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Bastin A, Eleftherianos I. Functional role of the TGF-β signaling in the Drosophila immune response. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100071. [PMID: 37810404 PMCID: PMC10556577 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling pathways are present in diverse animal species, which indicates their evolutionary importance in modulating several conserved biological processes and maintaining host homeostasis by adjusting the activity of innate immune mechanisms. Drosophila melanogaster utilizes two related but separable cascades of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway: The Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin branches. Recent studies have produced significant information on the immune role of TGF-β signaling in the fruit fly model during response against certain bacterial pathogens. Results from further investigations have generated novel insights into the role of Drosophila TGF-β signaling molecules as immune regulators opposing infection against nematode parasites and their mutualistic bacterial partners. This knowledge has revealed a previously unknown layer of the host innate immune system. Here we summarize these recent breakthroughs focusing on the participation of TGF-β signaling factors in various Drosophila immune processes in relation to infection with potent bacteria and nematode parasites. The presented information provides important clues indicating directions for future research into the design of novel strategies for the effective control of infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens and parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bastin
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
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2
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Li J, Lyu B, Song Q. TGF-β Type II Receptor Punt Suppresses Antimicrobial Peptide Expression and Influences Development in Tribolium castaneum. INSECTS 2023; 14:515. [PMID: 37367331 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily in insects regulated various physiological events, including immune response, growth and development, and metamorphosis. This complex network of signaling pathways involves conserved cell-surface receptors and signaling co-receptors that allow for precisely coordinated cellular events. However, the roles of TGF-β receptors, particularly the type II receptor Punt, in mediating the innate immunity in insects remains unclear. In this study, we used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model species to investigate the role of TGF-β type II receptor Punt in mediating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. Developmental and tissue-specific transcript profiles revealed Punt was constitutively expressed throughout development, with the highest transcript level in 1-day female pupae and the lowest transcript level in 18-day larvae. Tissue specific expression profiles showed the highest transcript level of Punt was observed in the Malpighian tubule and ovary in 18-day larvae and 1-day female adults, respectively, suggesting Punt might have distinct functions in larvae and adults. Further results indicated that Punt RNAi in the 18-day larvae led to increased transcript level of AMP genes through transcription factor Relish, leading to inhibition of Escherichia coli proliferation. Knockdown of Punt in larvae also led to splitting of adult elytra and abnormal compound eyes. Furthermore, knockdown of Punt during the female pupal stage resulted in increased transcript levels of AMP genes, as well as abnormal ovary, reduced fecundity, and failure of eggs to hatch. This study deepens our understanding of the biological significance of Punt in insect TGF-β signaling and lays the groundwork for further research of its role in insect immune response, development, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bo Lyu
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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3
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Chen F, Zhang XQ, Wu JJ, Jin L, Li GQ. Requirement of Myoglianin for metamorphosis in the beetle Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:671-685. [PMID: 35661293 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is a serious defoliating beetle attacking Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae plants in many Asian countries. In the present paper, we identified a putative myoglianin (myo) gene. Hvmyo was actively transcribed throughout development, from embryo to adult. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of Hvmyo delayed larval development by more than 2 days, reduced larval body size, inhibited the growth of antennae, wings and legs and disturbed gut purge. Knockdown of Hvmyo impaired the larval-pupal transition. All the Hvmyo RNAi larvae arrested at the larval stage or formed misshapen pupae or adults. The deformed pupae and adults were partially wrapped with exuviae, bearing separated wings. Moreover, the expression levels of five ecdysteroidogenesis genes (Hvspo, Hvphm, Hvdib, Hvsad and Hvshd), a prothocicotropic hormone (PTTH)/Torso pathway gene (Hvtorso), two 20E receptor genes (HvEcR and HvUSP), and two 20E signalling genes (HvE93 and HvFTZ-F1) were as a result of HvMyo RNAi significantly lowered. Conversely, the expression of a JH biosynthesis gene (Hvjhamt), a JH receptor gene HvMet and a JH signalling gene HvKr-h1 was greatly enhanced. Although ingestion of 20E and Hal rescued the 20E signal, it could not alleviate larval performance and defective phenotypes. Our results suggest that Myo exerts four distinctive roles in ecdysteroidogenesis, JH production, organ growth and larva-pupa-adult transformation in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jian Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Bylino OV, Ibragimov AN, Digilio FA, Giordano E, Shidlovskii YV. Application of the 3C Method to Study the Developmental Genes in Drosophila Larvae. Front Genet 2022; 13:734208. [PMID: 35910225 PMCID: PMC9335292 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.734208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A transition from one developmental stage to another is accompanied by activation of developmental programs and corresponding gene ensembles. Changes in the spatial conformation of the corresponding loci are associated with this activation and can be investigated with the help of the Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) methodology. Application of 3C to specific developmental stages is a sophisticated task. Here, we describe the use of the 3C method to study the spatial organization of developmental loci in Drosophila larvae. We critically analyzed the existing protocols and offered our own solutions and the optimized protocol to overcome limitations. To demonstrate the efficiency of our procedure, we studied the spatial organization of the developmental locus Dad in 3rd instar Drosophila larvae. Differences in locus conformation were found between embryonic cells and living wild-type larvae. We also observed the establishment of novel regulatory interactions in the presence of an adjacent transgene upon activation of its expression in larvae. Our work fills the gap in the application of the 3C method to Drosophila larvae and provides a useful guide for establishing 3C on an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Bylino
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Airat N. Ibragimov
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ennio Giordano
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Yulii V. Shidlovskii,
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5
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Du JL, Chen F, Wu JJ, Jin L, Li GQ. Smad on X is vital for larval-pupal transition in a herbivorous ladybird beetle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 139:104387. [PMID: 35367434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect development is regulated by a combination of juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Production of both JH and 20E is regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling. TGFβ can be classified into two branches, the Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways. In Drosophila melanogaster, BMP signaling is critical for JH synthesis, whereas Activin signal is required to generate the large pulse of 20E necessary for entering metamorphosis. However, to which extent the roles of these signals are conserved remains unknown. Here we studied the role of an Activin component Smad on X (Smox) in post-embryonic development in a defoliating ladybird Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of Hvsmox inhibited larval growth, and impaired larval development. All Hvmyo RNAi larvae arrested at the fourth-instar larval stage. Moreover, knockdown of Hvsmox delayed gut and Malpighian tubules remodeling. Furthermore, the expression of a JH biosynthesis gene (Hvjhamt), a JH receptor gene HvMet and a JH response gene HvKr-h1 was greatly enhanced. Conversely, the expression levels of an ecdysteroidogenesis gene (Hvspo), a 20E receptor gene (HvEcR) and six 20E response genes (HvBrC, HvE74, HvE75, HvE93, HvHR3 and HvHR4) were significantly lowered. Knockdown of HvMet partially restored the negative phenotypes in the Hvsmox RNAi beetles. Our results suggest that Smox exerts regulative roles in JH production, ecdysteroidogenesis and organ remodeling, thus contributing to modulate the larva-pupa-adult transformation in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Du
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui 233100, China; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jian-Jian Wu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/ State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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6
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Peterson AJ, Murphy SJ, Mundt MG, Shimell M, Leof EB, O’Connor MB. A juxtamembrane basolateral targeting motif regulates signaling through a TGF-β pathway receptor in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001660. [PMID: 35594316 PMCID: PMC9162340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In polarized epithelial cells, receptor-ligand interactions can be restricted by different spatial distributions of the 2 interacting components, giving rise to an underappreciated layer of regulatory complexity. We explored whether such regulation occurs in the Drosophila wing disc, an epithelial tissue featuring the TGF-β family member Decapentaplegic (Dpp) as a morphogen controlling growth and patterning. Dpp protein has been observed in an extracellular gradient within the columnar cell layer of the disc, but also uniformly in the disc lumen, leading to the question of how graded signaling is achieved in the face of 2 distinctly localized ligand pools. We find the Dpp Type II receptor Punt, but not the Type I receptor Tkv, is enriched at the basolateral membrane and depleted at the junctions and apical surface. Wit, a second Type II receptor, shows a markedly different behavior, with the protein detected on all membrane regions but enriched at the apical side. Mutational studies identified a short juxtamembrane sequence required for basolateral restriction of Punt in both wing discs and mammalian Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. This basolateral targeting (BLT) determinant can dominantly confer basolateral localization on an otherwise apical receptor. Rescue of punt mutants with transgenes altered in the targeting motif showed that flies expressing apicalized Punt due to the lack of a functional BLT displayed developmental defects, female sterility, and significant lethality. We also show that apicalized Punt does not produce an ectopic signal, indicating that the apical pool of Dpp is not a significant signaling source even when presented with Punt. Instead, we find that basolateral presentation of Punt is required for optimal signaling. Finally, we present evidence that the BLT acts through polarized sorting machinery that differs between types of epithelia. This suggests a code whereby each epithelial cell type may differentially traffic common receptors to enable distinctive responses to spatially localized pools of extracellular ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J. Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Murphy
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Melinda G. Mundt
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - MaryJane Shimell
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Leof
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael B. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development and the Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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7
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Zhou J, Dabiri Y, Gama-Brambila RA, Ghafoory S, Altinbay M, Mehrabi A, Golriz M, Blagojevic B, Reuter S, Han K, Seidel A, Đikić I, Wölfl S, Cheng X. pVHL-mediated SMAD3 degradation suppresses TGF-β signaling. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212891. [PMID: 34860252 PMCID: PMC8650352 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling plays a fundamental role in metazoan development and tissue homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms concerning the ubiquitin-related dynamic regulation of TGF-β signaling are not thoroughly understood. Using a combination of proteomics and an siRNA screen, we identify pVHL as an E3 ligase for SMAD3 ubiquitination. We show that pVHL directly interacts with conserved lysine and proline residues in the MH2 domain of SMAD3, triggering degradation. As a result, the level of pVHL expression negatively correlates with the expression and activity of SMAD3 in cells, Drosophila wing, and patient tissues. In Drosophila, loss of pVHL leads to the up-regulation of TGF-β targets visible in a downward wing blade phenotype, which is rescued by inhibition of SMAD activity. Drosophila pVHL expression exhibited ectopic veinlets and reduced wing growth in a similar manner as upon loss of TGF-β/SMAD signaling. Thus, our study demonstrates a conserved role of pVHL in the regulation of TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling in human cells and Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Cancer Research Center and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yasamin Dabiri
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A Gama-Brambila
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shahrouz Ghafoory
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mukaddes Altinbay
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Golriz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Biljana Blagojevic
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reuter
- Universitätsklinikum Jena, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Jena, Germany
| | - Kang Han
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Seidel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Đikić
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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8
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Wan B, Belghazi M, Lemauf S, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Proteomics of purified lamellocytes from Drosophila melanogaster HopT um-l identifies new membrane proteins and networks involved in their functions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 134:103584. [PMID: 34033897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In healthy Drosophila melanogaster larvae, plasmatocytes and crystal cells account for 95% and 5% of the hemocytes, respectively. A third type of hemocytes, lamellocytes, are rare, but their number increases after oviposition by parasitoid wasps. The lamellocytes form successive layers around the parasitoid egg, leading to its encapsulation and melanization, and finally the death of this intruder. However, the total number of lamellocytes per larva remains quite low even after parasitoid infestation, making direct biochemical studies difficult. Here, we used the HopTum-l mutant strain that constitutively produces large numbers of lamellocytes to set up a purification method and analyzed their major proteins by 2D gel electrophoresis and their plasma membrane surface proteins by 1D SDS-PAGE after affinity purification. Mass spectrometry identified 430 proteins from 2D spots and 344 affinity-purified proteins from 1D bands, for a total of 639 unique proteins. Known lamellocyte markers such as PPO3 and the myospheroid integrin were among the components identified with specific chaperone proteins. Affinity purification detected other integrins, as well as a wide range of integrin-associated proteins involved in the formation and function of cell-cell junctions. Overall, the newly identified proteins indicate that these cells are highly adapted to the encapsulation process (recognition, motility, adhesion, signaling), but may also have several other physiological functions (such as secretion and internalization of vesicles) under different signaling pathways. These results provide the basis for further in vivo and in vitro studies of lamellocytes, including the development of new markers to identify coexisting populations and their respective origins and functions in Drosophila immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maya Belghazi
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology (INP), UMR7051, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Séverine Lemauf
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Feleke M, Bennett S, Chen J, Chandler D, Hu X, Xu J. Biological insights into the rapid tissue regeneration of freshwater crayfish and crustaceans. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:740-753. [PMID: 34165197 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater crayfish is capable of regenerating limbs, following autotomy, injury and predation. In arthropod species, regeneration and moulting are two processes linked and strongly regulated by ecdysone. The regeneration of crayfish limbs is divided into wound healing, blastema formation, cellular reprogramming and tissue patterning. Limb blastema cells undergo proliferation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. A limb bud, containing folded segments of the regenerating limb, is encased within a cuticular sheath. The functional limb regenerates, in proecdysis, in two to three consecutive moults. Rapid tissue growth is regulated by hormones, limb nerves and local cells. The TGF-β/activin signalling pathway has been determined in the crayfish, P. fallax f. virginalis, and is suggested as a potential regulator of tissue regeneration. In this review article, we discuss current understanding of tissue regeneration in the crayfish and various crustaceans. A thorough understanding of the cellular, genetic and molecular pathways of these biological processes is promising for the development of therapeutic applications for a wide array of diseases in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesalie Feleke
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jiazhi Chen
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Chandler
- Australian Genome Research Facility, Medical Research Foundation, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Division of Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Cloutier JK, McMann CL, Oderberg IM, Reddien PW. activin-2 is required for regeneration of polarity on the planarian anterior-posterior axis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009466. [PMID: 33780442 PMCID: PMC8057570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Planarians are flatworms and can perform whole-body regeneration. This ability involves a mechanism to distinguish between anterior-facing wounds that require head regeneration and posterior-facing wounds that require tail regeneration. How this head-tail regeneration polarity decision is made is studied to identify principles underlying tissue-identity specification in regeneration. We report that inhibition of activin-2, which encodes an Activin-like signaling ligand, resulted in the regeneration of ectopic posterior-facing heads following amputation. During tissue turnover in uninjured planarians, positional information is constitutively expressed in muscle to maintain proper patterning. Positional information includes Wnts expressed in the posterior and Wnt antagonists expressed in the anterior. Upon amputation, several wound-induced genes promote re-establishment of positional information. The head-versus-tail regeneration decision involves preferential wound induction of the Wnt antagonist notum at anterior-facing over posterior-facing wounds. Asymmetric activation of notum represents the earliest known molecular distinction between head and tail regeneration, yet how it occurs is unknown. activin-2 RNAi animals displayed symmetric wound-induced activation of notum at anterior- and posterior-facing wounds, providing a molecular explanation for their ectopic posterior-head phenotype. activin-2 RNAi animals also displayed anterior-posterior (AP) axis splitting, with two heads appearing in anterior blastemas, and various combinations of heads and tails appearing in posterior blastemas. This was associated with ectopic nucleation of anterior poles, which are head-tip muscle cells that facilitate AP and medial-lateral (ML) pattern at posterior-facing wounds. These findings reveal a role for Activin signaling in determining the outcome of AP-axis-patterning events that are specific to regeneration. A central problem in animal regeneration is how animals determine what body part to regenerate. Planarians are flatworms that can regenerate any missing body region, and are studied to identify mechanisms underlying regeneration. At transverse amputation planes, a poorly understood mechanism specifies regeneration of either a head or a tail. This head-versus-tail regeneration decision-making process is referred to as regeneration polarity and has been studied for over a century to identify mechanisms that specify what to regenerate. The gene notum, which encodes a Wnt antagonist, is induced within hours after injury preferentially at anterior-facing wounds, where it specifies head regeneration. We report that Activin signaling is required for regeneration polarity, and the underlying asymmetric activation of notum at anterior- over posterior-facing wounds. We propose that Activin signaling is involved in regeneration-specific responses broadly in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Cloutier
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States of America
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Conor L. McMann
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States of America
| | - Isaac M. Oderberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Reddien
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Wang Z, Lee G, Vuong R, Park JH. Two-factor specification of apoptosis: TGF-β signaling acts cooperatively with ecdysone signaling to induce cell- and stage-specific apoptosis of larval neurons during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Apoptosis 2020; 24:972-989. [PMID: 31641960 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Developmentally regulated programmed cell death (PCD) is one of the key cellular events for precise controlling of neuronal population during postembryonic development of the central nervous system. Previously we have shown that a group of corazonin-producing peptidergic neurons (vCrz) undergo apoptosis in response to ecdysone signaling via ecdysone receptor (EcR)-B isoforms and Ultraspiracle during early phase of metamorphosis. Further utilizing genetic, transgenic, and mosaic analyses, we have found that TGF-β signaling mediated by a glia-produced ligand, Myoglianin, type-I receptor Baboon (particularly Babo-A isoform) and dSmad2, is also required autonomously for PCD of the vCrz neurons. Our studies show that TGF-β signaling is not acting epistatically to EcR or vice versa. We also show that ectopic expression of a constitutively active phosphomimetic form of dSmad2 (dSmad2PM) is capable of inducing premature death of vCrz neurons in larva but not other larval neurons. Intriguingly, the dSmad2PM-mediated killing is completely suppressed by coexpression of a dominant-negative form of EcR (EcRDN), suggesting that EcR function is required for the proapoptotic dSmad2PM function. Based on these data, we suggest that TGF-β and ecdysone signaling pathways act cooperatively to induce vCrz neuronal PCD. We propose that this type of two-factor authentication is a key developmental strategy to ensure the timely PCD of specific larval neurons during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Wang
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Gyunghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology and NeuroNet Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Richard Vuong
- Undergraduate program in Neuroscience, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jae H Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology and NeuroNet Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology Program, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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12
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Upadhyay A, Peterson AJ, Kim MJ, O'Connor MB. Muscle-derived Myoglianin regulates Drosophila imaginal disc growth. eLife 2020; 9:e51710. [PMID: 32633716 PMCID: PMC7371420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ growth and size are finely tuned by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling molecules. In Drosophila, the BMP family member Dpp is produced in a limited set of imaginal disc cells and functions as a classic morphogen to regulate pattern and growth by diffusing throughout imaginal discs. However, the role of TGFβ/Activin-like ligands in disc growth control remains ill-defined. Here, we demonstrate that Myoglianin (Myo), an Activin family member, and a close homolog of mammalian Myostatin (Mstn), is a muscle-derived extrinsic factor that uses canonical dSmad2-mediated signaling to regulate wing size. We propose that Myo is a myokine that helps mediate an allometric relationship between muscles and their associated appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambuj Upadhyay
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Aidan J Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
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13
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Farmer SM, Andl CD. Computational modeling of transforming growth factor β and activin a receptor complex formation in the context of promiscuous signaling regulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5166-5181. [PMID: 32597324 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1785330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily is a group of multipotent growth factors that control proliferation, quiescence and differentiation. Aberrant signal transduction and downstream target activation contribute to tumorigenesis and targeted therapy has therefore been considered a promising avenue. Using various modeling pipelines, we analyzed the structure-function relationship between ligand and receptor molecules of the TGFβ family. We further simulated the molecular docking of Galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor targeting TGFβ signaling in cancer, which is currently undergoing FDA-approved clinical trials. We found that proprotein dimers of Activin isoforms differ at intrachain disulfide bonds, which support prior evidence of varying pro-domain stability and isoform preference. Further, mature proteins possess flexibility around conserved cystine knots to functionally interact with receptors or regulatory molecules in similar but distinct ways to TGFβ. We show that all Activin isoforms are capable of assuming a closed- or open-dimer state, revealing structural promiscuity of their open forms for receptor binding. We propose the first structural landscape for Activin receptor complexes containing a type I receptor (ACVR1B), which shares a pre-helix extension with TGFβ type I receptor (TGFβR1). Here, we artificially demonstrate that Activin can bind TGFβR1 in a TGFβ-like manner and that TGFβ1 can form signaling complexes with ACVR1B. Interestingly, Galunisertib was found to form stable inhibitory structures within the homologous kinase domains of both TGFβR1 and ACVR1B, thus halting receptor-promiscuous signaling. Overall, these observations highlight the challenges of specific TGFβ cascade targeting in the context of cancer therapies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Farmer
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Claudia D Andl
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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14
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The Drosophila melanogaster Metabolic Response against Parasitic Nematode Infection Is Mediated by TGF-β Signaling. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070971. [PMID: 32610560 PMCID: PMC7409035 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, its mutualistic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster establish a unique system to study the basis of infection in relation to host metabolism. Our previous results indicate that the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway participates in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against nematode parasitism. However, our understanding of whether the presence of Photorhabdus bacteria in Heterorhabditis nematodes affects the metabolic state of D. melanogaster during infection is limited. Here, we investigated the involvement of TGF-β signaling branches, Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against axenic (lacking bacteria) or symbiotic (containing bacteria) H. bacteriophora infection. We show that BMP signaling mediates lipid metabolism against axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora and alters the size of fat body lipid droplets against symbiotic nematode infection. Also, following symbiotic H. bacteriophora infection, Activin signaling modulates sugar metabolism. Our results indicate that Activin and BMP signaling interact with the D. melanogaster metabolic response to H. bacteriophora infection regardless of the presence or absence of Photorhabdus. These findings provide evidence for the role of TGF-β signaling in host metabolism, which could lead to the development of novel treatments for parasitic diseases.
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15
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Cui G, Yuan H, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Sun Z, Zhong G. Natural harmine negatively regulates the developmental signaling network of Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophilidae: Diptera) in vivo. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110134. [PMID: 31901541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widely distributed β-carboline alkaloids exhibit promising psychopharmacological and biochemical effects. Harmine, a natural β-carboline, can inhibit insect growth and development with unclear mechanisms. In this study, harmine (at 0-200 mg/L) showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the pupal weight, length, height, pupation rate and eclosion rate of fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, which was similar to the inhibition induced by the well-known botanical insect growth regulator azadirachtin. Moreover, the expression levels of major regulators from the developmental signaling network were down-regulated during the pupal stage except Numb, Fringe, Yorkie and Pten. The Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog and TGF-β pathways mainly played vital roles in coping with harmine exposure in pupae stage, while the Hippo, Hedgehog and TGF-β elements were involved in the sex differences. Notch, Hippo, Hedgehog, Dpp and Armadillo were proved to be suppressed in the developmental inhibition with fly mutants, while Numb and Punt were increased by harmine. In conclusion, harmine significantly inhibited the development of Drosophila by negatively affecting their developmental signaling network during different stages. Our results establish a preliminary understanding of the developmental signaling network subjected to botanical component-induced growth inhibition and lay the groundwork for further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Haiqi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhiyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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16
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Hoyer N, Zielke P, Hu C, Petersen M, Sauter K, Scharrenberg R, Peng Y, Kim CC, Han C, Parrish JZ, Soba P. Ret and Substrate-Derived TGF-β Maverick Regulate Space-Filling Dendrite Growth in Drosophila Sensory Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 24:2261-2272.e5. [PMID: 30157422 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrite morphogenesis is a highly regulated process that gives rise to stereotyped receptive fields, which are required for proper neuronal connectivity and function. Specific classes of neurons, including Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (C4da) neurons, also feature complete space-filling growth of dendrites. In this system, we have identified the substrate-derived TGF-β ligand maverick (mav) as a developmental signal promoting space-filling growth through the neuronal Ret receptor. Both are necessary for radial spreading of C4da neuron dendrites, and Ret is required for neuronal uptake of Mav. Moreover, local changes in Mav levels result in directed dendritic growth toward regions with higher ligand availability. Our results suggest that Mav acts as a substrate-derived secreted signal promoting dendrite growth within not-yet-covered areas of the receptive field to ensure space-filling dendritic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hoyer
- Research Group Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Zielke
- Research Group Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chun Hu
- Research Group Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Petersen
- Research Group Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sauter
- Research Group Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Scharrenberg
- Research Group Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jay Z Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter Soba
- Research Group Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. TGF-β Signaling Interferes With the Drosophila Innate Immune and Metabolic Response to Parasitic Nematode Infection. Front Physiol 2019; 10:716. [PMID: 31316388 PMCID: PMC6611403 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an outstanding model to study the molecular basis of anti-pathogen immunity. The parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis gerrardi, together with its mutualistic bacteria Photorhabdus asymbiotica, infects a wide range of insects, including D. melanogaster. Recently, we have shown that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-ß) signaling in D. melanogaster is regulated in response to parasitic nematode infection. In the current study, we investigated the contribution of two TGF-ß signaling branches, the activin and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), to D. melanogaster immune function against H. gerrardi. We used D. melanogaster larvae carrying mutations in the genes coding for the TGF-ß extracellular ligands daw and dpp. We have demonstrated that the number of circulating hemocytes in uninfected daw and dpp mutants decreases twofold compared to background controls, yet no significant changes in hemocyte numbers and survival of the TGF-ß mutants are observed upon nematode infection. However, we have shown that nematode-infected daw mutants express Dual oxidase at higher levels and phenoloxidase activity at lower levels compared to their background controls. To elucidate the contribution of TGF-ß signaling in the metabolic response of D. melanogaster to parasitic nematodes, we estimated lipid and carbohydrate levels in daw and dpp mutant larvae infected with H. gerrardi. We have found that both nematode-infected mutants contain lipid droplets of larger size, with daw mutant larvae also containing elevated glycogen levels. Overall, our findings indicate that the regulation of activin and BMP branches of TGF-ß signaling can alter the immune and metabolic processes in D. melanogaster during response to parasitic nematode infection. Results from this study shed light on the molecular signaling pathways insects activate to regulate mechanisms for fighting potent nematode parasites, which could lead to the identification of novel management strategies for the control of damaging pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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18
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Patrnogic J, Heryanto C, Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. Transcript analysis reveals the involvement of NF-κB transcription factors for the activation of TGF-β signaling in nematode-infected Drosophila. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:501-510. [PMID: 31147740 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for studying signaling pathway regulation. Conserved signaling pathways underlying physiological processes signify evolutionary relationship between organisms and the nature of the mechanisms they control. This study explores the cross-talk between the well-characterized nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) innate immune signaling pathways and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway in response to parasitic nematode infection in Drosophila. To understand the link between signaling pathways, we followed on our previous studies by performing a transcript-level analysis of different TGF-β signaling components following infection of immune-compromised Drosophila adult flies with the nematode parasites Heterorhabditis gerrardi and H. bacteriophora. Our findings demonstrate the requirement of NF-κB transcription factors for activation of TGF-β signaling pathway in Drosophila in the context of parasitic nematode infection. We observe significant decrease in transcript level of glass bottom boat (gbb) and screw (scw), components of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) branch, as well as Activinβ (actβ) which is a component of the Activin branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway. These results are observed only in H. gerrardi nematode-infected flies compared to uninfected control. Also, this significant decrease in transcript level is found only for extracellular ligands. Future research examining the mechanisms regulating the interaction of these signaling pathways could provide further insight into Drosophila anti-nematode immune function against infection with potent parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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19
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Shinji J, Gotoh H, Miyanishi H, Lavine MD, Lavine LC. The activin signaling transcription factor Smox is an essential regulator of appendage size during regeneration after autotomy in the crayfish. Evol Dev 2018; 21:44-55. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Shinji
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Faculty of Agriculture; University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Mark D. Lavine
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
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20
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Kamsoi O, Belles X. Myoglianin triggers the premetamorphosis stage in hemimetabolan insects. FASEB J 2018; 33:3659-3669. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801511r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orathai Kamsoi
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySpanish National Research Council (CSIC)Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySpanish National Research Council (CSIC)Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
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21
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TGF-β and BMP signals regulate insect diapause through Smad1-POU-TFAM pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1239-1249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Patrnogic J, Heryanto C, Eleftherianos I. Transcriptional up-regulation of the TGF-β intracellular signaling transducer Mad of Drosophila larvae in response to parasitic nematode infection. Innate Immun 2018; 24:349-356. [PMID: 30049242 PMCID: PMC6830907 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918790663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an exceptional
model for dissecting innate immunity. However, our knowledge on responses to
parasitic nematode infections still lags behind. Recent studies have
demonstrated that the well-conserved TGF-β signaling pathway participates in
immune processes of the fly, including the anti-nematode response. To elucidate
the molecular basis of TGF-β anti-nematode activity, we performed a transcript
level analysis of different TGF-β signaling components following infection of
D. melanogaster larvae with the nematode parasite
Heterorhabditis gerrardi. We found no significant changes
in the transcript level of most extracellular ligands in both bone morphogenic
protein (BMP) and activin branches of the TGF-β signaling pathway between
nematode-infected larvae and uninfected controls. However, extracellular ligand,
Scw, and Type I receptor, Sax, in the BMP pathway as well as the Type I
receptor, Babo, in the activin pathway were substantially up-regulated following
H. gerrardi infection. Our results suggest that receptor
up-regulation leads to transcriptional up-regulation of the intracellular
component Mad in response to H. gerrardi following changes in
gene expression of intracellular receptors of both TGF-β signaling branches.
These findings identify the involvement of certain TGF-β signaling pathway
components in the immune signal transduction of D. melanogaster
larvae against parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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24
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Wounding-induced upregulation of the Bone Morphogenic Protein signaling pathway in Drosophila promotes survival against parasitic nematode infection. Gene 2018; 673:112-118. [PMID: 29920363 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster is an outstanding model to analyze the regulation of conserved signaling pathways. In this study, we examined whether signaling components in the Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway are involved in the response to wounding caused by either sterile injury or infection by parasitic nematodes in D. melanogaster adult flies. We found that following sterile injury, the BMP pathway Type I receptor sax and intracellular transcription factor Mad were substantially upregulated. Also, inactivation of Mad or dpp promoted fly survival and increased antimicrobial peptide gene transcript levels upon sterile injury or H. bacteriophora nematode infection, respectively, but not against the bacterial pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens. Our findings indicate the roles of certain BMP signaling components in the regulation of the fly immune response against sterile injury or nematode infection. In conclusion, this study highlights the ability of D. melanogaster to activate the BMP branch of TGF-β signaling in order to modulate the response to injury in the absence or presence of pathogenic infection.
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25
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Kanai MI, Kim MJ, Akiyama T, Takemura M, Wharton K, O'Connor MB, Nakato H. Regulation of neuroblast proliferation by surface glia in the Drosophila larval brain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3730. [PMID: 29487331 PMCID: PMC5829083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of precisely regulating stem cell division, the molecular basis for this control is still elusive. Here, we show that surface glia in the developing Drosophila brain play essential roles in regulating the proliferation of neural stem cells, neuroblasts (NBs). We found that two classes of extracellular factors, Dally-like (Dlp), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and Glass bottom boat (Gbb), a BMP homologue, are required for proper NB proliferation. Interestingly, Dlp expressed in perineural glia (PG), the most outer layer of the surface glia, is responsible for NB proliferation. Consistent with this finding, functional ablation of PG using a dominant-negative form of dynamin showed that PG has an instructive role in regulating NB proliferation. Gbb acts not only as an autocrine proliferation factor in NBs but also as a paracrine survival signal in the PG. We propose that bidirectional communication between NBs and glia through TGF-β signaling influences mutual development of these two cell types. We also discuss the possibility that PG and NBs communicate via direct membrane contact or transcytotic transport of membrane components. Thus, our study shows that the surface glia acts not only as a simple structural insulator but also a dynamic regulator of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto I Kanai
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Masahiko Takemura
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kristi Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Roy A, George S, Palli SR. Multiple functions of CREB-binding protein during postembryonic development: identification of target genes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:996. [PMID: 29284404 PMCID: PMC5747157 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Juvenile hormones (JH) and ecdysteroids control postembryonic development in insects. They serve as valuable targets for pest management. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms of their action is of crucial importance. CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a universal transcriptional co-regulator. It controls the expression of several genes including those from hormone signaling pathways through co-activation of many transcription factors. However, the role of CBP during postembryonic development in insects is not well understood. Therefore, we have studied the role of CBP in postembryonic development in Tribolium, a model coleopteran insect. Results CBP is ubiquitously expressed in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown of CBP resulted in a decrease in JH induction of Kr-h1 gene expression in Tribolium larvae and led to a block in their development. Moreover, the injection of CBP double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) showed lethal phenotypes within 8 days of injection. RNA-seq and subsequent differential gene expression analysis identified CBP target genes in Tribolium. Knockdown of CBP caused a decrease in the expression of 1306 genes coding for transcription factors and other proteins associated with growth and development. Depletion of CBP impaired the expression of several JH response genes (e.g., Kr-h1, Hairy, early trypsin) and ecdysone response genes (EcR, E74, E75, and broad complex). Further, GO enrichment analyses of the downregulated genes showed enrichment in different functions including developmental processes, pigmentation, anatomical structure development, regulation of biological and cellular processes, etc. Conclusion These data suggest diverse but crucial roles for CBP during postembryonic development in the coleopteran model insect, Tribolium. It can serve as a target for RNAi mediated pest management of this stored product pest. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4373-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.,Present address, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, Prague 6, 165 21, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Smitha George
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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27
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Wells BS, Pistillo D, Barnhart E, Desplan C. Parallel Activin and BMP signaling coordinates R7/R8 photoreceptor subtype pairing in the stochastic Drosophila retina. eLife 2017; 6:25301. [PMID: 28853393 PMCID: PMC5599232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila color vision is achieved by comparing outputs from two types of color-sensitive photoreceptors, R7 and R8. Ommatidia (unit eyes) are classified into two subtypes, known as 'pale' or 'yellow', depending on Rhodopsin expression in R7 and R8. Subtype specification is controlled by a stochastic decision in R7 and instructed to the underlying R8. We find that the Activin receptor Baboon is required in R8 to receive non-redundant signaling from the three Activin ligands, activating the transcription factor dSmad2. Concomitantly, two BMP ligands activate their receptor, Thickveins, and the transcriptional effector, Mad. The Amon TGFβ processing factor appears to regulate components of the TGFβ pathway specifically in pale R7. Mad and dSmad2 cooperate to modulate the Hippo pathway kinase Warts and the growth regulator Melted; two opposing factors of a bi-stable loop regulating R8 Rhodopsin expression. Therefore, TGFβ and growth pathways interact in postmitotic cells to precisely coordinate cell-specific output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent S Wells
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Daniela Pistillo
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Erin Barnhart
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Claude Desplan
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, United States
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Li HY, Wang T, Yang YP, Geng SL, Xu WH. TGF-β signaling regulates p-Akt levels via PP2A during diapause entry in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 87:165-173. [PMID: 28720534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Akt, which is a key kinase in the insulin signaling pathway, plays important roles in glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, transcription and cell migration. Our previous studies indicated that low insulin levels and high p-Akt levels are present in diapause-destined individuals. Here, we show that PI3K, which is upstream of Akt, is low in diapause-destined pupal brains but high in p-Akt levels, implying that p-Akt is modified by factors other than the insulin signaling pathway. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which is a key regulator in the TGF-β signaling pathway, can directly bind to and dephosphorylate Akt. Low PP2A expression and activity in diapause-destined individuals suggest that a weak Akt dephosphorylation contributes to p-Akt accumulation. In addition, transforming growth factor-β receptor I (TβRI), which is upstream of PP2A, increases the activity of PP2A and decreases the p-Akt levels. These results show that TGF-β signaling decreases p-Akt levels by increasing the activity of PP2A. This is the first report showing that TGF-β signaling negatively regulates the insulin pathway in insect development or diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong-Pan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shao-Lei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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29
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Bonfini A, Liu X, Buchon N. From pathogens to microbiota: How Drosophila intestinal stem cells react to gut microbes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:22-38. [PMID: 26855015 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestine acts as one of the interfaces between an organism and its external environment. As the primary digestive organ, it is constantly exposed to a multitude of stresses as it processes and absorbs nutrients. Among these is the recurring damage induced by ingested pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. Both the bacterial activity and immune response itself can result in the loss of epithelial cells, which subsequently requires replacement. In the Drosophila midgut, this regenerative role is fulfilled by intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Microbes not only trigger cell loss and replacement, but also modify intestinal and whole organism physiology, thus modulating ISC activity. Regulation of ISCs is integrated through a complex network of signaling pathways initiated by other gut cell populations, including enterocytes, enteroblasts, enteroendocrine and visceral muscles cells. The gut also receives signals from circulating immune cells, the hemocytes, to properly respond against infection. This review summarizes the types of gut microbes found in Drosophila, mechanisms for their elimination, and provides an integrated view of the signaling pathways that regulate tissue renewal in the midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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30
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Li H, Qi Y, Jasper H. Ubx dynamically regulates Dpp signaling by repressing Dad expression during copper cell regeneration in the adult Drosophila midgut. Dev Biol 2016; 419:373-381. [PMID: 27570230 PMCID: PMC5681348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of metazoans is lined by a series of regionally distinct epithelia. To maintain structure and function of the GI tract, regionally diversified differentiation of somatic stem cell (SC) lineages is critical. The adult Drosophila midgut provides an accessible model to study SC regulation and specification in a regionally defined manner. SCs of the posterior midgut (PM) have been studied extensively, but the control of SCs in the middle midgut (MM) is less well understood. The MM contains a stomach-like copper cell region (CCR) that is regenerated by gastric stem cells (GSSCs) and contains acid-secreting copper cells (CCs). Bmp-like Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling determines the identity of GSSCs, and is required for CC regeneration, yet the precise control of Dpp signaling activity in this lineage remains to be fully established. Here, we show that Dad, a negative feedback regulator of Dpp signaling, is dynamically regulated in the GSSC lineage to allow CC differentiation. Dad is highly expressed in GSSCs and their first daughter cells, the gastroblasts (GBs), but has to be repressed in differentiating CCs to allow Dpp-mediated differentiation into CCs. We find that the Hox gene ultrabithorax (Ubx) is required for this regulation. Loss of Ubx prevents Dad repression in the CCR, resulting in defective CC regeneration. Our study highlights the need for dynamic control of Dpp signaling activity in the differentiation of the GSSC lineage and identifies Ubx as a critical regulator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Li
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA; Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA; Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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31
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Hong SH, Kang M, Lee KS, Yu K. High fat diet-induced TGF-β/Gbb signaling provokes insulin resistance through the tribbles expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30265. [PMID: 27484164 PMCID: PMC4971497 DOI: 10.1038/srep30265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance are hallmarks of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes, which is often caused by a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HFD-induced insulin resistance have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we established a Drosophila model to investigate the molecular mechanisms of HFD-induced diabetes. HFD model flies recapitulate mammalian diabetic phenotypes including elevated triglyceride and circulating glucose levels, as well as insulin resistance. Expression of glass bottom boat (gbb), a Drosophila homolog of mammalian transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), is elevated under HFD conditions. Furthermore, overexpression of gbb in the fat body produced obese and insulin-resistant phenotypes similar to those of HFD-fed flies, whereas inhibition of Gbb signaling significantly ameliorated HFD-induced metabolic phenotypes. We also discovered that tribbles, a negative regulator of AKT, is a target gene of Gbb signaling in the fat body. Overexpression of tribbles in flies in the fat body phenocopied the metabolic defects associated with HFD conditions or Gbb overexpression, whereas tribbles knockdown rescued these metabolic phenotypes. These results indicate that HFD-induced TGF-β/Gbb signaling provokes insulin resistance by increasing tribbles expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Hong
- Neurophysiology and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Moonyoung Kang
- Neurophysiology and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Functional Genomics Dept., University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sun Lee
- Neurophysiology and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Functional Genomics Dept., University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Kweon Yu
- Neurophysiology and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Functional Genomics Dept., University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.,Convergence Research Centre for Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
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32
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Eleftherianos I, Castillo JC, Patrnogic J. TGF-β signaling regulates resistance to parasitic nematode infection in Drosophila melanogaster. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1362-1368. [PMID: 27473342 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade important advances have been made in the field of innate immunity; however, our appreciation of the signaling pathways and molecules that participate in host immune responses to parasitic nematode infections lags behind that of responses to microbial challenges. Here we have examined the regulation and immune activity of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling in the model host Drosophila melanogaster upon infection with the nematode parasites Heterorhabditis gerrardi and H. bacteriophora containing their mutualistic bacteria Photorhabdus. We have found that the genes encoding the Activin and Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) ligands Dawdle (Daw) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) are transcriptionally induced in flies responding to infection with the nematode parasites, containing or lacking their associated bacteria. We also show that deficient Daw or Dpp regulates the survival of D. melanogaster adults to the pathogens, whereas inactivation of Daw reduces the persistence of the nematodes in the mutant flies. These findings demonstrate a novel role for the TGF-β signaling pathways in the host anti-nematode immune response. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host anti-nematode processes will potentially lead to the development of novel means for the efficient control of parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Julio Cesar Castillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - Jelena Patrnogic
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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33
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Santos CG, Fernandez-Nicolas A, Belles X. Smads and insect hemimetabolan metamorphosis. Dev Biol 2016; 417:104-13. [PMID: 27452629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast with Drosophila melanogaster, practically nothing is known about the involvement of the TGF-β signaling pathway in the metamorphosis of hemimetabolan insects. To partially fill this gap, we have studied the role of Smad factors in the metamorphosis of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. In D. melanogaster, Mad is the canonical R-Smad of the BMP branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway, Smox is the canonical R-Smad of the TGF-β/Activin branch and Medea participates in both branches. In insects, metamorphosis is regulated by the MEKRE93 pathway, which starts with juvenile hormone (JH), whose signal is transduced by Methoprene-tolerant (Met), which stimulates the expression of Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) that acts to repress E93, the metamorphosis trigger. In B. germanica, metamorphosis is determined at the beginning of the sixth (final) nymphal instar (N6), when JH production ceases, the expression of Kr-h1 declines, and the transcription of E93 begins to increase. The RNAi of Mad, Smox and Medea in N6 of B. germanica reveals that the BMP branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway regulates adult ecdysis and wing extension, mainly through regulating the expression of bursicon, whereas the TGF-β/Activin branch contributes to increasing E93 and decreasing Kr-h1 at the beginning of N6, crucial for triggering adult morphogenesis, as well as to regulating the imaginal molt timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Santos
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Fernandez-Nicolas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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34
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Van Bortle K, Peterson AJ, Takenaka N, O'Connor MB, Corces VG. CTCF-dependent co-localization of canonical Smad signaling factors at architectural protein binding sites in D. melanogaster. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2677-87. [PMID: 26125535 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1053670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways transduce extracellular signals into tissue-specific transcriptional responses. During this process, signaling effector Smad proteins translocate into the nucleus to direct changes in transcription, but how and where they localize to DNA remain important questions. We have mapped Drosophila TGF-β signaling factors Mad, dSmad2, Medea, and Schnurri genome-wide in Kc cells and find that numerous sites for these factors overlap with the architectural protein CTCF. Depletion of CTCF by RNAi results in the disappearance of a subset of Smad sites, suggesting Smad proteins localize to CTCF binding sites in a CTCF-dependent manner. Sensitive Smad binding sites are enriched at low occupancy CTCF peaks within topological domains, rather than at the physical domain boundaries where CTCF may function as an insulator. In response to Decapentaplegic, CTCF binding is not significantly altered, whereas Mad, Medea, and Schnurri are redirected from CTCF to non-CTCF binding sites. These results suggest that CTCF participates in the recruitment of Smad proteins to a subset of genomic sites and in the redistribution of these proteins in response to BMP signaling.
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35
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BMP morphogen gradients in flies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 27:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Amoyel M, Anderson J, Suisse A, Glasner J, Bach EA. Socs36E Controls Niche Competition by Repressing MAPK Signaling in the Drosophila Testis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005815. [PMID: 26807580 PMCID: PMC4726490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila testis is a well-established system for studying stem cell self-renewal and competition. In this tissue, the niche supports two stem cell populations, germ line stem cells (GSCs), which give rise to sperm, and somatic stem cells called cyst stem cells (CySCs), which support GSCs and their descendants. It has been established that CySCs compete with each other and with GSCs for niche access, and mutations have been identified that confer increased competitiveness to CySCs, resulting in the mutant stem cell and its descendants outcompeting wild type resident stem cells. Socs36E, which encodes a negative feedback inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway, was the first identified regulator of niche competition. The competitive behavior of Socs36E mutant CySCs was attributed to increased JAK/STAT signaling. Here we show that competitive behavior of Socs36E mutant CySCs is due in large part to unbridled Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling. In Socs36E mutant clones, MAPK activity is elevated. Furthermore, we find that clonal upregulation of MAPK in CySCs leads to their outcompetition of wild type CySCs and of GSCs, recapitulating the Socs36E mutant phenotype. Indeed, when MAPK activity is removed from Socs36E mutant clones, they lose their competitiveness but maintain self-renewal, presumably due to increased JAK/STAT signaling in these cells. Consistently, loss of JAK/STAT activity in Socs36E mutant clones severely impairs their self-renewal. Thus, our results enable the genetic separation of two essential processes that occur in stem cells. While some niche signals specify the intrinsic property of self-renewal, which is absolutely required in all stem cells for niche residence, additional signals control the ability of stem cells to compete with their neighbors. Socs36E is node through which these processes are linked, demonstrating that negative feedback inhibition integrates multiple aspects of stem cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Amoyel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Annabelle Suisse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Johanna Glasner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America.,The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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37
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Fernandez-Nicolas A, Belles X. CREB-binding protein contributes to the regulation of endocrine and developmental pathways in insect hemimetabolan pre-metamorphosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:508-15. [PMID: 26706852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a promiscuous transcriptional co-regulator. In insects, CBP has been studied in the fly Drosophila melanogaster, where it is known as Nejire. Studies in D. melanogaster have revealed that Nejire is involved in the regulation of many pathways during embryo development, especially in anterior/posterior polarity, through Hedgehog and Wingless signaling, and in dorsal/ventral patterning, through TGF-ß signaling. Regarding post-embryonic development, Nejire influences histone acetyl transferase activity on the ecdysone signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Functional genomics studies using RNAi have shown that CBP contributes to the regulation of feeding and ecdysis during the pre-metamorphic nymphal instar of the cockroach Blattella germanica and is involved in TGF-ß, ecdysone, and MEKRE93 pathways, contributing to the activation of Kr-h1 and E93 expression. In D. melanogaster, Nejire's involvement in the ecdysone pathway in pre-metamorphic stages is conserved, whereas the TGF-ß pathway has only been described in the embryo. CBP role in ecdysis pathway and in the activation of Kr-h1 and E93 expression is described here for the first time. CONCLUSIONS Studies in D. melanogaster may have been suggestive that CBP functions in insects are concentrated in the embryo. Results obtained in B. germanica indicate, however, that CBP have diverse and important functions in post-embryonic development and metamorphosis, especially regarding endocrine signaling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Further research into a higher diversity of models will probably reveal that the multiple post-embryonic roles of CBP observed in B. germanica are general in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernandez-Nicolas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Ayyaz A, Li H, Jasper H. Haemocytes control stem cell activity in the Drosophila intestine. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:736-48. [PMID: 26005834 PMCID: PMC4449816 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of stem cell activity with inflammatory responses is critical for regeneration and homeostasis of barrier epithelia. The temporal sequence of cell interactions during injury-induced regeneration is only beginning to be understood. Here we show that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are regulated by macrophage-like haemocytes during the early phase of regenerative responses of the Drosophila intestinal epithelium. On tissue damage, haemocytes are recruited to the intestine and secrete the BMP homologue DPP, inducing ISC proliferation by activating the type I receptor Saxophone and the Smad homologue SMOX. Activated ISCs then switch their response to DPP by inducing expression of Thickveins, a second type I receptor that has previously been shown to re-establish ISC quiescence by activating MAD. The interaction between haemocytes and ISCs promotes infection resistance, but also contributes to the development of intestinal dysplasia in ageing flies. We propose that similar interactions influence pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ayyaz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, River Campus Box 270211, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
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