da Costa-Martins
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J De Windt
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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12
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White PS, Xie HM, Werner P, Glessner J, Latney B, Hakonarson H, Goldmuntz E. Analysis of chromosomal structural variation in patients with congenital left-sided cardiac lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:951-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. White
- The Center for Biomedical Informatics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Hongbo M. Xie
- The Center for Biomedical Informatics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Petra Werner
- The Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Glessner
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Brande Latney
- The Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- The Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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13
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Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) increasingly afflicts our aging population. One third of our elderly have echocardiographic or radiological evidence of calcific aortic valve sclerosis, an early and subclinical form of CAVD. Age, sex, tobacco use, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and type II diabetes mellitus all contribute to the risk of disease that has worldwide distribution. On progression to its most severe form, calcific aortic stenosis, CAVD becomes debilitating and devastating, and 2% of individuals >60 years are affected by calcific aortic stenosis to the extent that surgical intervention is required. No effective pharmacotherapies exist for treating those at risk for clinical progression. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a diverse spectrum of cellular and molecular mechanisms converge to regulate valvular calcium load; this is evidenced not only in histopathologic heterogeneity of CAVD, but also from the multiplicity of cell types that can participate in valve biomineralization. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of CAVD disease biology, emphasizing molecular and cellular aspects of its regulation. We end by pointing to important biological and clinical questions that must be answered to enable sophisticated disease staging and the development of new strategies to treat CAVD medically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight A Towler
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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14
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Dirkx E, da Costa Martins PA, De Windt LJ. Regulation of fetal gene expression in heart failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2414-24. [PMID: 24036209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During the processes leading to adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure, cardiomyocytes react to neurohumoral stimuli and biomechanical stress by activating pathways that induce pathological hypertrophy. The gene expression patterns and molecular changes observed during cardiac hypertrophic remodeling bare resemblance to those observed during fetal cardiac development. The re-activation of fetal genes in the adult failing heart is a complex biological process that involves transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic regulation of the cardiac genome. In this review, the mechanistic actions of transcription factors, microRNAs and chromatin remodeling processes in regulating fetal gene expression in heart failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Dirkx
- Dept of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Kelsey L, Flenniken AM, Qu D, Funnell APW, Pearson R, Zhou YQ, Voronina I, Berberovic Z, Wood G, Newbigging S, Weiss ES, Wong M, Quach I, Yeh SYS, Deshwar AR, Scott IC, McKerlie C, Henkelman M, Backx P, Simpson J, Osborne L, Rossant J, Crossley M, Bruneau B, Adamson SL. ENU-induced mutation in the DNA-binding domain of KLF3 reveals important roles for KLF3 in cardiovascular development and function in mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003612. [PMID: 23874215 PMCID: PMC3708807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KLF3 is a Krüppel family zinc finger transcription factor with widespread tissue expression and no previously known role in heart development. In a screen for dominant mutations affecting cardiovascular function in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenized mice, we identified a missense mutation in the Klf3 gene that caused aortic valvular stenosis and partially penetrant perinatal lethality in heterozygotes. All homozygotes died as embryos. In the first of three zinc fingers, a point mutation changed a highly conserved histidine at amino acid 275 to arginine (Klf3H275R). This change impaired binding of the mutant protein to KLF3's canonical DNA binding sequence. Heterozygous Klf3H275R mutants that died as neonates had marked biventricular cardiac hypertrophy with diminished cardiac chambers. Adult survivors exhibited hypotension, cardiac hypertrophy with enlarged cardiac chambers, and aortic valvular stenosis. A dominant negative effect on protein function was inferred by the similarity in phenotype between heterozygous Klf3H275R mutants and homozygous Klf3 null mice. However, the existence of divergent traits suggested the involvement of additional interactions. We conclude that KLF3 plays diverse and important roles in cardiovascular development and function in mice, and that amino acid 275 is critical for normal KLF3 protein function. Future exploration of the KLF3 pathway provides a new avenue for investigating causative factors contributing to cardiovascular disorders in humans. Cardiac defects are among the most common malformations in humans. Most causative genetic mutations remain unknown. To discover new causative genes important in cardiovascular development and function, we examined 1770 mice with randomly mutated genes and found a mutant with aortic valvular stenosis, and increased risk of fetal and neonatal death. Using linkage analysis and sequencing, we identified a protein-altering point mutation in the gene regulatory protein KLF3. Mice that survived into adulthood with one mutant copy of the Klf3 gene had low arterial blood pressure, enlarged hearts, and increased mortality due to heart failure. When both copies of the Klf3 gene was mutant, then embryos had heart defects, and all died before birth. KLF3 had no previously known role in heart development so to confirm these findings, we (1) knocked down klf3 expression in zebrafish embryos and (2) examined mice with a mutation that effectively eliminated the KLF3 protein. In both cases, cardiovascular dysfunction was observed. In conclusion, we have discovered that KLF3 plays diverse and important roles in cardiovascular development and function in mice. Future exploration of the KLF3 pathway provides a new avenue for investigating causative factors contributing to cardiovascular disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Kelsey
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann M. Flenniken
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawei Qu
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alister P. W. Funnell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Pearson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irina Voronina
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zorana Berberovic
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wood
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward S. Weiss
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Wong
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivan Quach
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Y. Sandy Yeh
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish R. Deshwar
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian C. Scott
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Backx
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy Simpson
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Osborne
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Merlin Crossley
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benoit Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pediatrics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - S. Lee Adamson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Wu B, Baldwin HS, Zhou B. Nfatc1 directs the endocardial progenitor cells to make heart valve primordium. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:294-300. [PMID: 23669445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart valves arise from the cardiac endocardial cushions located at the atrioventricular canal (AVC) and cardiac outflow tract (OFT) during development. A subpopulation of cushion endocardial cells undergoes endocardial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and generates the cushion mesenchyme, which is then remodeled into the interstitial tissue of the mature valves. The cushion endocardial cells that do not undertake EMT proliferate to elongate valve leaflets. During EMT and the post-EMT valve remodeling, endocardial cells at the cushions highly express nuclear factor in activated T cell, cytoplasmic 1 (Nfatc1), a transcription factor required for valve formation in mice. In this review, we present the current knowledge of Nfatc1 roles in the ontogeny of heart valves with a focus on the fate decision of the endocardial cells in the processes of EMT and valve remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Cardiovascular Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Cardiovascular Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Cardiovascular Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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17
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Rana MS, Christoffels VM, Moorman AFM. A molecular and genetic outline of cardiac morphogenesis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:588-615. [PMID: 23297764 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in cardiac development result in congenital heart disease, the leading cause of birth defect-related infant morbidity and mortality. Advances in cardiac developmental biology have significantly augmented our understanding of signalling pathways and transcriptional networks underlying heart formation. Cardiogenesis is initiated with the formation of mesodermal multipotent cardiac progenitor cells and is governed by cross-talk between developmental cues emanating from endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal cells. The molecular and transcriptional machineries that direct the specification and differentiation of these cardiac precursors are part of an evolutionarily conserved programme that includes the Nkx-, Gata-, Hand-, T-box- and Mef2 family of transcription factors. Unravelling the hierarchical networks governing the fate and differentiation of cardiac precursors is crucial for our understanding of congenital heart disease and future stem cell-based and gene therapies. Recent molecular and genetic lineage analyses have revealed that subpopulations of cardiac progenitor cells follow distinctive specification and differentiation paths, which determine their final contribution to the heart. In the last decade, progenitor cells that contribute to the arterial pole and right ventricle have received much attention, as abnormal development of these cells frequently results in congenital defects of the aortic and pulmonary outlets, representing the most commonly occurring congenital cardiac defects. In this review, we provide an overview of the building plan of the vertebrate four-chambered heart, with a special focus on cardiac progenitor cell specification, differentiation and deployment during arterial pole development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Rana
- Heart Failure Research Center; Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - V. M. Christoffels
- Heart Failure Research Center; Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - A. F. M. Moorman
- Heart Failure Research Center; Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
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18
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Neeb Z, Lajiness JD, Bolanis E, Conway SJ. Cardiac outflow tract anomalies. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013; 2:499-530. [PMID: 24014420 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mature outflow tract (OFT) is, in basic terms, a short conduit. It is a simple, although vital, connection situated between contracting muscular heart chambers and a vast embryonic vascular network. Unfortunately, it is also a focal point underlying many multifactorial congenital heart defects (CHDs). Through the use of various animal models combined with human genetic investigations, we are beginning to comprehend the molecular and cellular framework that controls OFT morphogenesis. Clear roles of neural crest cells (NCC) and second heart field (SHF) derivatives have been established during OFT formation and remodeling. The challenge now is to determine how the SHF and cardiac NCC interact, the complex reciprocal signaling that appears to be occurring at various stages of OFT morphogenesis, and finally how endocardial progenitors and primary heart field (PHF) communicate with both these colonizing extra-cardiac lineages. Although we are beginning to understand that this dance of progenitor populations is wonderfully intricate, the underlying pathogenesis and the spatiotemporal cell lineage interactions remain to be fully elucidated. What is now clear is that OFT alignment and septation are independent processes, invested via separate SHF and cardiac neural crest (CNC) lineages. This review will focus on our current understanding of the respective contributions of the SHF and CNC lineage during OFT development and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Neeb
- Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine Program, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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19
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Lin CJ, Lin CY, Chen CH, Zhou B, Chang CP. Partitioning the heart: mechanisms of cardiac septation and valve development. Development 2012; 139:3277-99. [PMID: 22912411 DOI: 10.1242/dev.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart malformations are common congenital defects in humans. Many congenital heart defects involve anomalies in cardiac septation or valve development, and understanding the developmental mechanisms that underlie the formation of cardiac septal and valvular tissues thus has important implications for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of congenital heart disease. The development of heart septa and valves involves multiple types of progenitor cells that arise either within or outside the heart. Here, we review the morphogenetic events and genetic networks that regulate spatiotemporal interactions between the cells that give rise to septal and valvular tissues and hence partition the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Jung Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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20
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Padang R, Bagnall RD, Semsarian C. Genetic Basis of Familial Valvular Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:569-80. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.112.962894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratnasari Padang
- From the Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia (R.P., R.D.B., C.S.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.P., C.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia (R.P., C.S.)
| | - Richard D. Bagnall
- From the Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia (R.P., R.D.B., C.S.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.P., C.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia (R.P., C.S.)
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- From the Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia (R.P., R.D.B., C.S.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.P., C.S.); and Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia (R.P., C.S.)
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