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Sato KI, Tokmakov AA. Membrane Microdomains as Platform to Study Membrane-Associated Events During Oogenesis, Meiotic Maturation, and Fertilization in Xenopus laevis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1920:59-73. [PMID: 30737686 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9009-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the egg plasma membrane-associated tyrosine kinase Src have shed light on the identity of the molecular machinery that is responsible for gamete interaction and possibly fusion in African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Here we describe our protocol for identifying and analyzing molecular and cellular machinery that contributes to a variety of biological processes in the course of oogenesis, oocyte maturation, egg fertilization, and early embryogenesis in Xenopus. Our current special interest is to evaluate the hypothesis that the oocyte/egg membrane microdomain (MD)-associated uroplakin III-Src system is responsible for mediating sperm-egg membrane interaction/fusion signal to the oocyte/egg cytoplasm to initiate embryonic and zygotic development in this species. Therefore, this chapter contains a brief introduction to biology of oocytes and eggs in Xenopus and addresses the following questions: (1) What is oocyte/egg MD? (2) Why do we study oocyte/egg MD? (3) How to manipulate oocyte/egg MD? (4) What has been achieved by oocyte/egg MD studies? (5) What are the next steps in oocyte/egg MD studies?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Sato
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Development, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Alexander A Tokmakov
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Development, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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Reconstitution of Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Xenopus Egg Extracts. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30737685 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9009-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Generation of calcium signal in the cytoplasm of fertilized or parthenogenetically activated eggs has been extensively studied in the intact eggs of several biological species. Calcium transient was found to elicit a plethora of biochemical and cellular events in these cells. Remarkably, intracellular calcium signaling can also be reconstituted in cell-free environment. In this chapter, we describe the methods that allow reconstitution, detection, and quantification of the calcium signal in cell-free extracts of Xenopus oocytes and eggs.
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Zitouni S, Francia ME, Leal F, Montenegro Gouveia S, Nabais C, Duarte P, Gilberto S, Brito D, Moyer T, Kandels-Lewis S, Ohta M, Kitagawa D, Holland AJ, Karsenti E, Lorca T, Lince-Faria M, Bettencourt-Dias M. CDK1 Prevents Unscheduled PLK4-STIL Complex Assembly in Centriole Biogenesis. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1127-37. [PMID: 27112295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are essential for the assembly of both centrosomes and cilia. Centriole biogenesis occurs once and only once per cell cycle and is temporally coordinated with cell-cycle progression, ensuring the formation of the right number of centrioles at the right time. The formation of new daughter centrioles is guided by a pre-existing, mother centriole. The proximity between mother and daughter centrioles was proposed to restrict new centriole formation until they separate beyond a critical distance. Paradoxically, mother and daughter centrioles overcome this distance in early mitosis, at a time when triggers for centriole biogenesis Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) and its substrate STIL are abundant. Here we show that in mitosis, the mitotic kinase CDK1-CyclinB binds STIL and prevents formation of the PLK4-STIL complex and STIL phosphorylation by PLK4, thus inhibiting untimely onset of centriole biogenesis. After CDK1-CyclinB inactivation upon mitotic exit, PLK4 can bind and phosphorylate STIL in G1, allowing pro-centriole assembly in the subsequent S phase. Our work shows that complementary mechanisms, such as mother-daughter centriole proximity and CDK1-CyclinB interaction with centriolar components, ensure that centriole biogenesis occurs once and only once per cell cycle, raising parallels to the cell-cycle regulation of DNA replication and centromere formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Zitouni
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal.
| | - Maria E Francia
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Leal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | | | - Catarina Nabais
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Paulo Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Samuel Gilberto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Daniela Brito
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Tyler Moyer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steffi Kandels-Lewis
- Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Midori Ohta
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eric Karsenti
- Directors' Research, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany; Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, 46 Rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - Thierry Lorca
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS UMR 5237, 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Mariana Lince-Faria
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
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Calcium signaling and meiotic exit at fertilization in Xenopus egg. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18659-76. [PMID: 25322156 PMCID: PMC4227238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is a universal messenger that mediates egg activation at fertilization in all sexually reproducing species studied. However, signaling pathways leading to calcium generation and the mechanisms of calcium-induced exit from meiotic arrest vary substantially among species. Here, we review the pathways of calcium signaling and the mechanisms of meiotic exit at fertilization in the eggs of the established developmental model, African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We also discuss calcium involvement in the early fertilization-induced events in Xenopus egg, such as membrane depolarization, the increase in intracellular pH, cortical granule exocytosis, cortical contraction, contraction wave, cortical rotation, reformation of the nuclear envelope, sperm chromatin decondensation and sister chromatid segregation.
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Bates RC, Fees CP, Holland WL, Winger CC, Batbayar K, Ancar R, Bergren T, Petcoff D, Stith BJ. Activation of Src and release of intracellular calcium by phosphatidic acid during Xenopus laevis fertilization. Dev Biol 2013; 386:165-80. [PMID: 24269904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a new step in the fertilization in Xenopus laevis which has been found to involve activation of Src tyrosine kinase to stimulate phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) which increases inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) to release intracellular calcium ([Ca](i)). Molecular species analysis and mass measurements suggested that sperm activate phospholipase D (PLD) to elevate phosphatidic acid (PA). We now report that PA mass increased 2.7 fold by 1 min after insemination and inhibition of PA production by two methods inhibited activation of Src and PLCγ, increased [Ca](i) and other fertilization events. As compared to 14 other lipids, PA specifically bound Xenopus Src but not PLCγ. Addition of synthetic PA activated egg Src (an action requiring intact lipid rafts) and PLCγ as well as doubling the amount of PLCγ in rafts. In the absence of elevated [Ca](i), PA addition elevated IP3 mass to levels equivalent to that induced by sperm (but twice that achieved by calcium ionophore). Finally, PA induced [Ca](i) release that was blocked by an IP3 receptor inhibitor. As only PLD1b message was detected, and Western blotting did not detect PLD2, we suggest that sperm activate PLD1b to elevate PA which then binds to and activates Src leading to PLCγ stimulation, IP3 elevation and [Ca](i) release. Due to these and other studies, PA may also play a role in membrane fusion events such as sperm-egg fusion, cortical granule exocytosis, the elevation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the large, late increase in sn 1,2-diacylglycerol in fertilization.
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Key Words
- 1,2-dicapryloyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate
- 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-l-serine]
- 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide
- DAG
- ELSD
- Exocytosis
- FIPI
- IP3
- LPA
- LPC
- Membrane fusion
- Membrane rafts
- PA
- PC
- PE
- PI
- PI3
- PI345P3
- PI34P2
- PI35P2
- PI4
- PI45P2
- PI5
- PKC
- PLC
- PLCγ
- PLD
- PS
- Phospholipase Cγ
- Phospholipase D
- RT-PCR
- S1P
- [Ca](i)
- dPA
- dPS
- evaporative light scattering detector
- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
- intracellular calcium
- lysophosphatidic acid
- lysophosphatidylcholine
- phosphatidic acid
- phosphatidylcholine
- phosphatidylethanolamine
- phosphatidylinositol
- phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
- phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate
- phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate
- phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
- phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate
- phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate
- phosphatidylserine
- phospholipase C
- phospholipase C-γ
- phospholipase D
- protein kinase C
- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- sn 1,2-diacylglycerol
- sphingosine-1-phosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Bates
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA
| | - Colby P Fees
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Ancar
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA
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McGinnis LK, Luo J, Kinsey WH. Protein tyrosine kinase signaling in the mouse oocyte cortex during sperm-egg interactions and anaphase resumption. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:260-72. [PMID: 23401167 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization triggers activation of a series of pre-programmed signal transduction pathways in the oocyte that establish a block to polyspermy, induce meiotic resumption, and initiate zygotic development. Fusion between sperm and oocyte results in rapid changes in oocyte intracellular free-calcium levels, which in turn activate multiple protein kinase cascades in the ooplasm. The present study examined the possibility that sperm-oocyte interaction involves localized activation of oocyte protein tyrosine kinases, which could provide an alternative signaling mechanism to that triggered by the fertilizing sperm. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies to phosphotyrosine and phosphorylated protein tyrosine kinases allowed detection of minute signaling events localized to the site of sperm-oocyte interaction that were not amenable to biochemical analysis. The results provide evidence for localized accumulation of phosphotyrosine at the site of sperm contact, binding, or fusion, which suggests active protein tyrosine kinase signaling prior to and during sperm incorporation. The PYK2 kinase was found to be concentrated and activated at the site of sperm-oocyte interaction, and likely participates in this response. Widespread activation of PYK2 and FAK kinases was subsequently observed within the oocyte cortex, indicating that sperm incorporation is followed by more global signaling via these kinases during meiotic resumption. The results demonstrate an alternate signaling pathway triggered in mammalian oocytes by sperm contact, binding, or fusion with the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda K McGinnis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Iguchi S, Iwasaki T, Fukami Y, Tokmakov AA. Unlaid Xenopus eggs degrade by apoptosis in the genital tract. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:11. [PMID: 23452868 PMCID: PMC3599861 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In several species with external fertilization, including frogs, laid unfertilized eggs were found to die by apoptosis outside of the animal body. However, there is no apparent reason for the externally laid eggs to degrade by this process, considering that apoptosis developed as a mechanism to reduce the damaging effect of individual cell death to the whole organism. Results Here, we demonstrate that a number of eggs are retained in the genital tract of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis after gonadotropin-induced ovulation. The majority of these eggs exit meiotic arrest within 24 hours of hormone administration. Subsequently, post-meiotic eggs die in the frog genital tract by a well-defined apoptotic process. The hallmarks of egg degradation include prominent morphological changes, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, increase in ADP/ATP ratio, progressive intracellular acidification, egg swelling and all-out proteolysis of egg proteins. The sustained presence of post-apoptotic eggs in the genital tract of ageing frogs evidenced age-associated worsening of apoptotic clearance. Conclusions The direct observation of egg degradation in the Xenopus genital tract provides a clue to the physiological relevance of frog egg apoptosis. It works to eliminate the mature unlaid eggs retained in the animal body after ovulation. Our findings establish egg apoptosis as a major physiological process accompanying ovulation in frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Iguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Rokko dai 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Kinsey WH. Intersecting roles of protein tyrosine kinase and calcium signaling during fertilization. Cell Calcium 2012. [PMID: 23201334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The oocyte is a highly specialized cell that must respond to fertilization with a preprogrammed series of signal transduction events that establish a block to polyspermy, trigger resumption of the cell cycle and execution of a developmental program. The fertilization-induced calcium transient is a key signal that initiates the process of oocyte activation and studies over the last several years have examined the signaling pathways that act upstream and downstream of this calcium transient. Protein tyrosine kinase signaling was found to be an important component of the upstream pathways that stimulated calcium release at fertilization in oocytes from animals that fertilize externally, but a similar pathway has not been found in mammals which fertilize internally. The following review will examine the diversity of signaling in oocytes from marine invertebrates, amphibians, fish and mammals in an attempt to understand the basis for the observed differences. In addition to the pathways upstream of the fertilization-induced calcium transient, recent studies are beginning to unravel the role of protein tyrosine kinase signaling downstream of the calcium transient. The PYK2 kinase was found to respond to fertilization in the zebrafish system and seems to represent a novel component of the response of the oocyte to fertilization. The potential impact of impaired PTK signaling in oocyte quality will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Kinsey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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Tokmakov AA, Iguchi S, Iwasaki T, Fukami Y. Unfertilized frog eggs die by apoptosis following meiotic exit. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:56. [PMID: 22195698 PMCID: PMC3268744 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A characteristic feature of frog reproduction is external fertilization accomplished outside the female's body. Mature fertilization-competent frog eggs are arrested at the meiotic metaphase II with high activity of the key meiotic regulators, maturation promoting factor (MPF) and cytostatic factor (CSF), awaiting fertilization. If the eggs are not fertilized within several hours of ovulation, they deteriorate and ultimately die by as yet unknown mechanism. Results Here, we report that the vast majority of naturally laid unfertilized eggs of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis spontaneously exit metaphase arrest under various environmental conditions and degrade by a well-defined apoptotic process within 48 hours after ovulation. The main features of this process include cytochrome c release, caspase activation, ATP depletion, increase of ADP/ATP ratio, apoptotic nuclear morphology, progressive intracellular acidification, and egg swelling. Meiotic exit seems to be a prerequisite for execution of the apoptotic program, since (i) it precedes apoptosis, (ii) apoptotic events cannot be observed in the eggs maintaining high activity of MPF and CSF, and (iii) apoptosis in unfertilized frog eggs is accelerated upon early meiotic exit. The apoptotic features cannot be observed in the immature prophase-arrested oocytes, however, the maturation-inducing hormone progesterone renders oocytes susceptible to apoptosis. Conclusions The study reveals that naturally laid intact frog eggs die by apoptosis if they are not fertilized. A maternal apoptotic program is evoked in frog oocytes upon maturation and executed after meiotic exit in unfertilized eggs. The meiotic exit is required for execution of the apoptotic program in eggs. The emerging anti-apoptotic role of meiotic metaphase arrest needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Tokmakov
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, Rokko dai 1-1, Nada, Kobe, Japan.
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Gotoh T, Villa LM, Capelluto DGS, Finkielstein CV. Regulatory pathways coordinating cell cycle progression in early Xenopus development. Results Probl Cell Differ 2011; 53:171-99. [PMID: 21630146 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19065-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is used extensively as a model organism for studying both cell development and cell cycle regulation. For over 20 years now, this model organism has contributed to answering fundamental questions concerning the mechanisms that underlie cell cycle transitions--the cellular components that synthesize, modify, repair, and degrade nucleic acids and proteins, the signaling pathways that allow cells to communicate, and the regulatory pathways that lead to selective expression of subsets of genes. In addition, the remarkable simplicity of the Xenopus early cell cycle allows for tractable manipulation and dissection of the basic components driving each transition. In this organism, early cell divisions are characterized by rapid cycles alternating phases of DNA synthesis and division. The post-blastula stages incorporate gap phases, lengthening progression, and allowing more time for DNA repair. Various cyclin/Cdk complexes are differentially expressed during the early cycles with orderly progression being driven by both the combined action of cyclin synthesis and degradation and the appropriate selection of specific substrates by their Cdk components. Like other multicellular organisms, chief developmental events in early Xenopus embryogenesis coincide with profound remodeling of the cell cycle, suggesting that cell proliferation and differentiation events are linked and coordinated through crosstalk mechanisms acting on signaling pathways involving the expression of cell cycle control genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Gotoh
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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