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Zhang R, Chen B, Zhang H, Tu L, Luan T. Stable isotope-based metabolic flux analysis: A robust tool for revealing toxicity pathways of emerging contaminants. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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2
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Orsi E, Claassens NJ, Nikel PI, Lindner SN. Optimizing microbial networks through metabolic bypasses. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108035. [PMID: 36096403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism has long been considered as a relatively stiff set of biochemical reactions. This somewhat outdated and dogmatic view has been challenged over the last years, as multiple studies exposed unprecedented plasticity of metabolism by exploring rational and evolutionary modifications within the metabolic network of cell factories. Of particular importance is the emergence of metabolic bypasses, which consist of enzymatic reaction(s) that support unnatural connections between metabolic nodes. Such novel topologies can be generated through the introduction of heterologous enzymes or by upregulating native enzymes (sometimes relying on promiscuous activities thereof). Altogether, the adoption of bypasses resulted in an expansion in the capacity of the host's metabolic network, which can be harnessed for bioproduction. In this review, we discuss modifications to the canonical architecture of central carbon metabolism derived from such bypasses towards six optimization purposes: stoichiometric gain, overcoming kinetic limitations, solving thermodynamic barriers, circumventing toxic intermediates, uncoupling product synthesis from biomass formation, and altering redox cofactor specificity. The metabolic costs associated with bypass-implementation are likewise discussed, including tailoring their design towards improving bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Orsi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nico J Claassens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen N Lindner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Wilkes RA, Waldbauer J, Aristilde L. Analogous Metabolic Decoupling in Pseudomonas putida and Comamonas testosteroni Implies Energetic Bypass to Facilitate Gluconeogenic Growth. mBio 2021; 12:e0325921. [PMID: 34903058 PMCID: PMC8669468 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03259-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenic carbon metabolism is not well understood, especially within the context of flux partitioning between energy generation and biomass production, despite the importance of gluconeogenic carbon substrates in natural and engineered carbon processing. Here, using multiple omics approaches, we elucidate the metabolic mechanisms that facilitate gluconeogenic fast-growth phenotypes in Pseudomonas putida and Comamonas testosteroni, two Proteobacteria species with distinct metabolic networks. In contrast to the genetic constraint of C. testosteroni, which lacks the enzymes required for both sugar uptake and a complete oxidative pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, sugar metabolism in P. putida is known to generate surplus NADPH by relying on the oxidative PP pathway within its characteristic cyclic connection between the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) and Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (EMP) pathways. Remarkably, similar to the genome-based metabolic decoupling in C. testosteroni, our 13C-fluxomics reveals an inactive oxidative PP pathway and disconnected EMP and ED pathways in P. putida during gluconeogenic feeding, thus requiring transhydrogenase reactions to supply NADPH for anabolism in both species by leveraging the high tricarboxylic acid cycle flux during gluconeogenic growth. Furthermore, metabolomics and proteomics analyses of both species during gluconeogenic feeding, relative to glycolytic feeding, demonstrate a 5-fold depletion in phosphorylated metabolites and the absence of or up to a 17-fold decrease in proteins of the PP and ED pathways. Such metabolic remodeling, which is reportedly lacking in Escherichia coli exhibiting a gluconeogenic slow-growth phenotype, may serve to minimize futile carbon cycling while favoring the gluconeogenic metabolic regime in relevant proteobacterial species. IMPORTANCE Glycolytic metabolism of sugars is extensively studied in the Proteobacteria, but gluconeogenic carbon sources (e.g., organic acids, amino acids, aromatics) that feed into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are widely reported to produce a fast-growth phenotype, particularly in species with biotechnological relevance. Much remains unknown about the importance of glycolysis-associated pathways in the metabolism of gluconeogenic carbon substrates. Here, we demonstrate that two distinct proteobacterial species, through genetic constraints or metabolic regulation at specific metabolic nodes, bypass the oxidative PP pathway during gluconeogenic growth and avoid unnecessary carbon fluxes by depleting protein investment into connected glycolysis pathways. Both species can leverage instead the high TCA cycle flux during gluconeogenic feeding to meet NADPH demand. Importantly, lack of a complete oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is a widespread metabolic trait in Proteobacteria with a gluconeogenic carbon preference, thus highlighting the important relevance of our findings toward elucidating the metabolic architecture in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Wilkes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Waldbauer
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ludmilla Aristilde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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4
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Carruthers DN, Lee TS. Diversifying Isoprenoid Platforms via Atypical Carbon Substrates and Non-model Microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791089. [PMID: 34925299 PMCID: PMC8677530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoid compounds are biologically ubiquitous, and their characteristic modularity has afforded products ranging from pharmaceuticals to biofuels. Isoprenoid production has been largely successful in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with metabolic engineering of the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways coupled with the expression of heterologous terpene synthases. Yet conventional microbial chassis pose several major obstacles to successful commercialization including the affordability of sugar substrates at scale, precursor flux limitations, and intermediate feedback-inhibition. Now, recent studies have challenged typical isoprenoid paradigms by expanding the boundaries of terpene biosynthesis and using non-model organisms including those capable of metabolizing atypical C1 substrates. Conversely, investigations of non-model organisms have historically informed optimization in conventional microbes by tuning heterologous gene expression. Here, we review advances in isoprenoid biosynthesis with specific focus on the synergy between model and non-model organisms that may elevate the commercial viability of isoprenoid platforms by addressing the dichotomy between high titer production and inexpensive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Carruthers
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Taek Soon Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States.,Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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5
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Stephens S, Mahadevan R, Allen DG. Engineering Photosynthetic Bioprocesses for Sustainable Chemical Production: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:610723. [PMID: 33490053 PMCID: PMC7820810 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.610723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial production of chemicals using renewable feedstocks such as glucose has emerged as a green alternative to conventional chemical production processes that rely primarily on petroleum-based feedstocks. The carbon footprint of such processes can further be reduced by using engineered cells that harness solar energy to consume feedstocks traditionally considered to be wastes as their carbon sources. Photosynthetic bacteria utilize sophisticated photosystems to capture the energy from photons to generate reduction potential with such rapidity and abundance that cells often cannot use it fast enough and much of it is lost as heat and light. Engineering photosynthetic organisms could enable us to take advantage of this energy surplus by redirecting it toward the synthesis of commercially important products such as biofuels, bioplastics, commodity chemicals, and terpenoids. In this work, we review photosynthetic pathways in aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to better understand how these organisms have naturally evolved to harness solar energy. We also discuss more recent attempts at engineering both the photosystems and downstream reactions that transfer reducing power to improve target chemical production. Further, we discuss different methods for the optimization of photosynthetic bioprocess including the immobilization of cells and the optimization of light delivery. We anticipate this review will serve as an important resource for future efforts to engineer and harness photosynthetic bacteria for chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Stephens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Grant Allen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Hilgers F, Habash SS, Loeschcke A, Ackermann YS, Neumann S, Heck A, Klaus O, Hage-Hülsmann J, Grundler FMW, Jaeger KE, Schleker ASS, Drepper T. Heterologous Production of β-Caryophyllene and Evaluation of Its Activity against Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010168. [PMID: 33466643 PMCID: PMC7828715 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups within the class of secondary metabolites, comprising over 80,000 compounds. They not only exhibit important functions in plant physiology but also have commercial potential in the biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors due to their promising properties, including various bioactivities against pathogens, inflammations, and cancer. In this work, we therefore aimed to implement the plant sesquiterpenoid pathway leading to β-caryophyllene in the heterologous host Rhodobacter capsulatus and achieved a maximum production of 139 ± 31 mg L-1 culture. As this sesquiterpene offers various beneficial anti-phytopathogenic activities, we evaluated the bioactivity of β-caryophyllene and its oxygenated derivative β-caryophyllene oxide against different phytopathogenic fungi. Here, both compounds significantly inhibited the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum by up to 40%, while growth of Alternaria brassicicola was only slightly affected, and Phoma lingam and Rhizoctonia solani were unaffected. At the same time, the compounds showed a promising low inhibitory profile for a variety of plant growth-promoting bacteria at suitable compound concentrations. Our observations thus give a first indication that β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide are promising natural agents, which might be applicable for the management of certain plant pathogenic fungi in agricultural crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Hilgers
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Samer S. Habash
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Yannic Sebastian Ackermann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Stefan Neumann
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
| | - Achim Heck
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Oliver Klaus
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Jennifer Hage-Hülsmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - A. Sylvia S. Schleker
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.S.S.); (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.S.S.); (T.D.)
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Orsi E, Beekwilder J, Eggink G, Kengen SWM, Weusthuis RA. The transition of Rhodobacter sphaeroides into a microbial cell factory. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:531-541. [PMID: 33038009 PMCID: PMC7894463 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories are the workhorses of industrial biotechnology and improving their performances can significantly optimize industrial bioprocesses. Microbial strain engineering is often employed for increasing the competitiveness of bio‐based product synthesis over more classical petroleum‐based synthesis. Recently, efforts for strain optimization have been standardized within the iterative concept of “design‐build‐test‐learn” (DBTL). This approach has been successfully employed for the improvement of traditional cell factories like Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Within the past decade, several new‐to‐industry microorganisms have been investigated as novel cell factories, including the versatile α‐proteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Despite its history as a laboratory strain for fundamental studies, there is a growing interest in this bacterium for its ability to synthesize relevant compounds for the bioeconomy, such as isoprenoids, poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate, and hydrogen. In this study, we reflect on the reasons for establishing R. sphaeroides as a cell factory from the perspective of the DBTL concept. Moreover, we discuss current and future opportunities for extending the use of this microorganism for the bio‐based economy. We believe that applying the DBTL pipeline for R. sphaeroides will further strengthen its relevance as a microbial cell factory. Moreover, the proposed use of strain engineering via the DBTL approach may be extended to other microorganisms that have not been critically investigated yet for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Orsi
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Gerrit Eggink
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Servé W M Kengen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Orsi E, Beekwilder J, van Gelder D, van Houwelingen A, Eggink G, Kengen SW, Weusthuis RA. Functional replacement of isoprenoid pathways in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1082-1093. [PMID: 32207882 PMCID: PMC7264872 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have proven the potential of introducing metabolic by-passes within cell factories. These pathways can provide a more efficient alternative to endogenous counterparts due to their insensitivity to host's regulatory mechanisms. In this work, we replaced the endogenous essential 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in the industrially relevant bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides by an orthogonal metabolic route. The native 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway was successfully replaced by a heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathway from a related bacterium. The functional replacement was confirmed by analysis of the reporter molecule amorpha-4,11-diene after cultivation with [4-13 C]glucose. The engineered R. sphaeroides strain relying exclusively on the MVA pathway was completely functional in conditions for sesquiterpene production and, upon increased expression of the MVA enzymes, it reached even higher sesquiterpene yields than the control strain coexpressing both MEP and MVA modules. This work represents an example where substitution of an essential biochemical pathway by an alternative, heterologous pathway leads to enhanced biosynthetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Orsi
- Bioprocess EngineeringWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Dewi van Gelder
- Bioprocess EngineeringWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Gerrit Eggink
- Bioprocess EngineeringWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research6708WGWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Servé W.M. Kengen
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University6708WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. Weusthuis
- Bioprocess EngineeringWageningen University6708PBWageningenThe Netherlands
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Orsi E, Mougiakos I, Post W, Beekwilder J, Dompè M, Eggink G, van der Oost J, Kengen SWM, Weusthuis RA. Growth-uncoupled isoprenoid synthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:123. [PMID: 32684976 PMCID: PMC7359475 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial cell factories are usually engineered and employed for cultivations that combine product synthesis with growth. Such a strategy inevitably invests part of the substrate pool towards the generation of biomass and cellular maintenance. Hence, engineering strains for the formation of a specific product under non-growth conditions would allow to reach higher product yields. In this respect, isoprenoid biosynthesis represents an extensively studied example of growth-coupled synthesis with rather unexplored potential for growth-independent production. Rhodobacter sphaeroides is a model bacterium for isoprenoid biosynthesis, either via the native 2-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway or the heterologous mevalonate (MVA) pathway, and for poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis. RESULTS This study investigates the use of this bacterium for growth-independent production of isoprenoids, with amorpha-4,11-diene as reporter molecule. For this purpose, we employed the recently developed Cas9-based genome editing tool for R. sphaeroides to rapidly construct single and double deletion mutant strains of the MEP and PHB pathways, and we subsequently transformed the strains with the amorphadiene producing plasmid. Furthermore, we employed 13C-metabolic flux ratio analysis to monitor the changes in the isoprenoid metabolic fluxes under different cultivation conditions. We demonstrated that active flux via both isoprenoid pathways while inactivating PHB synthesis maximizes growth-coupled isoprenoid synthesis. On the other hand, the strain that showed the highest growth-independent isoprenoid yield and productivity, combined the plasmid-based heterologous expression of the orthogonal MVA pathway with the inactivation of the native MEP and PHB production pathways. CONCLUSIONS Apart from proposing a microbial cell factory for growth-independent isoprenoid synthesis, this work provides novel insights about the interaction of MEP and MVA pathways under different growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Orsi
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Systems and Synthetic Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ioannis Mougiakos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilbert Post
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Dompè
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 6708WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Oost
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Servé W. M. Kengen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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