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Yuan X, Cao J, Wang R, Han Y, Zhu J, Lin J, Yang L, Wu M. Genetically Engineering Escherichia coli to Produce Xylitol from Corncob Hydrolysate without Lime Detoxification. Molecules 2023; 28:1550. [PMID: 36838538 PMCID: PMC9967598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Before fermentation with hemicellulosic hydrolysate as a substrate, it is generally necessary to detoxify the toxic substances that are harmful to microorganism growth. Cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) is a global regulator, and mutation of its key sites may have an important impact on E. coli virulence tolerance. Using corncob hydrolysate without ion-exchange or lime detoxification as the substrate, shake flask fermentation experiments showed that CRP mutant IS5-dG (I112L, T127G, A144T) produced 18.4 g/L of xylitol within 34 h, and the OD600 was 9.7 at 24 h; these values were 41.5% and 21.3% higher than those of the starting strain, IS5-d, respectively. This mutant produced 82 g/L of xylitol from corncob hydrolysate without ion-exchange or lime detoxification during fed-batch fermentation in a 15-L bioreactor, with a productivity of 1.04 g/L/h; these values were 173% and 174% higher than the starting strain, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the highest xylitol concentration and productivity produced by microbial fermentation using completely non-detoxified hemicellulosic hydrolysate as the substrate to date. This study also showed that alkali neutralization, high temperature sterilization, and fermentation of the hydrolysate had important effects on the xylose loss rate and xylitol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsong Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiyun Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jinmiao Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jianping Lin
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mianbin Wu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
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2
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Biological production of xylitol by using nonconventional microbial strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:249. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Yin W, Cao Y, Jin M, Xian M, Liu W. Metabolic Engineering of E. coli for Xylose Production from Glucose as the Sole Carbon Source. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2266-2275. [PMID: 34412469 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Xylose is the raw material for the synthesis of many important platform compounds. At present, xylose is commercially produced by chemical extraction. However, there are still some bottlenecks in the extraction of xylose, including complicated operation processes and the chemical substances introduced, leading to the high cost of xylose and of synthesizing the downstream compounds of xylose. The current market price of xylose is 8× that of glucose, so using low-cost glucose as the substrate to produce the downstream compounds of xylose can theoretically reduce the cost by 70%. Here, we designed a pathway for the biosynthesis of xylose from glucose in Escherichia coli. This biosynthetic pathway was achieved by overexpressing five genes, namely, zwf, pgl, gnd, rpe, and xylA, while replacing the native xylulose kinase gene xylB with araL from B. subtilis, which displays phosphatase activity toward d-xylulose 5-phosphate. The yield of xylose was increased to 3.3 g/L by optimizing the metabolic pathway. Furthermore, xylitol was successfully synthesized by introducing the xyl1 gene, which suggested that the biosynthetic pathway of xylose from glucose is universally applicable for the synthesis of xylose downstream compounds. This is the first study to synthesize xylose and its downstream compounds by using glucose as a substrate, which not only reduces the cost of raw materials, but also alleviates carbon catabolite repression (CCR), providing a new idea for the synthesis of downstream compounds of xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yujin Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Miaomiao Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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Yuan X, Mao Y, Tu S, Lin J, Shen H, Yang L, Wu M. Increasing NADPH Availability for Xylitol Production via Pentose-Phosphate-Pathway Gene Overexpression and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas-Pathway Gene Deletion in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9625-9631. [PMID: 34382797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor availability is often a rate-limiting factor in the bioconversion of xylose to xylitol. The overexpression of pentose phosphate pathway genes and the deletion of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway genes can modulate the glucose metabolic flux and increase the intracellular NADPH supply, enabling Escherichia coli cells to produce xylitol from corncob hydrolysates. The effects of zwf and/or gnd overexpression and pfkA, pfkB, and/or pgi deletion on the intracellular redox environment and xylitol production were examined. The NADPH-enhanced strain 2bpgi produced 162 g/L xylitol from corncob hydrolysates after a 76 h fed-batch fermentation in a 15 L bioreactor, which was 13.3% greater than the 143 g/L xylitol produced by the IS5-d control strain. Additionally, the xylitol productivity and xylitol yield per glucose for 2bpgi were 2.13 g/L/h and 2.50 g/g, respectively. Thus, the genetic modifications in 2bpgi significantly enhanced NADPH regeneration, making 2bpgi a potentially useful strain for the industrial-scale production of xylitol from detoxified corncob hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yudi Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Shuai Tu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, PR China
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Mianbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
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5
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Bañares AB, Nisola GM, Valdehuesa KNG, Lee WK, Chung WJ. Engineering of xylose metabolism in Escherichia coli for the production of valuable compounds. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:649-668. [PMID: 33563072 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1873243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lignocellulosic sugar d-xylose has recently gained prominence as an inexpensive alternative substrate for the production of value-added compounds using genetically modified organisms. Among the prokaryotes, Escherichia coli has become the de facto host for the development of engineered microbial cell factories. The favored status of E. coli resulted from a century of scientific explorations leading to a deep understanding of its systems. However, there are limited literature reviews that discuss engineered E. coli as a platform for the conversion of d-xylose to any target compounds. Additionally, available critical review articles tend to focus on products rather than the host itself. This review aims to provide relevant and current information about significant advances in the metabolic engineering of d-xylose metabolism in E. coli. This focusses on unconventional and synthetic d-xylose metabolic pathways as several review articles have already discussed the engineering of native d-xylose metabolism. This paper, in particular, is essential to those who are working on engineering of d-xylose metabolism using E. coli as the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo B Bañares
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Grace M Nisola
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Kris N G Valdehuesa
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Won-Keun Lee
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Saha BC, Kennedy GJ. Optimization of xylitol production from xylose by a novel arabitol limited co-producing Barnettozyma populi NRRL Y-12728. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:761-768. [PMID: 33305654 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1855443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol is a widely marketed sweetener with good functionality and health-promoting properties. It can be synthetized by many yeast species in a one-step reduction of xylose. Arabinose is a common contaminant found in xylose and there is ongoing interest in finding biocatalysts that selectively produce xyltiol. From a screen of 99 yeasts, Barnettozyma populi Y-12728 was found to selectively produce xylitol from both mixed sugars and corn stover hemicellulosic hydrolysate. Here, fermentation conditions for xylitol production from xylose by B. populi were optimized. The medium for xylitol production was optimized through response surface methodology. The yeast produced 31.2 ± 0.4 g xylitol from xylose (50 g L-1) in 62 h using the optimized medium. The optimal pH for xylitol production was 6.0. Glucose (10 g L-1), acetic acid (6.0 g L-1), HMF (4 mM) and ethanol (2.0 g L-1) inhibited the xylitol production. The glucose inhibition was entirely mitigated by using a 2-stage aeration strategy, indicating that the yeast was inhibited by ethanol produced from glucose under low aeration. This culture strategy will greatly benefit xylitol production from hemicellulosic hydrolysates, which often contain glucose. This is the first report on optimization of xylitol production by a Barnettozyma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badal C Saha
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Gregory J Kennedy
- Bioenergy Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, USA
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Production of xylitol from mixed sugars of xylose and arabinose without co-producing arabitol. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Enhancement of Gluconobacter oxydans Resistance to Lignocellulosic-Derived Inhibitors in Xylonic Acid Production by Overexpressing Thioredoxin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1072-1083. [PMID: 31960365 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of lignocellulose is an economically relevant practice for improving the financial prospects of biorefineries. Lignocellulose contains significant levels of xylose that can be converted into valuable xylonic acid. However, some inhibitors of bioconversion processes are produced after pretreatment. Xylonic acid production in bacteria, such as Gluconobacter oxydans, is hindered by poor bacterial tolerance to contaminants. Therefore, in order to enhance bacterial resistance to inhibitors, a recombinant strain of G. oxydans was created by the introduction of the thioredoxin gene. Thioredoxin is a key protein responsible for maintaining cellular redox potential and is critical to the conversion of xylose to xylonate. Overexpression of thioredoxin was confirmed at the enzymatic level, while the recombinant strain showed increased catalytic activity when inhibitors, such as formic acid or p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHBA), were added to the synthetic xylose medium (17% and 7% improvement in xylonic acid yield, respectively). To probe the molecular mechanism behind the recombinant strain response to inhibitors, the expression levels of various genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR, which revealed five differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upon exposure to formic acid or PHBA.
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Combination of the CRP mutation and ptsG deletion in Escherichia coli to efficiently synthesize xylitol from corncob hydrolysates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2039-2050. [PMID: 31950219 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biotechnology-based production of xylitol has received widespread attention because it can use cheap and renewable lignocellulose as a raw material, thereby decreasing costs and pollution. The simultaneous use of various sugars in lignocellulose hydrolysates is a primary prerequisite for efficient xylitol production. In this study, a ΔptsG and crp* combinatorial strategy was used to generate Escherichia coli W3110 strain IS5-dI, which completely eliminated glucose repression and simultaneously used glucose and xylose. This strain produced 164 g/L xylitol from detoxified corncob hydrolysates during a fed-batch fermentation in a 15-L bioreactor, which was 14.7% higher than the xylitol produced by the starting strain, IS5-d (143 g/L), and the xylitol productivity was 3.04 g/L/h. These results represent the highest xylitol concentration and productivity reported to date for bacteria and hemicellulosic sugars. Additionally, strain IS5-dG, which differs from IS5-dI at CRP amino acid residue 127 (I127G), was tolerant to the toxins in corncob hydrolysates. In a fed-batch fermentation experiment involving a 15-L bioreactor, IS5-dG produced 137 g/L xylitol from non-detoxified corncob hydrolysates, with a productivity of 1.76 g/L/h. On the basis of these results, we believe that IS5-dI and IS5-dG may be useful host strains for the industrial-scale production of xylitol from detoxified or non-detoxified corncob hydrolysates.
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Prasad RK, Chatterjee S, Mazumder PB, Gupta SK, Sharma S, Vairale MG, Datta S, Dwivedi SK, Gupta DK. Bioethanol production from waste lignocelluloses: A review on microbial degradation potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:588-606. [PMID: 31154237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous explosion of population has led to about 200% increment of total energy consumptions in last twenty-five years. Apart from conventional fossil fuel as limited energy source, alternative non-conventional sources are being explored worldwide to cater the energy requirement. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion for biofuel production is an important alternative energy source due to its abundance in nature and creating less harmful impacts on the environment in comparison to the coal or petroleum-based sources. However, lignocellulose biopolymer, the building block of plants, is a recalcitrant substance and difficult to break into desirable products. Commonly used chemical and physical methods for pretreating the substrate are having several limitations. Whereas, utilizing microbial potential to hydrolyse the biomass is an interesting area of research. Because of the complexity of substrate, several enzymes are required that can act synergistically to hydrolyse the biopolymer producing components like bioethanol or other energy substances. Exploring a range of microorganisms, like bacteria, fungi, yeast etc. that utilizes lignocelluloses for their energy through enzymatic breaking down the biomass, is one of the options. Scientists are working upon designing organisms through genetic engineering tools to integrate desired enzymes into a single organism (like bacterial cell). Studies on designer cellulosomes and bacteria consortia development relating consolidated bioprocessing are exciting to overcome the issue of appropriate lignocellulose digestions. This review encompasses up to date information on recent developments for effective microbial degradation processes of lignocelluloses for improved utilization to produce biofuel (bioethanol in particular) from the most plentiful substances of our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Prasad
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India; Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Sonika Sharma
- Defence Research Laboratory, DRDO, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | | | | | | | - Dharmendra Kumar Gupta
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), HerrenhäuserStr. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Xiang H, Sun-Waterhouse D, Waterhouse GI, Cui C, Ruan Z. Fermentation-enabled wellness foods: A fresh perspective. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Acute Effects of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Postprandial Blood Pressure. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081717. [PMID: 31349678 PMCID: PMC6722982 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hypotension (PPH) is under-recognised, but common, particularly in the elderly, and is of clear clinical importance due to both the independent association between PPH and an increase in mortality and lack of effective management for this condition. Following health concerns surrounding excessive consumption of sugar, there has been a trend in the use of low- or non-nutritive sweeteners as an alternative. Due to the lack of literature in this area, we conducted a systematic search to identify studies relevant to the effects of different types of sweeteners on postprandial blood pressure (BP). The BP response to ingestion of sweeteners is generally unaffected in healthy young subjects, however in elderly subjects, glucose induces the greatest decrease in postprandial BP, while the response to sucrose is less pronounced. The limited studies investigating other nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners have demonstrated minimal or no effect on postprandial BP. Dietary modification by replacing high nutritive sweeteners (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) with low nutritive (d-xylose, xylitol, erythritol, maltose, maltodextrin, and tagatose) and non-nutritive sweeteners may be a simple and effective management strategy for PPH.
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Yuan X, Wang J, Lin J, Yang L, Wu M. Efficient production of xylitol by the integration of multiple copies of xylose reductase gene and the deletion of Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway-associated genes to enhance NADPH regeneration in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:1061-1069. [PMID: 31025135 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor supply is a rate-limiting step in the bioconversion of xylose to xylitol. Strain WZ04 was first constructed by a novel simultaneous deletion-insertion strategy, replacing ptsG, xylAB and ptsF in wild-type Escherichia coli W3110 with three mutated xylose reductase genes (xr) from Neurospora crassa. Then, the pfkA, pfkB, pgi and/or sthA genes were deleted and replaced by xr to investigate the influence of carbon flux toward the pentose phosphate pathway and/or transhydrogenase activity on NADPH generation. The deletion of pfkA/pfkB significantly improved NADPH supply, but minimally influenced cell growth. The effects of insertion position and copy number of xr were examined by a quantitative real-time PCR and a shake-flask fermentation experiment. In a fed-batch fermentation experiment with a 15-L bioreactor, strain WZ51 produced 131.6 g L-1 xylitol from hemicellulosic hydrolysate (xylitol productivity: 2.09 g L-1 h-1). This study provided a potential approach for industrial-scale production of xylitol from hemicellulosic hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Mianbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar V, Krishania M, Preet Sandhu P, Ahluwalia V, Gnansounou E, Sangwan RS. Efficient detoxification of corn cob hydrolysate with ion-exchange resins for enhanced xylitol production by Candida tropicalis MTCC 6192. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 251:416-419. [PMID: 29276111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates utilization of secondary agricultural wastes for xylitol production. The highest xylan-to-xylose (70%) conversion was achieved using dilute nitric acid as catalyst followed by resin treatment. Results show that resin treatment efficiently removed nitrate salt (70%), phenolic content and 5-HMF (70%). Highest xylitol yield (85%) was achieved during fermentation using Candida tropicalis MTCC 6192 from the neutralized hemicellulosic hydrolysate medium. Good recovery (>15%) was achieved from corncob with 85% xylose to xylitol conversion during fermentation. This two-step process for transformation of agri-waste to xylitol is much simpler and it could possibly be considered for up scaling after process optimization parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Meena Krishania
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 160071, India
| | - Pankaj Preet Sandhu
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 160071, India
| | - Vivek Ahluwalia
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 160071, India
| | - Edgard Gnansounou
- Laboratory of Energy Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rajender S Sangwan
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
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Fehér A, Fehér C, Rozbach M, Rácz G, Fekete M, Hegedűs L, Barta Z. Treatments of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates and Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation of Xylose to Xylitol. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Fehér
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science; Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology; Szt. Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Csaba Fehér
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science; Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology; Szt. Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Margaréta Rozbach
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science; Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology; Szt. Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gergely Rácz
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science; Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology; Szt. Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Melinda Fekete
- Enzymicals AG; Walther-Rathenau-Straße 49a 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - László Hegedűs
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics and Hungarian Academy of Sciences; MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group; Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology; Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zsolt Barta
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science; Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology; Szt. Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
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Llano T, Quijorna N, Andrés A, Coz A. Sugar, acid and furfural quantification in a sulphite pulp mill: Feedstock, product and hydrolysate analysis by HPLC/RID. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 15:75-83. [PMID: 28725574 PMCID: PMC5503906 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of the spent sulphite liquor, a sugar-rich residue was done. Four chromatographic methods for sugars and derivatives analysis were developed. Cross-linked Pb+2 columns were suitable for fast and reliable sugars separation. Cross-linked H+ columns were adequate for acids and furfurals separation. Methods developed were successfully assayed on woody materials and hydrolysates.
Waste from pulp and paper mills consist of sugar-rich fractions comprising hemicellulose derivatives and cellulose by-products. A complete characterisation of the waste streams is necessary to study the possibilities of an existing mill. In this work, four chromatographic methods have been developed to obtain the most suitable chromatographic method conditions for measuring woody feedstocks, lignocellulosic hydrolysates and cellulose pulp in sulphite pulping processes. The analysis of major and minor monosaccharides, aliphatic carboxylic acids and furfurals has been optimised. An important drawback of the spent liquors generated after sulphite pulping is their acidic nature, high viscosity and adhesive properties that interfere in the column lifetime. This work recommends both a CHO-782Pb column for the sugar analysis and an SH-1011 resin-based cross-linked gel column to separate low-molecular-weight chain acids, alcohols and furfurals. Such columns resulted in a good separation with long lifetime, wide pH operating range and low fouling issues.
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Miao Y, Shen Y, Xu Y. Effects of Inhibitors on the Transcriptional Profiling of Gluconobater oxydans NL71 Genes after Biooxidation of Xylose into Xylonate. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:716. [PMID: 28487685 PMCID: PMC5403930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Xylonic acid belongs to the top 30 biomass-based platform chemicals and represents a promising application of xylose. Until today, Gluconobacter oxydans NL71 is the most efficient microbe capable of fermenting xylose into xylonate. However, its growth is seriously inhibited when concentrated lignocellulosic hydrolysates are used as substrates due to the presence of various degraded compounds formed during biomass pretreatment. Three critical lignocellulosic inhibitors were thereby identified, i.e., formic acid, furfural, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. As microbe fermentation is mostly regulated at the genome level, four groups of cell transcriptomes were obtained for a comparative investigation by RNA sequencing of a control sample with samples treated separately with the above-mentioned inhibitors. The digital gene expression profiles screened 572, 714 genes, and 408 DEGs was obtained by the comparisons among four transcriptomes. A number of genes related to the different functional groups showed characteristic expression patterns induced by three inhibitors, in which 19 genes were further tested and confirmed by qRT-PCR. We extrapolated many differentially expressed genes that could explain the cellular responses to the inhibitory effects. We provide results that enable the scientific community to better define the molecular processes involved in the microbes' responses to lignocellulosic inhibitors during the cellular biooxidation of xylose into xylonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Miao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
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Chen L, Mulchandani A, Ge X. Spore-displayed enzyme cascade with tunable stoichiometry. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:383-389. [PMID: 27977916 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Taking the advantages of inert and stable nature of endospores, we developed a biocatalysis platform for multiple enzyme immobilization on Bacillus subtilis spore surface. Among B. subtilis outer coat proteins, CotG mediated a high expression level of Clostridium thermocellum cohesin (CtCoh) with a functional display capability of ∼104 molecules per spore of xylose reductase-C. thermocellum dockerin fusion protein (XR-CtDoc). By co-immobilization of phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) on spore surface via Ruminococcus flavefaciens cohesin-dockerin modules, regeneration of NADPH was achieved. Both xylose reductase (XR) and PTDH exhibited enhanced stability upon spore surface display. More importantly, by altering the copy numbers of CtCoh and RfCoh fused with CotG, the molar ratio between immobilized enzymes was adjusted in a controllable manner. Optimization of spore-displayed XR/PTDH stoichiometry resulted in increased yields of xylitol. In conclusion, endospore surface display presents a novel approach for enzyme cascade immobilization with improved stability and tunable stoichiometry. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:383-389, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
| | - Xin Ge
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521
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Zhang Z, Su B, Wu M, Lin J, Yang L. Strategies for eliminating l-arabinitol in the bioconversion of xylitol. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Su B, Zhang Z, Wu M, Lin J, Yang L. Construction of plasmid-free Escherichia coli for the production of arabitol-free xylitol from corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26567. [PMID: 27225023 PMCID: PMC4880924 DOI: 10.1038/srep26567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High costs and low production efficiency are a serious constraint to bio-based xylitol production. For industrial-scale production of xylitol, a plasmid-free Escherichia coli for arabitol-free xylitol production from corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysate has been constructed. Instead of being plasmid and inducer dependent, this strain relied on multiple-copy integration of xylose reductase (XR) genes into the chromosome, where their expression was controlled by the constitutive promoter P43. In addition, to minimize the flux from L-arabinose to arabitol, two strategies including low XR total activity and high selectivity of XR has been adopted. Arabitol was significantly decreased using plasmid-free strain which had lower XR total activity and an eight point-mutations of XR with a 27-fold lower enzyme activity toward L-arabinose was achieved. The plasmid-free strain in conjunction with this mutant XR can completely eliminate arabitol formation in xylitol production. In fed-batch fermentation, this plasmid-free strain produced 143.8 g L(-1) xylitol at 1.84 g L(-1) h(-1) from corncob hemicellulosic hydrolysate. From these results, we conclude that this route by plasmid-free E. coli has potential to become a commercially viable process for xylitol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buli Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mianbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Iverson A, Garza E, Manow R, Wang J, Gao Y, Grayburn S, Zhou S. Engineering a synthetic anaerobic respiration for reduction of xylose to xylitol using NADH output of glucose catabolism by Escherichia coli AI21. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:31. [PMID: 27083875 PMCID: PMC4833968 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Anaerobic rather than aerobic fermentation is preferred for conversion of biomass derived sugars to high value redox-neutral and reduced commodities. This will likely result in a higher yield of substrate to product conversion and decrease production cost since substrate often accounts for a significant portion of the overall cost. To this goal, metabolic pathway engineering has been used to optimize substrate carbon flow to target products. This approach works well for the production of redox neutral products such as lactic acid from redox neutral sugars using the reducing power NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced) generated from glycolysis (2 NADH per glucose equivalent). Nevertheless, greater than two NADH per glucose catabolized is needed for the production of reduced products (such as xylitol) from redox neutral sugars by anaerobic fermentation. Results The Escherichia coli strain AI05 (ΔfrdBC ΔldhA ΔackA Δ(focA-pflB) ΔadhE ΔptsG ΔpdhR::pflBp6-(aceEF-lpd)), previously engineered for reduction of xylose to xylitol using reducing power (NADH equivalent) of glucose catabolism, was further engineered by 1) deleting xylAB operon (encoding for xylose isomerase and xylulokinase) to prevent xylose from entering the pentose phosphate pathway; 2) anaerobically expressing the sdhCDAB-sucABCD operon (encoding for succinate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase) to enable an anaerobically functional tricarboxcylic acid cycle with a theoretical 10 NAD(P)H equivalent per glucose catabolized. These reducing equivalents can be oxidized by synthetic respiration via xylose reduction, producing xylitol. The resulting strain, AI21 (pAI02), achieved a 96 % xylose to xylitol conversion, with a yield of 6 xylitol per glucose catabolized (molar yield of xylitol per glucose consumed (YRPG) = 6). This represents a 33 % improvement in xylose to xylitol conversion, and a 63 % increase in xylitol yield per glucose catabolized over that achieved by AI05 (pAI02). Conclusions Increasing reducing power (NADH equivalent) output per glucose catabolized was achieved by anaerobic expression of both the pdh operon (pyruvate dehydrogenase) and the sdhCDAB-sucABCD operon, resulting in a strain capable of generating 10 NADH equivalent per glucose under anaerobic condition. The new E. coli strain AI21 (pAI02) achieved an actual 96 % conversion of xylose to xylitol (via synthetic respiration), and 6 xylitol (from xylose) per glucose catabolized (YRPG = 6, the highest known value). This strategy can be used to engineer microbial strains for the production of other reduced products from redox neutral sugars using glucose as a source of reducing power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Iverson
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.,Current address: William Rainey Harper College, Palatine, IL, 60142, USA
| | - Erin Garza
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Ryan Manow
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- School of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Scott Grayburn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Shengde Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
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Park YC, Oh EJ, Jo JH, Jin YS, Seo JH. Recent advances in biological production of sugar alcohols. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 37:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Otte KB, Hauer B. Enzyme engineering in the context of novel pathways and products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 35:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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Su B, Wu M, Zhang Z, Lin J, Yang L. Efficient production of xylitol from hemicellulosic hydrolysate using engineered Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Mohamad NL, Mustapa Kamal SM, Mokhtar MN. Xylitol Biological Production: A Review of Recent Studies. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2014.961077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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The transport and mediation mechanisms of the common sugars in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:905-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mir BA, Mewalal R, Mizrachi E, Myburg AA, Cowan DA. Recombinant hyperthermophilic enzyme expression in plants: a novel approach for lignocellulose digestion. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:281-9. [PMID: 24732021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant biomass, as an abundant renewable carbon source, is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. However, the enzymes most commonly used for depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass are expensive, and the development of cost-effective alternative conversion technologies would be desirable. One possible option is the heterologous expression of genes encoding lignocellulose-digesting enzymes in plant tissues. To overcome simultaneously issues of toxicity and incompatibility with high-temperature steam explosion processes, the use of heterologous genes encoding hyperthermophilic enzymes may be an attractive alternative. This approach could reduce the need for exogenous enzyme additions prior to fermentation, reducing the cost of the complete processing operation. This review highlights recent advances and future prospects for using hyperthermophilic enzymes in the biofuels industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Ritesh Mewalal
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Don A Cowan
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
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Abstract
Synthetic biology provides numerous great opportunities for chemical engineers in the development of new processes for large-scale production of biofuels, value-added chemicals, and protein therapeutics. However, challenges across all scales abound. In particular, the modularization and standardization of the components in a biological system, so-called biological parts, remain the biggest obstacle in synthetic biology. In this perspective, we will discuss the main challenges and opportunities in the rapidly growing synthetic biology field and the important roles that chemical engineers can play in its advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzi Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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Jain H, Mulay S. A review on different modes and methods for yielding a pentose sugar: xylitol. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:135-43. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.845651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Su B, Wu M, Lin J, Yang L. Metabolic engineering strategies for improving xylitol production from hemicellulosic sugars. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 35:1781-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Zha J, Li BZ, Shen MH, Hu ML, Song H, Yuan YJ. Optimization of CDT-1 and XYL1 expression for balanced co-production of ethanol and xylitol from cellobiose and xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68317. [PMID: 23844185 PMCID: PMC3699558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of ethanol and xylitol from lignocellulosic hydrolysates is an alternative to the traditional production of ethanol in utilizing biomass. However, the conversion efficiency of xylose to xylitol is restricted by glucose repression, causing a low xylitol titer. To this end, we cloned genes CDT-1 (encoding a cellodextrin transporter) and gh1-1 (encoding an intracellular β-glucosidase) from Neurospora crassa and XYL1 (encoding a xylose reductase that converts xylose into xylitol) from Scheffersomyces stipitis into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enabling simultaneous production of ethanol and xylitol from a mixture of cellobiose and xylose (main components of lignocellulosic hydrolysates). We further optimized the expression levels of CDT-1 and XYL1 by manipulating their promoters and copy-numbers, and constructed an engineered S. cerevisiae strain (carrying one copy of PGK1p-CDT1 and two copies of TDH3p-XYL1), which showed an 85.7% increase in xylitol production from the mixture of cellobiose and xylose than that from the mixture of glucose and xylose. Thus, we achieved a balanced co-fermentation of cellobiose (0.165 g/L/h) and xylose (0.162 g/L/h) at similar rates to co-produce ethanol (0.36 g/g) and xylitol (1.00 g/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Long Hu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Eriksen DT, Lian J, Zhao H. Protein design for pathway engineering. J Struct Biol 2013; 185:234-42. [PMID: 23558037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Design and construction of biochemical pathways has increased the complexity of biosynthetically-produced compounds when compared to single enzyme biocatalysis. However, the coordination of multiple enzymes can introduce a complicated set of obstacles to overcome in order to achieve a high titer and yield of the desired compound. Metabolic engineering has made great strides in developing tools to optimize the flux through a target pathway, but the inherent characteristics of a particular enzyme within the pathway can still limit the productivity. Thus, judicious protein design is critical for metabolic and pathway engineering. This review will describe various strategies and examples of applying protein design to pathway engineering to optimize the flux through the pathway. The proteins can be engineered for altered substrate specificity/selectivity, increased catalytic activity, reduced mass transfer limitations through specific protein localization, and reduced substrate/product inhibition. Protein engineering can also be expanded to design biosensors to enable high through-put screening and to customize cell signaling networks. These strategies have successfully engineered pathways for significantly increased productivity of the desired product or in the production of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn T Eriksen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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33
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Rafiqul ISM, Sakinah AMM. Processes for the Production of Xylitol—A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2012.714434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oh EJ, Ha SJ, Rin Kim S, Lee WH, Galazka JM, Cate JH, Jin YS. Enhanced xylitol production through simultaneous co-utilization of cellobiose and xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2013; 15:226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Utrilla J, Licona-Cassani C, Marcellin E, Gosset G, Nielsen LK, Martinez A. Engineering and adaptive evolution of Escherichia coli for d-lactate fermentation reveals GatC as a xylose transporter. Metab Eng 2012; 14:469-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Yi G, Zhang Y. One-pot selective conversion of hemicellulose (xylan) to xylitol under mild conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:1383-1387. [PMID: 22764105 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangshun Yi
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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37
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Young EM, Comer AD, Huang H, Alper HS. A molecular transporter engineering approach to improving xylose catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2012; 14:401-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Vinuselvi P, Kim MK, Lee SK, Ghim CM. Rewiring carbon catabolite repression for microbial cell factory. BMB Rep 2012; 45:59-70. [PMID: 22360882 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a key regulatory system found in most microorganisms that ensures preferential utilization of energy-efficient carbon sources. CCR helps microorganisms obtain a proper balance between their metabolic capacity and the maximum sugar uptake capability. It also constrains the deregulated utilization of a preferred cognate substrate, enabling microorganisms to survive and dominate in natural environments. On the other side of the same coin lies the tenacious bottleneck in microbial production of bioproducts that employs a combination of carbon sources in varied proportion, such as lignocellulose-derived sugar mixtures. Preferential sugar uptake combined with the transcriptional and/or enzymatic exclusion of less preferred sugars turns out one of the major barriers in increasing the yield and productivity of fermentation process. Accumulation of the unused substrate also complicates the downstream processes used to extract the desired product. To overcome this difficulty and to develop tailor-made strains for specific metabolic engineering goals, quantitative and systemic understanding of the molecular interaction map behind CCR is a prerequisite. Here we comparatively review the universal and strain-specific features of CCR circuitry and discuss the recent efforts in developing synthetic cell factories devoid of CCR particularly for lignocellulose- based biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisutham Vinuselvi
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
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Choi CH, Oh KK. Application of a continuous twin screw-driven process for dilute acid pretreatment of rape straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 110:349-354. [PMID: 22330597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rape straw, a processing residue generated from the bio-oil industry, was used as a model biomass for application of continuous twin screw-driven dilute acid pretreatment. The screw rotation speed and feeding rate were adjusted to 19.7rpm and 0.5g/min, respectively to maintain a residence time of 7.2min in the reaction zone, respectively. The sulfuric acid concentration was 3.5wt% and the reaction temperature was 165°C. The enzymatic digestibility of the glucan in the pretreated solids was 70.9%. The continuous process routinely gave around 28.8% higher yield for glucan digestibility than did the batch processing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Choi
- Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea
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Toivari M, Nygård Y, Kumpula EP, Vehkomäki ML, Benčina M, Valkonen M, Maaheimo H, Andberg M, Koivula A, Ruohonen L, Penttilä M, Wiebe MG. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioconversion of D-xylose to D-xylonate. Metab Eng 2012; 14:427-36. [PMID: 22709678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An NAD(+)-dependent D-xylose dehydrogenase, XylB, from Caulobacter crescentus was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in production of 17 ± 2 g D-xylonate l(-1) at 0.23 gl(-1)h(-1) from 23 g D-xylose l(-1) (with glucose and ethanol as co-substrates). D-Xylonate titre and production rate were increased and xylitol production decreased, compared to strains expressing genes encoding T. reesei or pig liver NADP(+)-dependent D-xylose dehydrogenases. D-Xylonate accumulated intracellularly to ∼70 mgg(-1); xylitol to ∼18 mgg(-1). The aldose reductase encoding gene GRE3 was deleted to reduce xylitol production. Cells expressing D-xylonolactone lactonase xylC from C. crescentus with xylB initially produced more extracellular D-xylonate than cells lacking xylC at both pH 5.5 and pH 3, and sustained higher production at pH 3. Cell vitality and viability decreased during D-xylonate production at pH 3.0. An industrial S. cerevisiae strain expressing xylB efficiently produced 43 g D-xylonate l(-1) from 49 g D-xylose l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Toivari
- VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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Vinuselvi P, Lee SK. Engineered Escherichia coli capable of co-utilization of cellobiose and xylose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 50:1-4. [PMID: 22133432 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural ability to ferment the major sugars (glucose and xylose) of plant biomass is an advantageous feature of Escherichia coli in biofuel production. However, excess glucose completely inhibits xylose utilization in E. coli and decreases yield and productivity of fermentation due to sequential utilization of xylose after glucose. As an approach to overcome this drawback, E. coli MG1655 was engineered for simultaneous glucose (in the form of cellobiose) and xylose utilization by a combination of genetic and evolutionary engineering strategies. The recombinant E. coli was capable of utilizing approximately 6 g/L of cellobiose and 2 g/L of xylose in approximately 36 h, whereas wild-type E. coli was unable to utilize xylose completely in the presence of 6 g/L of glucose even after 75 hours. The engineered strain also co-utilized cellobiose with mannose or galactose; however, it was unable to metabolize cellobiose in the presence of arabinose and glucose. Successful cellobiose and xylose co-fermentation is a vital step for simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process and a promising step towards consolidated bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisutham Vinuselvi
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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The imminent role of protein engineering in synthetic biology. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:541-9. [PMID: 21963685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein engineering has for decades been a powerful tool in biotechnology for generating vast numbers of useful enzymes for industrial applications. Today, protein engineering has a crucial role in advancing the emerging field of synthetic biology, where metabolic engineering efforts alone are insufficient to maximize the full potential of synthetic biology. This article reviews the advancements in protein engineering techniques for improving biocatalytic properties to optimize engineered pathways in host systems, which are instrumental to achieve high titer production of target molecules. We also discuss the specific means by which protein engineering has improved metabolic engineering efforts and provide our assessment on its potential to continue to advance biology engineering as a whole.
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Engineering microbial factories for synthesis of value-added products. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:873-90. [PMID: 21526386 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms have become an increasingly important platform for the production of drugs, chemicals, and biofuels from renewable resources. Advances in protein engineering, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology enable redesigning microbial cellular networks and fine-tuning physiological capabilities, thus generating industrially viable strains for the production of natural and unnatural value-added compounds. In this review, we describe the recent progress on engineering microbial factories for synthesis of valued-added products including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, biofuels, and chemicals. Related topics on lignocellulose degradation, sugar utilization, and microbial tolerance improvement will also be discussed.
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