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Liu W, Yin L, Yan X, Cui J, Liu W, Rao Y, Sun M, Wei Q, Chen F. Directing the Differentiation of Parthenogenetic Stem Cells into Tenocytes for Tissue-Engineered Tendon Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:196-208. [PMID: 28170171 PMCID: PMC5442735 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniparental parthenogenesis yields pluripotent stem cells without the political and ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for biomedical applications. In the current study, we hypothesized that parthenogenetic stem cells (pSCs) could be directed to differentiate into tenocytes and applied for tissue‐engineered tendon. We showed that pSCs displayed fundamental properties similar to those of ESCs, including pluripotency, clonogenicity, and self‐renewal capacity. pSCs spontaneously differentiated into parthenogenetic mesenchymal stem cells (pMSCs), which were positive for mesenchymal stem cell surface markers and possessed osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic potential. Then, mechanical stretch was applied to improve the tenogenic differentiation of pMSCs, as indicated by the expression of tenogenic‐specific markers and an increasing COL1A1:3A1 ratio. The pSC‐derived tenocytes could proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix on the surface of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid scaffolds. Finally, engineered tendon‐like tissue was successfully generated after in vivo heterotopic implantation of a tenocyte‐scaffold composite. In conclusion, our experiment introduced an effective and practical strategy for applying pSCs for tendon regeneration. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:196–208
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Medical Experiment Center, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an‐Xianyang New Economic Zone, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yin
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingrong Yan
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Cui
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Rao
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Sun
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wei
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Rege Lab of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Rossetto V, Souza P, Doiche D, Mamprim M, Padovani C, Brandão C. Sonographic abnormalities in augmented bladder using porcine intestinal submucosa (SIS). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Among the different materials for bladder augmentation, porcine intestinal submucosa (SIS) is the most widely investigated and stands out for its ability as a cell scaffold. In this context, the ultrasound examination allows the detection of changes from the surgical procedure, enabling the early verification of potential complications and evaluation of patient outcomes. The aim of this paper is to describe the main sonographic findings in dogs submitted to cystoplasty using acellular SIS and seeded with homologous smooth muscle cells at 30 (M30) and 60 (M60) days postoperatively. Sonographic changes included irregularities and thickening of bladder wall especially at M30. Additionally, were visualized urinary sediment and uroliths in animals submitted to acellular SIS cistoplasty. Abdominal ultrasonography was useful in the postoperative evaluation of animals undergoing cystoplasty with acellular or seeded SIS.
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Naturil-Alfonso C, Jiménez-Trigos E, Vicente JS, Marco-Jiménez F. Effect of in vitro and in vivo conditions on development of parthenogenetic rabbit embryos after vitrification. Cryobiology 2015; 71:91-6. [PMID: 25999044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parthenote embryos offer multiple opportunities in biotechnological research, so it is important to analyse the possibilities for their cryopreservation in order to establish a biobank. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of culture conditions and vitrification on rabbit parthenogenetic embryos. Parthenotes were cultured under in vivo and in vitro conditions until day 3 (late morula/early blastocyst), when they were vitrified. Immediately after warming, they were newly cultured under in vivo and in vitro conditions till day 6 (blastocyst stage). Both culture conditions showed similar late morula/early blastocyst (0.39±0.056 vs. 0.46±0.043, for in vivo and in vitro, respectively) and blastocyst rates (0.12±0.068 vs. 0.13±0.070, for in vivo and in vitro, respectively). However, no parthenote was recovered when a combination of culture conditions was performed. To our best knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the ability of rabbit parthenogenetic embryos to develop after vitrification, with similar embryo development after in vivo or in vitro culture. Nevertheless, our results highlight the importance of culture conditions on the morphology of parthenote embryos. Therefore, we have described that special attention should be paid on culture conditions to generate parthenote embryos, with a view to their subsequent use, for example in embryonic stem cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Naturil-Alfonso
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - E Jiménez-Trigos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - J S Vicente
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - F Marco-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Directing parthenogenetic stem cells differentiate into adipocytes for engineering injectable adipose tissue. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:423635. [PMID: 25587287 PMCID: PMC4284990 DOI: 10.1155/2014/423635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of appropriate seed cells is crucial for adipose tissue engineering. Here, we reported the stepwise induction of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs) to differentiate into adipogenic cells and its application in engineering injectable adipose tissue with Pluronic F-127. pESCs had pluripotent differentiation capacity and could form teratomas that include the three primary germ layers. Cells that migrated from the embryoid bodies (EBs) were selectively separated and expanded to obtain embryonic mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs). The eMSCs exhibited similar cell surface marker expression profiles with bone morrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and had multipotent differentiation capacity. Under the induction of dexamethasone, indomethacin, and insulin, eMSCs could differentiate into adipogenic cells with increased expression of adipose-specific genes and oil droplet depositions within the cytoplasm. To evaluate their suitability as seed cells for adipose tissue engineering, the CM-Dil labelled adipogenic cells derived from eMSCs were seeded into Pluronic F-127 hydrogel and injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Four weeks after injection, glistering and semitransparent constructs formed in the subcutaneous site. Histological observations demonstrated that new adipose tissue was successfully fabricated in the specimen by the labelled cells. The results of the current study indicated that pESCs have great potential in the fabrication of injectable adipose tissue.
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Naturil-Alfonso C, Saenz-de-Juano MDD, Peñaranda DS, Vicente JS, Marco-Jiménez F. Transcriptome profiling of rabbit parthenogenetic blastocysts developed under in vivo conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51271. [PMID: 23251477 PMCID: PMC3522381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenetic embryos are one attractive alternative as a source of embryonic stem cells, although many aspects related to the biology of parthenogenetic embryos and parthenogenetically derived cell lines still need to be elucidated. The present work was conducted to investigate the gene expression profile of rabbit parthenote embryos cultured under in vivo conditions using microarray analysis. Transcriptomic profiles indicate 2541 differentially expressed genes between parthenotes and normal in vivo fertilised blastocysts, of which 76 genes were upregulated and 16 genes downregulated in in vivo cultured parthenote blastocyst, using 3 fold-changes as a cut-off. While differentially upregulated expressed genes are related to transport and protein metabolic process, downregulated expressed genes are related to DNA and RNA binding. Using microarray data, 6 imprinted genes were identified as conserved among rabbits, humans and mice: GRB10, ATP10A, ZNF215, NDN, IMPACT and SFMBT2. We also found that 26 putative genes have at least one member of that gene family imprinted in other species. These data strengthen the view that a large fraction of genes is differentially expressed between parthenogenetic and normal embryos cultured under the same conditions and offer a new approach to the identification of imprinted genes in rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Marco-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Ye X, Mao L, Cheng Z, Yao X, Jia X, Mao D, Ou L, Li Z, Che Y, Liu N, Steinhoff G, Liu L, Kong D. Transplantation of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells ameliorates cardiac dysfunction and remodelling after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:208-18. [PMID: 23066088 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs) derived from artificially activated oocytes without fertilization presumably raise minimal ethical concerns and may serve as attractive candidates for regenerative medicine. Here we investigated whether pESCs could repair myocardial infarction (MI), in comparison to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 89 mice that survived coronary artery ligation randomly received an intramyocardial injection of undifferentiated pESCs, ESCs, or saline. Sham-operated mice (n = 21) that received no treatment served as control animals. After 7 days, transplantation of pESCs increased expression of pro-angiogenic factors and reduced leucocyte infiltration. By 14 and 30 days post-MI, similar to treatment with ESCs, treatment with pESCs efficiently prevented cardiac remodelling and enhanced angiogenesis, in contrast to saline-treated hearts. Improved heart contractile function was also notable 30 days following transplantation of pESCs. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that tissues regenerated from pESCs in the infarcted myocardium were positive for markers of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Unlike ESC-treated mice, which exhibited a high incidence of teratoma (6 of 34), the pESC-treated mice showed no teratomas (0 of 30) 30 days following transplantation. CONCLUSION Transplantation of pESCs could attenuate cardiac dysfunction and adverse ventricular remodelling post-MI, suggesting that pESCs may provide promising therapeutic sources for MI in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR 300071, China
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Naturil-Alfonso C, Vicente JS, Peñaranda DS, Marco-Jiménez F. Up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor I and uteroglobin in in vivo-developed parthenogenetic embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:126-30. [PMID: 22594490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parthenote embryos are being considered as an alternative source of embryonic stem cells. However, as there is still a dearth of knowledge of this kind of embryos, a better understanding of their biology is needed for their application. In this work, we studied the differences and similarities between parthenotes and normal embryos at the blastocyst stage in vivo developed. We analysed the expression of factor OCT-4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and uteroglobin (UG) by real-time PCR. To do so, oocytes were recovered and after activation procedure were transferred by ventral middle laparoscopy to receptive does to undergo completely in vivo development. Does were slaughtered 6 days post-ovulation induction, and parthenote and normal embryos were recovered for mRNA expression analysis. Our results reported that parthenotes and normal embryos showed similar mRNA expression for OCT-4 and VEGF. However, IGF-I and UG showed to be over-expressed in parthenote embryos. Thus, our study highlights that despite the in vivo development of parthenotes, they still seem to have an altered expression and, therefore, to be different to normal embryos. The altered expression pattern of parthenote embryos suggests that these embryos should be studied carefully before future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Naturil-Alfonso
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Sukmana I. Bioactive polymer scaffold for fabrication of vascularized engineering tissue. J Artif Organs 2012; 15:215-24. [PMID: 22527978 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-012-0644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering seeks strategies to design polymeric scaffolds that allow high-cell-density cultures with signaling molecules and suitable vascular supply. One major obstacle in tissue engineering is the inability to create thick engineered-tissue constructs. A pre-vascularized tissue scaffold appears to be the most favorable approach to avoid nutrient and oxygen supply limitations as well as to allow waste removal, factors that are often hurdles in developing thick engineered tissues. Vascularization can be achieved using strategies in which cells are cultured in bioactive polymer scaffolds that can mimic extracellular matrix environments. This review addresses recent advances and future challenges in developing and using bioactive polymer scaffolds to promote tissue construct vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irza Sukmana
- Medical Devices and Implant Technology (Mediteg) Research Group, Department of Biomechanics and Biomedical Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Block P23 UTM Skudai, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johore, Malaysia.
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Shan ZY, Wu YS, Shen XH, Li X, Xue Y, Zheng Z, Wang ZD, Liu CJ, Sun RZ, Li ZY, Shen JL, Liu ZH, Lei L. Aggregation of pre-implantation embryos improves establishment of parthenogenetic stem cells and expression of imprinted genes. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:481-8. [PMID: 22435468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (PgES) might advance cell replacement therapies and provide a valuable in vitro model system to study the genomic imprinting. However, the differential potential of PgES cells was limited. It could result from relative low heterology of PgES cells compared with ES cells from fertilization (fES), which produce different expression of most imprinted genes. Here, we described the establishment of PgES cells by aggregating parthenogenetic embryos at the 8-cell stage (aPgES cells), which may increase heterozygy. We found that derivation of aPgES cells in association with an increased number of inner cell mass cells by aggregating was more efficient than that of PgES cells from a single parthenogenetic blastocyst. The aPgES cells have normal karyotype, stain positive for alkaline phosphatase, express high levels of ES cell markers and can differentiate into teratomas composed of the three germ layers. Moreover, compared with PgES cells, the more highly upregulated paternally expressed imprinted genes were observed in aPgES cells, the same change was not shown in aPg blastocysts. This suggested that the aggregation induced effect could modify the expression of paternally expressed imprinted genes. Our studies showed that aPgES cells, the expression of imprinted genes in which more closely resemble fES cells than PgES cells, would contribute to all organs and avoiding immuno-rejection, which may provide invaluable material for regeneration medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan Shan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Hsieh YC, Intawicha P, Lee KH, Chiu YT, Lo NW, Ju JC. LIF and FGF Cooperatively Support Stemness of Rabbit Embryonic Stem Cells Derived from Parthenogenetically Activated Embryos. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:241-55. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Payungsuk Intawicha
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kun-Hsiung Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Tsung Chiu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Republic of China
| | - Neng-Wen Lo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jyh-Cherng Ju
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- J Suaudeau
- Pontifical Academy for Life, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Wound healing is a complex biological process that affects multiple tissue types. Wounds in the oral cavity are particularly challenging given the variety of tissue types that exist in close proximity to one another. The goal of regenerative medicine is to facilitate the rapid replacement of lost or damaged tissue with tissue that is functional, and physiologically similar to what previously existed. This review provides a general overview of wound healing and regenerative medicine, focusing specifically on how recent advances in the fields of stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and oral disease could translate into improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nauta
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Liu Z, Hu Z, Pan X, Li M, Togun TA, Tuck D, Pelizzola M, Huang J, Ye X, Yin Y, Liu M, Li C, Chen Z, Wang F, Zhou L, Chen L, Keefe DL, Liu L. Germline competency of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells from immature oocytes of adult mouse ovary. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1339-52. [PMID: 21239471 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs) have been generated in several mammalian species from parthenogenetic embryos that would otherwise die around mid-gestation. However, previous reports suggest that pESCs derived from in vivo ovulated (IVO) mature oocytes show limited pluripotency, as evidenced by low chimera production, high tissue preference and especially deficiency in germline competence, a critical test for genetic integrity and pluripotency of ESCs. Here, we report efficient generation of germline-competent pESC lines (named as IVM pESCs) from parthenogenetic embryos developed from immature oocytes of adult mouse ovaries following in vitro maturation (IVM) and artificial activation. In contrast, pESCs derived from IVO oocytes show defective germline competence, consistent with previous reports. Further, IVM pESCs resemble more ESCs from fertilized embryos (fESCs) than do IVO pESCs on genome-wide DNA methylation and global protein profiles. In addition, IVM pESCs express higher levels of Blimp1, Lin28 and Stella, relative to fESCs, and in their embryoid bodies following differentiation. This may indicate differences in differentiation potentially to the germline. The mechanisms for acquisition of pluripotency and germline competency of IVM pESCs from immature oocytes remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Huang J, Okuka M, Wang F, Zuo B, Liang P, Kalmbach K, Liu L, Keefe DL. Generation of pluripotent stem cells from eggs of aging mice. Aging Cell 2010; 9:113-25. [PMID: 20003168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocytes can reprogram genomes to form embryonic stem (ES) cells. Although ES cells largely escape senescence, oocytes themselves do senesce in the ovaries of most mammals. It remains to be determined whether ES cells can be established using eggs from old females, which exhibit reproductive senescence. We attempted to produce pluripotent stem cell lines from artificial activation of eggs (also called pES) from reproductive aged mice, to determine whether maternal aging affects pES cell production and pluripotency. We show that pES cell lines were generated with high efficiency from reproductive aged (old) mice, although parthenogenetic embryos from these mice produced fewer ES clones by initial two passages. Further, pES cell lines generated from old mice showed telomere length, expression of pluripotency molecular markers (Oct4, Nanog, SSEA1), alkaline phosphatase activity, teratoma formation and chimera production similar to young mice. Notably, DNA damage was reduced in pES cells from old mice compared to their progenitor parthenogenetic blastocysts, and did not differ from that of pES cells from young mice. Also, global gene expression differed only minimally between pES cells from young and old mice, in contrast to marked differences in gene expression in eggs from young and old mice. These data demonstrate that eggs from old mice can generate pluripotent stem cells, and suggest that the isolation and in vitro culture of ES cells must select cells with high levels of DNA and telomere integrity, and/or with capacity to repair DNA and telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33647, USA
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Swelstad BB, Kerr CL. Current protocols in the generation of pluripotent stem cells: theoretical, methodological and clinical considerations. Stem Cells Cloning 2009; 3:13-27. [PMID: 24198508 PMCID: PMC3781729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been derived from various embryonic, fetal and adult sources. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and parthenogenic ESCs (pESCs) are derived from the embryo proper while embryonic germ cells (EGCs), embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), and germ-line stem cells (GSC) are produced from germ cells. ECCs were the first pluripotent stem cell lines established from adult testicular tumors while EGCs are generated in vitro from primordial germ cells (PGCs) isolated in late embryonic development. More recently, studies have also demonstrated the ability to produce GSCs from adult germ cells, known as spermatogonial stem cells. Unlike ECCs, the source of GSCs are normal, non-cancerous adult tissue. The study of these unique cell lines has provided information that has led to the ability to reprogram somatic cells into an ESC-like state. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been derived from a number of human fetal and adult origins. With the promises pluripotent stem cells bring to cell-based therapies there remain several considerations that need to be carefully studied prior to their clinical use. Many of these issues involve understanding key factors regulating their generation, including those which define pluripotency. In this regard, the following article discusses critical aspects of pluripotent stem cell derivation and current issues about their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad B Swelstad
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA
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