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Desmurget C, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Borth N, Douet J. Molecular biomarkers identification and applications in CHO bioprocessing. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:11-24. [PMID: 38852681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are valuable tools in clinical research where they allow to predict susceptibility to diseases, or response to specific treatments. Likewise, biomarkers can be extremely useful in the biomanufacturing of therapeutic proteins. Indeed, constraints such as short timelines and the need to find hyper-productive cells could benefit from a data-driven approach during cell line and process development. Many companies still rely on large screening capacities to develop productive cell lines, but as they reach a limit of production, there is a need to go from empirical to rationale procedures. Similarly, during bioprocessing runs, substrate consumption and metabolism wastes are commonly monitored. None of them possess the ability to predict the culture behavior in the bioreactor. Big data driven approaches are being adapted to the study of industrial mammalian cell lines, enabled by the publication of Chinese hamster and CHO genome assemblies which allowed the use of next-generation sequencing with these cells, as well as continuous proteome and metabolome annotation. However, if these different -omics technologies contributed to the characterization of CHO cells, there is a significant effort remaining to apply this knowledge to biomanufacturing methods. The correlation of a complex phenotype such as high productivity or rapid growth to the presence or expression level of a specific biomarker could save time and effort in the screening of manufacturing cell lines or culture conditions. In this review we will first discuss the different biological molecules that can be identified and quantified in cells, their detection techniques, and associated challenges. We will then review how these markers are used during the different steps of cell line and bioprocess development, and the inherent limitations of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Desmurget
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julien Douet
- Merck Biotech Development Center, Ares Trading SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland.
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Majumdar S, Desai R, Hans A, Dandekar P, Jain R. From Efficiency to Yield: Exploring Recent Advances in CHO Cell Line Development for Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6. [PMID: 38363529 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The increasing demand for biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has prompted the development of stable high-producing cell lines while simultaneously decreasing the time required for screening. Existing platforms have proven inefficient, resulting in inconsistencies in yields, growth characteristics, and quality features in the final mAb products. Selecting a suitable expression host, designing an effective gene expression system, developing a streamlined cell line generation approach, optimizing culture conditions, and defining scaling-up and purification strategies are all critical steps in the production of recombinant proteins, particularly monoclonal antibodies, in mammalian cells. As a result, an active area of study is dedicated to expression and optimizing recombinant protein production. This review explores recent breakthroughs and approaches targeted at accelerating cell line development to attain efficiency and consistency in the synthesis of therapeutic proteins, specifically monoclonal antibodies. The primary goal is to bridge the gap between rising demand and consistent, high-quality mAb production, thereby benefiting the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishta Majumdar
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ranjeet Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Aakarsh Hans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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Hashemi N, Tabatabaee SH, Shams F, Rahimpour A, Kazemi B, Rajabibazl M, Ranjbari J. Overexpression of SIRT6 alleviates apoptosis and enhances cell viability and monoclonal antibody expression in CHO-K1 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08483-5. [PMID: 37286776 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most predominantly utilized host for the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other complex glycoproteins. A major challenge in the process of CHO cell culture is the occurrence of cell death following different stressful conditions, which hinders the production yield. Engineering genes involved in pathways related to cell death is a remarkable strategy to delay apoptosis, improve cell viability and enhance productivity. SIRT6 is a stress-responsive protein that regulates DNA repair, maintains genome integrity, and is critical for longevity and cell survival in organisms. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, SIRT6 was stably overexpressed in CHO-K1 cells and the impact of its expression on apoptosis related gene expression profile, viability, apoptosis, and mAb productivity was investigated. While a significant increase was observed in Bcl-2 mRNA level, caspase-3 and Bax mRNA levels were decreased in the SIRT6 engineered cells compared to the parental CHO-K1 cells. Moreover, improved cell viability and decreased rate of apoptotic progression was observed in a SIRT6-derived clone in comparision to the CHO-K1 cells during 5 days of batch culture. anti-CD52 IgG1 mAb titers were improved up to 1.7- and 2.8-fold in SIRT6-derived clone during transient and stable expression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates the positive effects of SIRT6 overexpression on cell viability and anti-CD52 IgG1 mAb expression in CHO-K1 cells. Further studies are needed to examine the potential of SIRT6-engineered host cells for the production of recombinant biotherapeutics in industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Hashemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Hassan Tabatabaee
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Shams
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Rahimpour
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chen B, Kiely J, Williams I, Luxton R. A non-faradaic impedimetric biosensor for monitoring of caspase 9 in mammalian cell culture. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108456. [PMID: 37247529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lower yields and poorer quality of biopharmaceutical products result from cell death in bioreactors. Such cell death is commonly associated with programmed cell death or apoptosis. During apoptosis, caspases are activated and cause a cascade of events that eventually lead to cell destruction. We report on an impedance spectroscopy measurement technique for the detection of total caspase-9 in buffer and complex fluids, such as cell culture media. Enhanced sensitivity is achieved by leveraging the physiochemical properties of zinc oxide and copper oxide at the electrode-solution interface. Characterisation of the biosensor surface was performed using scanning electron microscopy and indirectly using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The characteristic biomolecular interactions between the target analyte and specific capture probe of the biosensor are quantified using non-faradaic electrical impedance spectroscopy (nfEIS). The proof-of-concept biosensor demonstrated a detection limit of 0.07 U/mL (0.032 µM) in buffer. The sensor requires a low sample volume of 50 μL without the need for sample dilution facilitating rapid analysis. Using a luminescence-based assay, the presence of active caspase-9 was detected in the culture media following exposure to a pro-apoptotic agent. We envision that the caspase-9 biosensor will be useful as a cell stress screening device for apoptosis monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Chen
- Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England (UWE) Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Janice Kiely
- Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England (UWE) Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Ibidapo Williams
- Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England (UWE) Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Richard Luxton
- Institute of Biosensing Technology, University of the West of England (UWE) Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Safari F, Farajnia S, Behzad Behbahani A, Zarredar H, Barekati-Mowahed M, Dehghani H. Caspase-7 deficiency in Chinese hamster ovary cells reduces cell proliferation and viability. Biol Res 2020; 53:52. [PMID: 33187557 PMCID: PMC7666471 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian host cell in the commercial-scale production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Modification of genes involved in apoptosis may improve the productivity of CHO cells. Executive caspases, including caspases 3 and 7, play critical roles in apoptosis. The effects of the ablation of the caspase 7 gene on proliferation and viability of CHO cells remains unknown. In this study, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) to target caspase 7 gene of CHO K1 cell via all in one and homology targeted integration strategies. Consequently, the effect of caspase 7 deficiency on cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis was studied by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Findings of gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and sequencing confirmed the caspase 7 gene silencing in CHO cells (CHO-KO). Proliferation assay revealed that caspase 7 deficiency in CHO cells resulted in the reduction of proliferation in various CHO-KO clones. Besides, the disruption of caspase 7 had negative effects on cell viability in exposure with NaBu which confirmed by MTT assay. Results of flow cytometry using Anexin V/PI demonstrated that Nabu treatment (11 mM) declined the percentage of live CHO-K1 and CHO-KO cells to 70.3% and 5.79%. These results verified that the CHO-K1 cells were more resistant to apoptosis than CHO-KO, however most of CHO-KO cells undergone early apoptosis (91.9%) which seems to be a fascinating finding. CONCLUSION These results reveal that caspase 7 may be involved in the cell cycle progression of CHO cells. Furthermore, it seems that targeting caspase 7 is not the ideal route as it had previously been imagined within the prevention of apoptosis but the relation between caspase 7 deficiency, cell cycle arrest, and the occurrence of early apoptosis will require more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Ave., Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Behzad Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Patil AA, Bhor SA, Rhee WJ. Cell death in culture: Molecular mechanisms, detections, and inhibition strategies. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Henry MN, MacDonald MA, Orellana CA, Gray PP, Gillard M, Baker K, Nielsen LK, Marcellin E, Mahler S, Martínez VS. Attenuating apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary cells for improved biopharmaceutical production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1187-1203. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N. Henry
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Michael A. MacDonald
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Camila A. Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Peter P. Gray
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Marianne Gillard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Kym Baker
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Patheon Biologics—A Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Lars K. Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Metabolomics Australia The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Stephen Mahler
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Verónica S. Martínez
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation (CBI) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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Mukhopadhyay D, Hammami M, Khalouf A, Shaikh YA, Mohammed AK, Hamad M, Salehi A, Taneera J. Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) and the Caspase Inhibitor "Ac-LETD-CHO" Protect Neuronal ND7/23 Cells of Gluocotoxicity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 129:420-428. [PMID: 31185507 DOI: 10.1055/a-0919-4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It well known that long-lasting hyperglycaemia disrupts neuronal function and leads to neuropathy and other neurodegenerative diseases. The α-ketoglutarate analogue (DMOG) and the caspase-inhibitor "Ac-LETD-CHO are potential neuroprotective molecules. Whether their protections may also extend glucotoxicity-induced neuropathy is not known. Herein, we evaluated the possible cell-protective effects of DMOG and Ac-LETD-CHO against hyperglycaemia-induced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in ND7/23 neuronal cells. The impact of glucotoxicity on the expression of HIF-1α and a panel of micro-RNAs of significance in hyperglycaemia and apoptosis was also investigated.ND7/23 cells cultured under hyperglycaemic conditions showed decreased cell viability and elevated levels of ROS production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, presence DMOG (500 µM) and/or Ac-LETD-CHO (50 µM) counteracted this effect and increase cell viability concomitant with reduction in ROS production, DNA damage and apoptosis. AcLETD-CHO suppressed hyperglycaemia-induced caspase 3 activation in ND7/23 cells. Both DMOG and Ac-LETD-CHO increased HIF-1α expression paralleled with the suppression of miR-126-5p, miR-128-3p and miR-181 expression and upregulation of miR-26b, 106a-5p, 106b-5p, 135a-5p, 135b-5p, 138-5p, 199a-5p, 200a-3p and 200c-3p expression.We demonstrate a mechanistic link for the DMOG and Ac-LETD-CHO protection against hyperglycaemia-induced neuronal dysfunction, DNA damage and apoptosis and thereby propose that pharmacological agents mimicking these effects may represent a promising novel therapy for the hyperglycaemia-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Mukhopadhyay
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Hammami
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amani Khalouf
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yazan Al Shaikh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul Khader Mohammed
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Albert Salehi
- Department of Clinical Science, Division of Islet Cell Physiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Griffith A, Kelly PS, Vencken S, Lao NT, Greene CM, Clynes M, Barron N. miR-CATCH Identifies Biologically Active miRNA Regulators of the Pro-Survival Gene XIAP, in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700299. [PMID: 28976632 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering of mammalian cells is of interest as a means to boost bio-therapeutic protein yield. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) overexpression has previously been shown to enhance CHO cell growth and prolong culture longevity while additionally boosting productivity. The authors confirmed this across a range of recombinant products (SEAP, EPO, and IgG). However, stable overexpression of an engineering transgene competes for the cells translational machinery potentially compromising product titre. MicroRNAs are attractive genetic engineering candidates given their non-coding nature and ability to regulate multiple genes simultaneously, thereby relieving the translational burden associated with stable overexpression of a protein-encoding gene. The large number of potential targets of a single miRNA, falsely predicted in silico, presents difficulties in identifying those that could be useful engineering tools. The authors explored the identification of direct miRNA regulators of the pro-survival endogenous XIAP gene in CHO-K1 cells by using a miR-CATCH protocol. A biotin-tagged antisense DNA oligonucleotide for XIAP mRNA is designed and used to pull down and capture bound miRNAs. Two miRNAs are chosen out of the 14 miRNAs identified for further validation, miR-124-3p and miR-19b-3p. Transient transfection of mimics for both results in the diminished translation of endogenous CHO XIAP protein whereas their inhibition increases XIAP protein levels. A 3'UTR reporter assay confirms miR-124-3p to be a bona fide regulator of XIAP in CHO-K1 cells. This method demonstrates a useful approach to finding miRNA candidates for CHO cell engineering without competing for the cellular translational machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Griffith
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul S Kelly
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Vencken
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nga T Lao
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Niall Barron
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.,National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Ave, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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10
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Lalonde ME, Durocher Y. Therapeutic glycoprotein production in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:128-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Improving the time integral of viable cell concentration by overcoming cell death, namely apoptosis, is one of the widely used strategies for efficient production of therapeutic proteins. By establishing stable cell lines that overexpress anti-apoptotic genes or down-regulate pro-apoptotic genes, the final product yields can be enhanced as cells become more resistance to environmental stresses. From the selection of high-expressing clones to verification of anti-apoptotic activity, the method to construct a stable anti-apoptotic cell line is discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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12
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The art of CHO cell engineering: A comprehensive retrospect and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1878-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Farrell A, McLoughlin N, Milne JJ, Marison IW, Bones J. Application of Multi-Omics Techniques for Bioprocess Design and Optimization in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3144-59. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Farrell
- Characterisation
and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT − The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niaobh McLoughlin
- Characterisation
and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT − The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J. Milne
- Characterisation
and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT − The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian W. Marison
- Laboratory
of Integrated Bioprocessing, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation
and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT − The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Braasch K, Nikolic-Jaric M, Cabel T, Salimi E, Bridges GE, Thomson DJ, Butler M. The changing dielectric properties of CHO cells can be used to determine early apoptotic events in a bioprocess. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2902-14. [PMID: 23818314 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To ensure maximum productivity of recombinant proteins it is desirable to prolong cell viability during a mammalian cell bioprocess, and therefore important to carefully monitor cell density and viability. In this study, five different and independent methods of monitoring were applied to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells grown in a batch culture in a controlled bioreactor to determine cell density and/or cell viability. They included: a particle counter, trypan blue exclusion (Cedex), an in situ bulk capacitance probe, an off-line fluorescent flow cytometer, and a prototype dielectrophoretic (DEP) cytometer. These various techniques gave similar values during the exponential growth phase. However, beyond the exponential growth phase the viability measurements diverged. Fluorescent flow cytometry with a range of fluorescent markers was used to investigate this divergence and to establish the progress of cell apoptosis: the cell density estimates by the intermediate stage apoptosis assay agreed with those obtained by the bulk capacitance probe and the early stage apoptosis assay viability measurements correlated well with the DEP cytometer. The trypan blue assay showed higher estimates of viable cell density and viability compared to the capacitance probe or the DEP cytometer. The DEP cytometer measures the dielectric properties of individual cells and identified at least two populations of cells, each with a distinct polarizability. As verified by comparison with the Nexin assay, one population was associated with viable (non-apoptotic) cells and the other with apoptotic cells. From the end of the exponential through the stationary and decline stages there was a gradual shift of cell count from the viable into the apoptotic population. However, the two populations maintained their individual dielectric properties throughout this shift. This leads to the conclusion that changes in bulk dielectric properties of cultures might be better modeled as shifts in cells between different dielectric sub-populations, rather than assuming a homogeneous dielectric population. This shows that bulk dielectric probes are sensitive to the early apoptotic changes in cells. DEP cytometry offers a novel and unique technology for analyzing and characterizing mammalian cells based on their dielectric properties, and suggests a potential application of the device as a low-cost, label-free, electronic monitor of physiological changes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Braasch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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15
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Baik JY, Gasimli L, Yang B, Datta P, Zhang F, Glass CA, Esko JD, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. Metabolic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells: towards a bioengineered heparin. Metab Eng 2012; 14:81-90. [PMID: 22326251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is the most widely used pharmaceutical to control blood coagulation in modern medicine. A health crisis that took place in 2008 led to a demand for production of heparin from non-animal sources. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, commonly used mammalian host cells for production of foreign pharmaceutical proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry, are capable of producing heparan sulfate (HS), a related polysaccharide naturally. Since heparin and HS share the same biosynthetic pathway, we hypothesized that heparin could be produced in CHO cells by metabolic engineering. Based on the expression of endogenous enzymes in the HS/heparin pathways of CHO-S cells, human N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST2) and mouse heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs3st1) genes were transfected sequentially into CHO host cells growing in suspension culture. Transfectants were screened using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Out of 120 clones expressing NDST2 and Hs3st1, 2 clones, Dual-3 and Dual-29, were selected for further analysis. An antithrombin III (ATIII) binding assay using flow cytometry, designed to recognize a key sugar structure characteristic of heparin, indicated that Hs3st1 transfection was capable of increasing ATIII binding. An anti-factor Xa assay, which affords a measure of anticoagulant activity, showed a significant increase in activity in the dual-expressing cell lines. Disaccharide analysis of the engineered HS showed a substantial increase in N-sulfo groups, but did not show a pattern consistent with pharmacological heparin, suggesting that further balancing the expression of transgenes with the expression levels of endogenous enzymes involved in HS/heparin biosynthesis might be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youn Baik
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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CHO cells in biotechnology for production of recombinant proteins: current state and further potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:917-30. [PMID: 22159888 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Maillard MC, Brookfield FA, Courtney SM, Eustache FM, Gemkow MJ, Handel RK, Johnson LC, Johnson PD, Kerry MA, Krieger F, Meniconi M, Muñoz-Sanjuán I, Palfrey JJ, Park H, Schaertl S, Taylor MG, Weddell D, Dominguez C. Exploiting differences in caspase-2 and -3 S₂ subsites for selectivity: structure-based design, solid-phase synthesis and in vitro activity of novel substrate-based caspase-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5833-51. [PMID: 21903398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several caspases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD); however, existing caspase inhibitors lack the selectivity required to investigate the specific involvement of individual caspases in the neuronal cell death associated with HD. In order to explore the potential role played by caspase-2, the potent but non-selective canonical Ac-VDVAD-CHO caspase-2 inhibitor 1 was rationally modified at the P(2) residue in an attempt to decrease its activity against caspase-3. With the aid of structural information on the caspase-2, and -3 active sites and molecular modeling, a 3-(S)-substituted-l-proline along with four additional scaffold variants were selected as P(2) elements for their predicted ability to clash sterically with a residue of the caspase-3 S(2) pocket. These elements were then incorporated by solid-phase synthesis into pentapeptide aldehydes 33a-v. Proline-based compound 33h bearing a bulky 3-(S)-substituent displayed advantageous characteristics in biochemical and cellular assays with 20- to 60-fold increased selectivity for caspase-2 and ∼200-fold decreased caspase-3 potency compared to the reference inhibitor 1. Further optimization of this prototype compound may lead to the discovery of valuable pharmacological tools for the study of caspase-2 mediated cell death, particularly as it relates to HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel C Maillard
- CHDI Management, Inc., 6080 Center Drive Suite 100, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
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Jeon MK, Yu DY, Lee GM. Combinatorial engineering of ldh-a and bcl-2 for reducing lactate production and improving cell growth in dihydrofolate reductase-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:779-90. [PMID: 21792592 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, rapid glucose metabolism normally leads to inefficient use of glucose, most of which is converted to lactate during cell cultures. Since lactate accumulation during the culture often exerts a negative effect on cell growth and valuable product formation, several genetic engineering approaches have been developed to suppress lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A), the enzyme converting pyruvate into lactate. However, despite the reduced lactate accumulation, such cell cultures are eventually terminated in the late period of the culture, mainly due to apoptosis. Therefore, we developed an apoptosis-resistant, less lactate-producing dhfr(-) CHO cell line (CHO-Bcl2-LDHAsi) by overexpressing Bcl-2, one of the most well-known anti-apoptotic proteins, and by downregulating LDH-A in a dhfr(-) CHO cell line. When the dhfr(-) CHO-Bcl2-LDHAsi cell line was used as a host cell line for the development of recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells producing an Fc-fusion protein, the culture longevity of the rCHO cells was extended without any detrimental effect of genetic engineering on specific protein productivity. Simultaneously, the specific lactate production rate and apparent yield of lactate from glucose were reduced to 21-65% and 37-78% of the control cells, respectively. Taken together, these results show that the use of an apoptosis-resistant, less lactate-producing dhfr(-) CHO cell line as a host cell line saves the time and the effort of establishing an apoptosis-resistant, less lactate-producing rCHO cells for producing therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyoung Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology (WCU), KAIST, 373-1 Kusong-Dong, Yusong-gu, Daejon 305-701, South Korea.
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Krampe B, Al-Rubeai M. Cell death in mammalian cell culture: molecular mechanisms and cell line engineering strategies. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:175-88. [PMID: 20502964 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamentally important problem in cell lines used by the biopharmaceutical industry. Environmental stress, which can result from nutrient depletion, by-product accumulation and chemical agents, activates through signalling cascades regulators that promote death. The best known key regulators of death process are the Bcl-2 family proteins which constitute a critical intracellular checkpoint of apoptosis cell death within a common death pathway. Engineering of several members of the anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 family genes in several cell types has extended the knowledge of their molecular function and interaction with other proteins, and their regulation of cell death. In this review, we describe the various modes of cell death and their death pathways at molecular and organelle level and discuss the relevance of the growing knowledge of anti-apoptotic engineering strategies to inhibit cell death and increase productivity in mammalian cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Krampe
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, and Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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Engineering mammalian cells in bioprocessing - current achievements and future perspectives. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 55:175-89. [PMID: 20392202 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, we have seen significant improvements in product titres from 50 mg/l to 5-10 g/l, a more than 100-fold increase. The main methods that have been employed to achieve this increase in product titre have been through the manipulation of culture media and process control strategies, such as the optimization of fed-batch processes. An alternative means to increase productivity has been through the engineering of host cells by altering cellular processes. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to over-express or suppress specific genes to endow particular phenotypes. Cellular processes that have been altered in host cells include metabolism, cell cycle, protein secretion and apoptosis. Cell engineering has also been employed to improve post-translational modifications such as glycosylation. In this article, an overview of the main cell engineering strategies previously employed and the impact of these strategies are presented. Many of these strategies focus on engineering cell lines with more efficient carbon metabolism towards reducing waste metabolites, achieving a biphasic production system by engineering cell cycle control, increasing protein secretion by targeting specific endoplasmic reticulum stress chaperones, delaying cell death by targeting anti-apoptosis genes, and engineering glycosylation by enhancing recombinant protein sialylation and antibody glycosylation. Future perspectives for host cell engineering, and possible areas of research, are also discussed in this review.
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Kim YG, Kim JY, Mohan C, Lee GM. Effect of Bcl-xLoverexpression on apoptosis and autophagy in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells under nutrient-deprived condition. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:757-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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