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Regulatory role of apelin receptor signaling in migration and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived mesoderm cells and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Hum Cell 2023; 36:612-630. [PMID: 36692671 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mesoderm-derived cells, including bone, muscle, and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), constitute various parts of vertebrate body. Cell therapy with mesoderm specification in vitro may be a promising treatment for diseases affecting organs of mesodermal origin. Repair and regeneration of damaged organs with in vitro generation of mesoderm-derived tissues and MSCs hold a great potential for regenerative therapy. Therefore, understanding the signaling pathways involving mesoderm and mesoderm-derived cellular differentiation is important. Previous findings indicated the importance of Apelin receptor (Aplnr) signaling, during embryonic development, in gastrulation, cell migration, and differentiation. Nevertheless, regulatory role of Aplnr pathway in differentiation of mesoderm and mesoderm-derived MSCs remains unclear. In the current study, we tried to elucidate the role of Aplnr signaling during mesoderm cell migration and differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). By activating and suppressing Aplnr signaling pathway via peptide, small molecule, and genetic modifications including siRNA- and shRNA-mediated knockdown and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout (KO), we revealed that Aplnr signaling not only induces migration of cells during germ layer formation but also enhances mesoderm differentiation through FGF/MAPK pathway. Antibody array and LC/MS protein profiling data demonstrated that Apelin-13 treatment enhanced cell cycle, EGFR, FGF, Wnt, and Integrin signaling pathway proteins. Furthermore, Aplelin-13 treatment improved MSC characteristics, with mesenchymal phenotype and high expression of MSC markers, and silencing Aplnr signaling components resulted in significantly reduced expression of MSC markers. Also, Aplnr signaling activity enhanced proliferation and survival of the cells during MSC derivation from mesoderm.
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2
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Serras AS, Rodrigues JS, Cipriano M, Rodrigues AV, Oliveira NG, Miranda JP. A Critical Perspective on 3D Liver Models for Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Studies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626805. [PMID: 33732695 PMCID: PMC7957963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing authorization stages. This is in part caused by animal models that fail to predict various human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), resulting in undetected hepatotoxicity at the non-clinical phase of drug development. In an effort to increase the prediction of human hepatotoxicity, different approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of hepatic in vitro systems are being pursued. Three-dimensional (3D) or microfluidic technologies allow to better recapitulate hepatocyte organization and cell-matrix contacts, to include additional cell types, to incorporate fluid flow and to create gradients of oxygen and nutrients, which have led to improved differentiated cell phenotype and functionality. This comprehensive review addresses the drug-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms and the currently available 3D liver in vitro models, their characteristics, as well as their advantages and limitations for human hepatotoxicity assessment. In addition, since toxic responses are greatly dependent on the culture model, a comparative analysis of the toxicity studies performed using two-dimensional (2D) and 3D in vitro strategies with recognized hepatotoxic compounds, such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and troglitazone is performed, further highlighting the need for harmonization of the respective characterization methods. Finally, taking a step forward, we propose a roadmap for the assessment of drugs hepatotoxicity based on fully characterized fit-for-purpose in vitro models, taking advantage of the best of each model, which will ultimately contribute to more informed decision-making in the drug development and risk assessment fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armanda V. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Li Q, Huang Q. Single-cell qPCR demonstrates that Repsox treatment changes cell fate from endoderm to neuroectoderm and disrupts epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223724. [PMID: 31600351 PMCID: PMC6786562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A definitive endodermal cell lineage is a prerequisite for the efficient generation of mature endoderm derivatives that give rise to organs, such as the pancreas and liver. We previously reported that the induction of mesenchymal definitive endoderm cells depends on autocrine TGF-β signaling and that pharmacological blockage of TGF-β signaling by Repsox disrupts endoderm specification. The definitive endoderm arises from a primitive streak, which depends largely on TGF-β signaling. If the TGF-β pathway is blocked by Repsox, cell fate after the primitive streak induction is so-far unknown. We report here, that an induced primitive streak cell-population contained many T/SOX2 co-expressing cells, and subsequent inhibition of TGF-β signaling by Repsox promoted neuroectodermal cell fate, which was characterized using single-cell qPCR analysis and immunostaining. The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which is inherent to the process of definitive endoderm differentiation, was also disrupted upon Repsox treatment. Our findings may provide a new approach to produce neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Li
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- South China Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qingsong Huang
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Analysis of differentially expressed genes among human hair follicle-derived iPSCs, induced hepatocyte-like cells, and primary hepatocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:211. [PMID: 30092828 PMCID: PMC6085644 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into hepatocytes has important clinical significance in providing a new stem cell source for cell therapy of terminal liver disease. The differential gene expression analysis of hiPSCs, induced hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) provides valuable information for optimization of an induction scheme and exploration of differentiation mechanisms. Methods Human hair follicle-derived iPSCs (hHF-iPSCs) were induced in vitro by mimicking the environment of a developing liver for 19 days. Expression of specific proteins was determined by immunofluorescence staining; the function of HLCs in storage and metabolism was identified by detecting periodic acid–Schiff, indocyanine green, and low-density lipoprotein. Based on the transcriptomics data, the differential gene expression profiles of hHF-iPSCs, HLCs, and PHHs were analyzed by Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, FunRich, and network analysis methods. Results HLCs were able to express albumin (ALB), alpha-fetoprotein, CYP3A4, and CYP7A1, and exhibited matured liver cell functions such as glycogen synthesis and storage. Complement and coagulation cascades and metabolic pathways ranked top in the downregulated list of HLCs/PHHs, while the cell cycle ranked top in the upregulated list of HLCs/PHHs. In the protein–protein interaction network, according to the degree rankings, TOP2A, CDK1, etc. were the important upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), while ALB, ACACB, etc. were the major downregulated DEGs in HLCs/PHHs; the module analysis indicated that CDCA8, AURKB, and AURKA were the top upregulated DEGs in HLCs/PHHs. Conclusions We presented the differences in gene expression among hHF-iPSCs, HLCs, and PHHs through transcriptome array data and provided new ideas for the optimization of induction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0940-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cervantes-Alvarez E, Wang Y, Collin de l'Hortet A, Guzman-Lepe J, Zhu J, Takeishi K. Current strategies to generate mature human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cholangiocytes and future applications. Organogenesis 2017; 13:1-15. [PMID: 28055309 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1278133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research has significantly evolved over the last few years, allowing the differentiation of pluripotent cells into almost any kind of lineage possible. Studies that focus on the liver have considerably taken a leap into this novel technology, and hepatocyte-like cells are being generated that are close to resembling actual hepatocytes both genotypically and phenotypically. The potential of this extends from disease models to bioengineering, and even also innovative therapies for end-stage liver disease. Nonetheless, too few attention has been given to the non-parenchymal cells which are also fundamental for normal liver function. This includes cholangiocytes, the cells of the biliary epithelium, without whose role in bile modification and metabolism would impair hepatocyte survival. Such can be observed in diseases that target them, so called cholangiopathies, for which there is much yet to study so as to improve therapeutical options. Protocols that describe the induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cholangiocytes are scarce, although progress is being achieved in this area as well. In order to give the current view on this emerging research field, and in hopes to motivate further advances, we present here a review on the known differentiation strategies with sight into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cervantes-Alvarez
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Yang Wang
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | | | - Jorge Guzman-Lepe
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jiye Zhu
- c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Kazuki Takeishi
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Akrap N, Andersson D, Bom E, Gregersson P, Ståhlberg A, Landberg G. Identification of Distinct Breast Cancer Stem Cell Populations Based on Single-Cell Analyses of Functionally Enriched Stem and Progenitor Pools. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:121-36. [PMID: 26771357 PMCID: PMC4719187 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of breast cancer cell subpopulations featuring truly malignant stem cell qualities is a challenge due to the complexity of the disease and lack of general markers. By combining extensive single-cell gene expression profiling with three functional strategies for cancer stem cell enrichment including anchorage-independent culture, hypoxia, and analyses of low-proliferative, label-retaining cells derived from mammospheres, we identified distinct stem cell clusters in breast cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER)α+ tumors featured a clear hierarchical organization with switch-like and gradual transitions between different clusters, illustrating how breast cancer cells transfer between discrete differentiation states in a sequential manner. ERα− breast cancer showed less prominent clustering but shared a quiescent cancer stem cell pool with ERα+ cancer. The cellular organization model was supported by single-cell data from primary tumors. The findings allow us to understand the organization of breast cancers at the single-cell level, thereby permitting better identification and targeting of cancer stem cells. ERα+ and ERα− breast cancer stem cells share a quiescent cancer stem cell pool Single-cell analysis identified distinct cancer stem cell populations in breast cancer Identified ERα+ breast cancer cell populations were hierarchically organized Switch-like and gradual transitions exist between ERα+ stem and progenitor pools
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Akrap
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Andersson
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Bom
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Gregersson
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Landberg
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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Akiyama T, Wakabayashi S, Soma A, Sato S, Nakatake Y, Oda M, Murakami M, Sakota M, Chikazawa-Nohtomi N, Ko SBH, Ko MSH. Transient ectopic expression of the histone demethylase JMJD3 accelerates the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2016; 143:3674-3685. [PMID: 27802135 PMCID: PMC5087640 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing epigenetic regulation is crucial for the efficient and proper differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into desired cell types. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) functions as a barrier against cell differentiation through the suppression of developmental gene expression in PSCs. Here, we have generated human PSC (hPSC) lines in which genome-wide reduction of H3K27me3 can be induced by ectopic expression of the catalytic domain of the histone demethylase JMJD3 (called JMJD3c). We found that transient, forced demethylation of H3K27me3 alone triggers the upregulation of mesoendodermal genes, even when the culture conditions for the hPSCs are not changed. Furthermore, transient and forced expression of JMJD3c followed by the forced expression of lineage-defining transcription factors enabled the hPSCs to activate tissue-specific genes directly. We have also shown that the introduction of JMJD3c facilitates the differentiation of hPSCs into functional hepatic cells and skeletal muscle cells. These results suggest the utility of the direct manipulation of epigenomes for generating desired cell types from hPSCs for cell transplantation therapy and platforms for drug screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Akiyama
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Shunichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Atsumi Soma
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Saeko Sato
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Yuhki Nakatake
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakami
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Miki Sakota
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | | | - Shigeru B H Ko
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
| | - Minoru S H Ko
- Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160, Japan
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8
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Hepatocyte-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Int 2016; 11:54-69. [PMID: 27530815 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-016-9757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that coordinated expression of a limited number of genes can reprogram differentiated somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has opened novel possibilities for developing cell-based models of diseases and regenerative medicine utilizing cell reprogramming or cell transplantation. Directed differentiation of iPSCs can potentially generate differentiated cells belonging to any germ layer, including cells with hepatocyte-like morphology and function. Such cells, termed iHeps, can be derived by sequential cell signaling using available information on embryological development or by forced expression of hepatocyte-enriched transcription factors. In addition to the translational aspects of iHeps, the experimental findings have provided insights into the mechanisms of cell plasticity that permit one cell type to transition to another. However, iHeps generated by current methods do not fully exhibit all characteristics of mature hepatocytes, highlighting the need for additional research in this area. Here we summarize the current approaches and achievements in this field and discuss some existing hurdles and emerging approaches for improving iPSC differentiation, as well as maintaining such cells in culture for increasing their utility in disease modeling and drug development.
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9
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Fujioka Y, Stahlberg A, Ochi M, Olmarker K. Expression of inflammation/pain-related genes in the dorsal root ganglion following disc puncture in rats. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2016; 24:106-12. [PMID: 27122524 DOI: 10.1177/230949901602400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the expression of inflammation- and pain-related genes at days 1 and 3 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rats with or without disc puncture, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) with the TaqMan low-density array (TLDA). METHODS 53 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The left facet joint between L4 and L5 was removed, and the DRG and intervertebral disc between the vertebrae were exposed. The L4-5 intervertebral disc was punctured using a 0.4-mm diameter injection needle (disc puncture group) or left unpunctured (sham group). After one or 3 days, the 53 DRGs were harvested, frozen, and assessed for expression of inflammation-related genes. Total RNA was isolated from the DRGs. Expression of 119 genes related to inflammation and pain in the DRG after disc puncture were analysed using RT-qPCR with the TLDA. RESULTS Of the 95 inflammation-related genes, 78 genes were reliably detected. Two genes were significantly up-regulated: cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) at day 3 and interleukin 2 receptor gamma (IL2RG) at day 1, and one gene was significantly down-regulated: phospholipase C beta 3 (PLCB3) at day 1. Of the 24 pain-related genes, 18 genes were reliably detected. Two genes were significantly up-regulated: nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) at days 1 and 3 and 5-HT2A receptor (HTR2A) at day 1. CONCLUSION Disc puncture may elicit changes in the expression of a variety of genes. Gene expression profiling is a useful tool for detecting new potential pharmaceutical targets for spinal pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fujioka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan & Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Stahlberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden & TATAA Biocenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Ochi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - K Olmarker
- Musculoskeletal Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Geng Y, Feng B. Mesendogen, a novel inhibitor of TRPM6, promotes mesoderm and definitive endoderm differentiation of human embryonic stem cells through alteration of magnesium homeostasis. Heliyon 2015; 1:e00046. [PMID: 26705539 PMCID: PMC4685751 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015.e00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The homo- and hetero-tetrameric channel complexes formed by transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 6 (TRPM6) and 7 (TRPM7) (collectively referred to as TRPM6/TRPM7 channels in this study) are the major regulators of cellular magnesium uptake, yet the exact roles of TRPM6/TRPM7 channels and cellular magnesium homeostasis during development are poorly understood. Here, we report a novel small molecule Mesendogen (MEG) which robustly induces nearly homogeneous (≥85%) mesoderm and definitive endoderm (DE) differentiations of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in combination with growth factors. A kinome screen followed by loss-of-function experiments identified TRPM6 as the biological target of MEG. We demonstrated that MEG functions by inhibiting TRPM6/TRPM7 magnesium channel activity, as MEG reduced intracellular magnesium level, while TRPM6/TRPM7 channel modulation and magnesium-withdrawal phenocopied MEG at enhancing mesoderm and DE differentiations. This study discovers a robust chemical enhancer of hESC directed differentiation, and uncovers a novel regulatory role of cellular magnesium homeostasis during early embryonic cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Geng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bradley Feng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Andersson D, Akrap N, Svec D, Godfrey TE, Kubista M, Landberg G, Ståhlberg A. Properties of targeted preamplification in DNA and cDNA quantification. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1085-100. [PMID: 26132215 PMCID: PMC4673511 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1057124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Quantification of small molecule numbers often requires preamplification to generate enough copies for accurate downstream enumerations. Here, we studied experimental parameters in targeted preamplification and their effects on downstream quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Methods: To evaluate different strategies, we monitored the preamplification reaction in real-time using SYBR Green detection chemistry followed by melting curve analysis. Furthermore, individual targets were evaluated by qPCR. Result: The preamplification reaction performed best when a large number of primer pairs was included in the primer pool. In addition, preamplification efficiency, reproducibility and specificity were found to depend on the number of template molecules present, primer concentration, annealing time and annealing temperature. The amount of nonspecific PCR products could also be reduced about 1000-fold using bovine serum albumin, glycerol and formamide in the preamplification. Conclusion: On the basis of our findings, we provide recommendations how to perform robust and highly accurate targeted preamplification in combination with qPCR or next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andersson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Holmgren G, Ghosheh N, Zeng X, Bogestål Y, Sartipy P, Synnergren J. Identification of stable reference genes in differentiating human pluripotent stem cells. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:232-9. [PMID: 25852171 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00130.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reference genes, often referred to as housekeeping genes (HKGs), are frequently used to normalize gene expression data based on the assumption that they are expressed at a constant level in the cells. However, several studies have shown that there may be a large variability in the gene expression levels of HKGs in various cell types. In a previous study, employing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) subjected to spontaneous differentiation, we observed that the expression of commonly used HKG varied to a degree that rendered them inappropriate to use as reference genes under those experimental settings. Here we present a substantially extended study of the HKG signature in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC), including nine global gene expression datasets from both hESC and human induced pluripotent stem cells, obtained during directed differentiation toward endoderm-, mesoderm-, and ectoderm derivatives. Sets of stably expressed genes were compiled, and a handful of genes (e.g., EID2, ZNF324B, CAPN10, and RABEP2) were identified as generally applicable reference genes in hPSCs across all cell lines and experimental conditions. The stability in gene expression profiles was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis. Taken together, the current results suggest that differentiating hPSCs have a distinct HKG signature, which in some aspects is different from somatic cell types, and underscore the necessity to validate the stability of reference genes under the actual experimental setup used. In addition, the novel putative HKGs identified in this study can preferentially be used for normalization of gene expression data obtained from differentiating hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Holmgren
- Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry/Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nidal Ghosheh
- Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden; Department of Clinical Chemistry/Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Buck Institute, Novato, California; and
| | - Yalda Bogestål
- Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Peter Sartipy
- Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden; AstraZeneca Research and Development, Global Medicines Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Global Medicines Development Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden;
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Kauffman AL, Ekert JE, Gyurdieva AV, Rycyzyn MA, Hornby PJ. Directed differentiation protocols for successful human intestinal organoids derived from multiple induced pluripotent stem cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7243/2054-717x-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Kumar SS, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Singh AJAR, Peng IC, Priya SP, Hamat RA, Higuchi A. Recent developments in β-cell differentiation of pluripotent stem cells induced by small and large molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23418-47. [PMID: 25526563 PMCID: PMC4284775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), hold promise as novel therapeutic tools for diabetes treatment because of their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into beta (β)-cells. Small and large molecules play important roles in each stage of β-cell differentiation from both hESCs and hiPSCs. The small and large molecules that are described in this review have significantly advanced efforts to cure diabetic disease. Lately, effective protocols have been implemented to induce hESCs and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to differentiate into functional β-cells. Several small molecules, proteins, and growth factors promote pancreatic differentiation from hESCs and hMSCs. These small molecules (e.g., cyclopamine, wortmannin, retinoic acid, and sodium butyrate) and large molecules (e.g. activin A, betacellulin, bone morphogentic protein (BMP4), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), noggin, transforming growth factor (TGF-α), and WNT3A) are thought to contribute from the initial stages of definitive endoderm formation to the final stages of maturation of functional endocrine cells. We discuss the importance of such small and large molecules in uniquely optimized protocols of β-cell differentiation from stem cells. A global understanding of various small and large molecules and their functions will help to establish an efficient protocol for β-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universities Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdullah A Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Murugan A Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A J A Ranjith Singh
- Department of Bioscience, Jacintha Peter College of Arts and Sciences, Ayakudi, Tenkasi, Tamilnadu 627852, India.
| | - I-Chia Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda RD., Jhongli, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Sivan Padma Priya
- Department of Basic Science and Department of Surgical Sciences, Ajman University of Science and Technology-Fujairah Campus, P.O. Box 9520, Al Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rukman Awang Hamat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universities Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Sauer V, Roy-Chowdhury N, Guha C, Roy-Chowdhury J. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a source of hepatocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:11-20. [PMID: 25650171 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, a series of discoveries has established the potential of the so called terminally differentiated cells to transition to more primitive progenitor cells. The dramatic demonstration of the ability to reprogram differentiated somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) that can then give rise to cells of all three germ layers has opened the possibility of generating virtually any cell type in culture, from any given individual. Taking advantage of these concepts, researchers have generated iPSCs by reprogramming a wide variety of somatic cells. In addition to their practical implications, these studies have provided crucial insights into the mechanism of cell plasticity that underlies the transition from one cell type to another. Using concepts derived from research on embryological development, investigators have differentiated iPSCs to cells resembling hepatocytes in many ways. Such hepatocyte-like cells could be of enormous value in disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. However, the currently available methods do not yield cells that fully reproduce the characteristics of adult primary hepatocytes. Thus generating hepatocytes from iPSCs is very much a work in progress. In addition to chronicling these exciting developments, this review will discuss the emergent new approaches to generating iPSCs, improving their differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells and maintaining the hepatocyte-like cells in culture for longer survival and better function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sauer
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Namita Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Chandan Guha
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
| | - Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York ; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York
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Ståhlberg A, Rusnakova V, Kubista M. The added value of single-cell gene expression profiling. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 12:81-9. [PMID: 23393397 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are the basic unit of life and they have remarkable abilities to respond individually as well as in concert to internal and external stimuli in a specific manner. Studying complex tissues and whole organs requires understanding of cell heterogeneity and responses to stimuli at the single-cell level. In this review, we discuss the potential of single-cell gene expression profiling, focusing on data analysis and biological interpretation. We exemplify several aspects of the added value of single-cell analysis by comparing the same experimental data at both single-cell and cell population level. Data normalization and handling of missing data are two important steps in data analysis that are performed differently at single-cell level compared with cell population level. Furthermore, we discuss how single-cell gene expression data can be viewed and how subpopulations of cells can be identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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RT-qPCR work-flow for single-cell data analysis. Methods 2012; 59:80-8. [PMID: 23021995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual cells represent the basic unit in tissues and organisms and are in many aspects unique in their properties. The introduction of new and sensitive techniques to study single-cells opens up new avenues to understand fundamental biological processes. Well established statistical tools and recommendations exist for gene expression data based on traditional cell population measurements. However, these workflows are not suitable, and some steps are even inappropriate, to apply on single-cell data. Here, we present a simple and practical workflow for preprocessing of single-cell data generated by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. The approach is demonstrated on a data set based on profiling of 41 genes in 303 single-cells. For some pre-processing steps we present options and also recommendations. In particular, we demonstrate and discuss different strategies for handling missing data and scaling data for downstream multivariate analysis. The aim of this workflow is provide guide to the rapidly growing community studying single-cells by means of reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR profiling.
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