1
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Zhang X, Niu P, Liu H, Fang H. Production of pyrimidine nucleosides in microbial systems via metabolic engineering: Theoretical analysis research and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 75:108419. [PMID: 39053562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Pyrimidine nucleosides, as intermediate materials of significant commercial value, find extensive applications in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the current production of pyrimidine nucleosides largely relies on chemical synthesis, creating environmental problems that do not align with sustainable development goals. Recent progress in systemic metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has enabled the synthesis of natural products like pyrimidine nucleosides through microbial fermentation, offering a more sustainable alternative. Nevertheless, the intricate and tightly regulated biosynthetic pathways involved in the microbial production of pyrimidine nucleosides pose a formidable challenge. This study focuses on metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies aimed at enhancing pyrimidine nucleoside production. These strategies include gene modification, transcriptional regulation, metabolic flux analysis, cofactor balance optimization, and transporter engineering. Finally, this research highlights the challenges involved in the further development of pyrimidine nucleoside-producing strains and offers potential solutions in order to provide theoretical guidance for future research endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Pilian Niu
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Haitian Fang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
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2
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Ke Q, Liu C, Zhuang Y, Xue Y, Cui Z, Zhang C, Yin H, Liu T. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level production of benzyl acetate from glucose. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:238. [PMID: 39223542 PMCID: PMC11370050 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzyl acetate is an aromatic ester with a jasmine scent. It was discovered in plants and has broad applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Its current production predominantly relies on chemical synthesis. In this study, Escherichia coli was engineered to produce benzyl acetate. RESULTS Two biosynthetic routes based on the CoA-dependent β-oxidation pathway were constructed in E. coli for benzyl acetate production. In route I, benzoic acid pathway was extended to produce benzyl alcohol by combining carboxylic acid reductase and endogenous dehydrogenases and/or aldo-keto reductases in E. coli. Benzyl alcohol was then condensed with acetyl-CoA by the alcohol acetyltransferase ATF1 from yeast to form benzyl acetate. In route II, a plant CoA-dependent β-oxidation pathway via benzoyl-CoA was assessed for benzyl alcohol and benzyl acetate production in E. coli. The overexpression of the phosphotransacetylase from Clostridium kluyveri (CkPta) further improved benzyl acetate production in E. coli. Two-phase extractive fermentation in situ was adopted and optimized for benzyl acetate production in a shake flask. The most optimal strain produced 3.0 ± 0.2 g/L benzyl acetate in 48 h by shake-flask fermentation. CONCLUSIONS We were able to establish the whole pathway for benzyl acetate based on the CoA-dependent β-oxidation in single strain for the first time. The highest titer for benzyl acetate produced from glucose by E. coli is reported. Moreover, cinnamyl acetate production as an unwanted by-product was very low. Results provided novel information regarding the engineering benzyl acetate production in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ke
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yibin Zhuang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaju Xue
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhanzhao Cui
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Tang M, You J, Yang T, Sun Q, Jiang S, Xu M, Pan X, Rao Z. Application of modern synthetic biology technology in aromatic amino acids and derived compounds biosynthesis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131050. [PMID: 38942210 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic amino acids (AAA) and derived compounds have enormous commercial value with extensive applications in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical fields. Microbial production of AAA and derived compounds is a promising prospect for its environmental friendliness and sustainability. However, low yield and production efficiency remain major challenges for realizing industrial production. With the advancement of synthetic biology, microbial production of AAA and derived compounds has been significantly facilitated. In this review, a comprehensive overview on the current progresses, challenges and corresponding solutions for AAA and derived compounds biosynthesis is provided. The most cutting-edge developments of synthetic biology technology in AAA and derived compounds biosynthesis, including CRISPR-based system, genetically encoded biosensors and synthetic genetic circuits, were highlighted. Finally, future prospects of modern strategies conducive to the biosynthesis of AAA and derived compounds are discussed. This review offers guidance on constructing microbial cell factory for aromatic compound using synthetic biology technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Jiajia You
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Tianjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Qisheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Shuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xuewei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Applied Microorganisms and Metabolic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Institute of Future Food Technology, JITRI, Yixing 214200, China.
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4
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Hasnain MA, Kang D, Moon GS. Research trends of next generation probiotics. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:2111-2121. [PMID: 39130671 PMCID: PMC11315851 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut represents one of the largest interfaces for the interaction of host factors and the environmental ones. Gut microbiota, largely dominated by bacterial community, plays a significant role in the health status of the host. The healthy gut microbiota fulfills several vital functions such as energy metabolism, disease protection, and immune modulation. Dysbiosis, characterized by microbial imbalance, can contribute to the development of various disorders, including intestinal, systemic, metabolic, and neurodegenerative conditions. Probiotics offer the potential to address dysbiosis and improve overall health. Advancements in high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics, and omics have enabled mechanistic studies for the development of bespoke probiotics, referred to as next generation probiotics. These tailor-made probiotics have the potential to ameliorate specific disease conditions and thus fulfill the specific consumer needs. This review discusses recent updates on the most promising next generation probiotics, along with the challenges that must be addressed to translate this concept into reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel Hasnain
- Major in IT·Biohealth Convergence, Department of IT·Energy Convergence, Graduate School, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‑Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Seong Moon
- Major in IT·Biohealth Convergence, Department of IT·Energy Convergence, Graduate School, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469 Republic of Korea
- Major in Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, 27909 Republic of Korea
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, 27909 Republic of Korea
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5
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Sokolova N, Peng B, Haslinger K. Design and engineering of artificial biosynthetic pathways-where do we stand and where do we go? FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2897-2907. [PMID: 37777818 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of commodity and specialty chemicals relies heavily on fossil fuels. The negative impact of this dependency on our environment and climate has spurred a rising demand for more sustainable methods to obtain such chemicals from renewable resources. Herein, biotransformations of these renewable resources facilitated by enzymes or (micro)organisms have gained significant attention, since they can occur under mild conditions and reduce waste. These biotransformations typically leverage natural metabolic processes, which limits the scope and production capacity of such processes. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of advancements made in the past 5 years to expand the repertoire of biotransformations in engineered microorganisms. This ranges from redesign of existing pathways driven by retrobiosynthesis and computational design to directed evolution of enzymes and de novo pathway design to unlock novel routes for the synthesis of desired chemicals. We highlight notable examples of pathway designs for the production of commodity and specialty chemicals, showcasing the potential of these approaches. Lastly, we provide an outlook on future pathway design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Sokolova
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Haslinger
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Cai M, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Wu H, Xu M, Rao Z. Microbial production of L-methionine and its precursors using systems metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108260. [PMID: 37739275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
L-methionine is an essential amino acid with versatile applications in food, feed, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. At present, the production of L-methionine mainly relies on chemical synthesis, which conflicts with the concern over serious environmental problems and sustainable development goals. In recent years, microbial production of natural products has been amply rewarded with the emergence and rapid development of system metabolic engineering. However, efficient L-methionine production by microbial fermentation remains a great challenge due to its complicated biosynthetic pathway and strict regulatory mechanism. Additionally, the engineered production of L-methionine precursors, L-homoserine, O-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSH) and O-acetyl-L-homoserine (OAH), has also received widespread attention because they can be catalyzed to L-methionine via a high-efficiently enzymatic reaction in vitro, which is also a promising alternative to chemical route. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the recent advances in the microbial production of L-methionine and its precursors, highlighting the challenges and potential solutions for developing L-methionine microbial cell factories from the perspective of systems metabolic engineering, aiming to offer guidance for future engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhifei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Hongxuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China.
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7
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Ji A, Bao P, Ma A, Wei X. An Efficient Prephenate Dehydrogenase Gene for the Biosynthesis of L-tyrosine: Gene Mining, Sequence Analysis, and Expression Optimization. Foods 2023; 12:3084. [PMID: 37628083 PMCID: PMC10453860 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
L-tyrosine is a key precursor for synthesis of various functional substances, but the microbial production of L-tyrosine faces huge challenges. The development of new microbial chassis cell and gene resource is especially important for the biosynthesis of L-tyrosine. In this study, the optimal host strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HZ-12 was firstly selected by detecting the production capacity of L-tyrosine. Subsequently, the recombinant expression of 15 prephenate dehydrogenase genes led to the discovery of the best gene, Bao-tyrA from B. amyloliquefaciens HZ-12. After the overexpression of Bao-tyrA, the L-tyrosine yield of the recombinant strain HZ/P43-Bao-tyrA reach 411 mg/L, increased by 42% compared with the control strain (HZ/pHY300PLK). Moreover, the nucleic acid sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the gene Bao-tyrA were analyzed, and their conservative sites and catalytic mechanisms were proposed. Finally, the expression of Bao-tyrA was regulated through a promoter and 5'-UTR sequence to obtain the optimal expression elements. Thereby, the maximum L-tyrosine yield of 475 mg/L was obtained from HZ/P43-UTR3-Bao-tyrA. B. amyloliquefaciens was applied for the first time to produce L-tyrosine, and the optimal prephenate dehydrogenase gene Bao-tyrA and corresponding expression elements were obtained. This study provides new microbial host and gene resource for the construction of efficient L-tyrosine chassis cells, and also lays a solid foundation for the production of various functional tyrosine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.J.); (P.B.); (A.M.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Pengfei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.J.); (P.B.); (A.M.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Aimin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.J.); (P.B.); (A.M.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuetuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (A.J.); (P.B.); (A.M.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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8
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Gurdo N, Volke DC, McCloskey D, Nikel PI. Automating the design-build-test-learn cycle towards next-generation bacterial cell factories. N Biotechnol 2023; 74:1-15. [PMID: 36736693 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Automation is playing an increasingly significant role in synthetic biology. Groundbreaking technologies, developed over the past 20 years, have enormously accelerated the construction of efficient microbial cell factories. Integrating state-of-the-art tools (e.g. for genome engineering and analytical techniques) into the design-build-test-learn cycle (DBTLc) will shift the metabolic engineering paradigm from an almost artisanal labor towards a fully automated workflow. Here, we provide a perspective on how a fully automated DBTLc could be harnessed to construct the next-generation bacterial cell factories in a fast, high-throughput fashion. Innovative toolsets and approaches that pushed the boundaries in each segment of the cycle are reviewed to this end. We also present the most recent efforts on automation of the DBTLc, which heralds a fully autonomous pipeline for synthetic biology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Gurdo
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel C Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas McCloskey
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo Iván Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
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9
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Zhang P, Gao J, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Lee SY, Mao X. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of an antifouling agent zosteric acid. Metab Eng 2023; 76:247-259. [PMID: 36822462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Zosteric acid (ZA) is a Zostera species-derived, sulfated phenolic acid compound with antifouling activity and has gained much attention due to its nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics. However, the yield of Zostera species available for ZA extraction is limited by natural factors, such as season, latitude, light, and temperature. Here we report the development of metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains capable of producing ZA from glucose and glycerol. First, intracellular availability of the sulfur donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) was enhanced by knocking out the cysH gene responsible for PAPS consumption and overexpressing the genes required for PAPS biosynthesis. Co-overexpression of the genes encoding tyrosine ammonia-lyase, sulfotransferase 1A1, ATP sulfurylase, and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase constructed ZA producing strain with enhanced PAPS supply. Second, the feedback-resistant forms of aroG and tyrA genes (encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase and chorismate mutase, respectively) were overexpressed to relieve the feedback regulation of L-tyrosine biosynthesis. Third, the pykA gene involved in phosphoenolpyruvate-consuming reaction, the regulator gene tyrR, the competing pathway gene pheA, and the ptsHIcrr genes essential for the PEP:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system were deleted. Moreover, all genes involved in the shikimate pathway and the talA, tktA, and tktB genes in the pentose phosphate pathway were examined for ZA production. The PTS-independent glucose uptake system, the expression vector system, and the carbon source were also optimized. As a result, the best-performing strain successfully produced 1.52 g L-1 ZA and 1.30 g L-1p-hydroxycinnamic acid from glucose and glycerol in a 700 mL fed-batch bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peichao Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongzhen Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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10
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Wang L, Wang H, Chen J, Qin Z, Yu S, Zhou J. Coordinating caffeic acid and salvianic acid A pathways for efficient production of rosmarinic acid in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2023; 76:29-38. [PMID: 36623792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid is a natural hydroxycinnamic acid ester used widely in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Although many attempts have been made to screen rate-limiting enzymes and optimize modules through co-culture fermentation, the titer of rosmarinic acid remains at the microgram level by microorganisms. A de novo biosynthetic pathway for rosmarinic acid was constructed based on caffeic acid synthesis modules in Escherichia coli. Knockout of competing pathways increased the titer of rosmarinic acid and reduced the synthesis of rosmarinic acid analogues. An L-amino acid deaminase was introduced to balance metabolic flux between the synthesis of caffeic acid and salvianic acid A. The ratio of FADH2/FAD was maintained via the coordination of deaminase and HpaBC, which is responsible for caffeic acid synthesis. Knockout of menI, encoding an endogenous thioesterase, increased the stability of caffeoyl-CoA. The final strain produced 5780.6 mg/L rosmarinic acid in fed-batch fermentation, the highest yet reported for microbial production. The strategies applied in this study lay a foundation for the synthesis of other caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Huijing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhijie Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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11
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Mrudulakumari Vasudevan U, Mai DHA, Krishna S, Lee EY. Methanotrophs as a reservoir for bioactive secondary metabolites: Pitfalls, insights and promises. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108097. [PMID: 36634856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methanotrophs are potent natural producers of several bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) including isoprenoids, polymers, peptides, and vitamins. Cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters identified from these microbes via genome mining hinted at the vast and hidden SM biosynthetic potential of these microbes. Central carbon metabolism in methanotrophs offers rare pathway intermediate pools that could be further diversified using advanced synthetic biology tools to produce valuable SMs; for example, plant polyketides, rare carotenoids, and fatty acid-derived SMs. Recent advances in pathway reconstruction and production of isoprenoids, squalene, ectoine, polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer, cadaverine, indigo, and shinorine serve as proof-of-concept. This review provides theoretical guidance for developing methanotrophs as microbial chassis for high-value SMs. We summarize the distinct secondary metabolic potentials of type I and type II methanotrophs, with specific attention to products relevant to biomedical applications. This review also includes native and non-native SMs from methanotrophs, their therapeutic potential, strategies to induce silent biosynthetic gene clusters, and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasree Mrudulakumari Vasudevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dung Hoang Anh Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Shyam Krishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Sheng Q, Yi L, Zhong B, Wu X, Liu L, Zhang B. Shikimic acid biosynthesis in microorganisms: Current status and future direction. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108073. [PMID: 36464143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA), a hydroaromatic natural product, is used as a chiral precursor for organic synthesis of oseltamivir (Tamiflu®, an antiviral drug). The process of microbial production of SA has recently undergone vigorous development. Particularly, the sustainable construction of recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum (141.2 g/L) and Escherichia coli (87 g/L) laid a solid foundation for the microbial fermentation production of SA. However, its industrial application is restricted by limitations such as the lack of fermentation tests for industrial-scale and the requirement of growth-limiting factors, antibiotics, and inducers. Therefore, the development of SA biosensors and dynamic molecular switches, as well as genetic modification strategies and optimization of the fermentation process based on omics technology could improve the performance of SA-producing strains. In this review, recent advances in the development of SA-producing strains, including genetic modification strategies, metabolic pathway construction, and biosensor-assisted evolution, are discussed and critically reviewed. Finally, future challenges and perspectives for further reinforcing the development of robust SA-producing strains are predicted, providing theoretical guidance for the industrial production of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingxin Yi
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Ramírez Rojas AA, Swidah R, Schindler D. Microbes of traditional fermentation processes as synthetic biology chassis to tackle future food challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:982975. [PMID: 36185425 PMCID: PMC9523148 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.982975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial diversity is magnificent and essential to almost all life on Earth. Microbes are an essential part of every human, allowing us to utilize otherwise inaccessible resources. It is no surprise that humans started, initially unconsciously, domesticating microbes for food production: one may call this microbial domestication 1.0. Sourdough bread is just one of the miracles performed by microbial fermentation, allowing extraction of more nutrients from flour and at the same time creating a fluffy and delicious loaf. There are a broad range of products the production of which requires fermentation such as chocolate, cheese, coffee and vinegar. Eventually, with the rise of microscopy, humans became aware of microbial life. Today our knowledge and technological advances allow us to genetically engineer microbes - one may call this microbial domestication 2.0. Synthetic biology and microbial chassis adaptation allow us to tackle current and future food challenges. One of the most apparent challenges is the limited space on Earth available for agriculture and its major tolls on the environment through use of pesticides and the replacement of ecosystems with monocultures. Further challenges include transport and packaging, exacerbated by the 24/7 on-demand mentality of many customers. Synthetic biology already tackles multiple food challenges and will be able to tackle many future food challenges. In this perspective article, we highlight recent microbial synthetic biology research to address future food challenges. We further give a perspective on how synthetic biology tools may teach old microbes new tricks, and what standardized microbial domestication could look like.
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Mechanistic Insight into Phenolic Compounds Toxicity and State-of-the-art Strategies for Enhancing the Tolerance of Escherichia coli to Phenolic Compounds. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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15
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Cai M, Zhao Z, Li X, Xu Y, Xu M, Rao Z. Development of a nonauxotrophic L-homoserine hyperproducer in Escherichia coli by systems metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2022; 73:270-279. [PMID: 35961600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
L-Homoserine is a valuable amino acid as a platform chemical in the synthesis of various important compounds. Development of microbial strains for high-level L-homoserine production is an attractive research direction in recent years. Herein, we converted a wild-type Escherichia coli to a non-auxotrophic and plasmid-free hyperproducer of L-homoserine using systematically metabolic engineer strategies. First, an initial strain was obtained through regulating L-homoserine degradation pathway and enhancing synthetic flow. To facilitate L-homoserine production, flux-control genes were tuned by optimizing the copy numbers in chromosome, and transport system was modified to promote L-homoserine efflux. Subsequently, a strategy of cofactors synergistic utilization was proposed and successfully applied to achieve L-homoserine hyperproduction. The final engineered strain could efficiently produce 85.29 g/L L-homoserine, which was the highest production level ever reported from a plasmid-free, antibiotic-free, inducer-free and nonauxotrophic strain. These strategies used here can be considered for developing microbial cell factory of other L-aspartate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yuanyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Choi KR, Yu HE, Lee H, Lee SY. Improved production of heme using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3178-3193. [PMID: 35892195 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heme has recently attracted much attention due to its promising applications in food and healthcare industries. However, the current titers and productivities of heme produced by recombinant microorganisms are not high enough for a wide range of applications. In this study, the process for the fermentation of the metabolically engineered E. coli HAEM7 strain was optimized for the high-level production of heme. To improve the production of heme, different carbon sources, iron concentration in the medium, pH control strategies, induction points, and iron content in feeding solution were examined. Moreover, strategies of increasing cell density, regular iron supplementation, and supply of excess feeding solution were developed to further improve the production of heme. In the optimized fermentation process, the HAEM7 strain produced 1.03 g/L heme with a productivity of 21.5 mg/L/h. The fermentation process and strategies reported here will expedite establishing industry-level production of heme. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Rok Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Yu
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoseong Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Ma J, Lyu Y, Liu X, Jia X, Cui F, Wu X, Deng S, Yue C. Engineered probiotics. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:72. [PMID: 35477497 PMCID: PMC9044805 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered probiotics are a kind of new microorganisms produced by modifying original probiotics through gene editing. With the continuous development of tools and technology progresses, engineering renovation of probiotics are becoming more diverse and more feasible. In the past few years there have been some advances in the development of engineered probiotics that will benefit humankind. This review briefly introduces the theoretical basis of gene editing technology and focuses on some recent engineered probiotics researches, including inflammatory bowel disease, bacterial infection, tumor and metabolic diseases. It is hoped that it can provide help for the further development of genetically modified microorganisms, stimulate the potential of engineered probiotics to treat intractable diseases, and provide new ideas for the diagnosis of some diseases or some industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.,Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangyun Cui
- Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.,Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Non-Coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, China.
| | - Changwu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China.
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Microbial synthesis of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid from renewable feedstocks. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2021; 3:100059. [PMID: 35415641 PMCID: PMC8991815 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA) and its esterified forms can be used as preservatives in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Here, we reported the establishment of a coenzyme-A (CoA) free multi-enzyme cascade in Escherichia coli to utilize biobased L-tyrosine for efficient synthesis of 4HBA. The multi-enzyme cascade contains L-amino acid deaminase from Proteus mirabilis, hydroxymandelate synthase from Amycolatopsis orientalis, (S)-mandelate dehydrogenase and benzoylformate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas putida, and aldehyde dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The whole-cell biocatalysis afforded the synthesis of 128 ± 1 mM of 4HBA (17.7 ± 0.1 g/L) from 150 mM L-tyrosine with > 85% conversion within 96 h. In addition, the artificial enzymatic cascade also allowed the synthesis of benzoic acid from 100 mM L-phenylalanine with a conversion ∼ 90%. In summary, our research offers a sustainable alternative for synthesizing 4HBA and benzoic acid from renewable feedstocks.
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Escherichia coli as a platform microbial host for systems metabolic engineering. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:225-246. [PMID: 33956149 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based production of industrially important chemicals and materials from non-edible and renewable biomass has become increasingly important to resolve the urgent worldwide issues including climate change. Also, bio-based production, instead of chemical synthesis, of food ingredients and natural products has gained ever increasing interest for health benefits. Systems metabolic engineering allows more efficient development of microbial cell factories capable of sustainable, green, and human-friendly production of diverse chemicals and materials. Escherichia coli is unarguably the most widely employed host strain for the bio-based production of chemicals and materials. In the present paper, we review the tools and strategies employed for systems metabolic engineering of E. coli. Next, representative examples and strategies for the production of chemicals including biofuels, bulk and specialty chemicals, and natural products are discussed, followed by discussion on materials including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), proteins, and nanomaterials. Lastly, future perspectives and challenges remaining for systems metabolic engineering of E. coli are discussed.
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