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Jimi N, Shinji J, Hookabe N, Okanishi M, Woo SP, Nakano T. A New Species of Branchellion (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae) Parasitizing the Gills of Short-Tail Stingrays (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) from the West Pacific. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:308-313. [PMID: 37522602 DOI: 10.2108/zs220057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A new fish leech, Branchellion brevicaudatae sp. n., is described based on specimens parasitizing the gills of the short-tail stingray, Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875), collected from Japanese waters. The new species can be distinguished from other congeners by having: i) pulsating vesicles emerging from posterior base of branchiae, one pair per somite; ii) dorsal white spots, not arranged in longitudinal row; and iii) blackish body. A phylogenetic tree based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene from the new species and other piscicolid worms showed that the new species is sister to Branchellion torpedinis Savigny, 1822. This is the first record of Branchellion Savigny, 1822 from Japanese waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Jimi
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Mie 517-0004, Japan,
- Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Junpei Shinji
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hookabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Okanishi
- Faculty of Human Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Shudo University, Ozuka-Higashi, Asaminami, Hiroshima 731-3195, Japan
| | - Sau Pinn Woo
- Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Takafumi Nakano
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Okanishi M, Kohtsuka H, Wu Q, Shinji J, Shibata N, Tamada T, Nakano T, Minamoto T. Development of two new sets of PCR primers for eDNA metabarcoding of brittle stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea). MBMG 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/mbmg.7.94298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brittle stars (class Ophiuroidea) are marine invertebrates comprising approximately 2,100 extant species, and are considered to constitute the most diverse taxon of the phylum Echinodermata. As a non-invasive method for monitoring biodiversity, we developed two new sets of PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA (eDNA) from brittle stars. The new primer sets were designed to amplify 2 short regions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, comprising a conserved region (111–115 bp, 112 bp on average; named “16SOph1”) and a hyper-variable region (180–195 bp, 185 bp on average; named “16SOph2”) displaying interspecific variation. The performance of the primers was tested using eDNA obtained from two sources: a) rearing water of an 2.5 or 170 L aquarium tanks containing 15 brittle star species and b) from natural seawater collected around Misaki, the Pacific coast of central Japan, at depths ranging from shallow (2 m) to deep (> 200 m) sea. To build a reference library, we obtained 16S rRNA sequences of brittle star specimens collected from around Misaki and from similar depths in Japan, and sequences registered in International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration. As a result of comparison of the obtained eDNA sequences with the reference library 37 (including cryptic species) and 26 brittle star species were detected with certain identities by 16SOph1 and 16SOph2 analyses, respectively. In shallow water, the number of species and reads other than the brittle stars detected with 16SOph1 was less than 10% of the total number. On the other hand, the number of brittle star species and reads detected with 16SOph2 was less than half of the total number, and the number of detected non-brittle star metazoan species ranged from 20 to 46 species across 6 to 8 phyla (only the reads at the “Tank” were less than 0.001%). The number of non-brittle star species and reads at 80 m was less than 10% with both of the primer sets. These findings suggest that 16SOph1 is specific to the brittle star and 16SOph2 is suitable for a variety of marine metazoans. It appears, however, that further optimization of primer sequences would still be necessary to avoid possible PCR dropouts from eDNA extracts. Moreover, a detailed elucidation of the brittle star fauna in the examined area, and the accurate identification of brittle star species in the current DNA databank is required.
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Otomo Y, Shinji J, Kohtsuka H, Miura T. Ontogenetic Expressions of Sexually Dimorphic Traits in the Skeleton Shrimp Caprella scaura (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zoolog Sci 2022; 39:431-445. [DOI: 10.2108/zs220038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Otomo
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Junpei Shinji
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kohtsuka
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
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Inui N, Oguchi K, Shinji J, Okanishi M, Shimomura M, Miura T. Parasitism-Induced Intersexuality in a Sexually Dimorphic Varunid Crab, Ptychognathus ishii (Decapoda: Varunidae). Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:416-426. [PMID: 34664916 DOI: 10.2108/zs210049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although many animals that perform sexual reproduction exhibit sexual dimorphism, individuals with intersex traits between the traits of males and females appear in some species, depending on environmental factors. Ptychognathus ishii, a varunid crab, exhibits distinctive sexual dimorphism in the morphology of its abdomen, chelipeds and setal tufts on the chelipeds. In this study, however, we report for the first time that intersex individuals with intermediate characters between those of males and females were occasionally found in wild populations. Morphological features of intersex individuals are described. Their taxonomic positions are identified based on DNA sequences of part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. It was shown that the intersexuality was induced by entoniscid parasites, because all intersex individuals were parasitized by entoniscid isopods, identified as Entionella sp. The apparent correlation between parasitism and morphological anomalies suggests that the parasitic isopods affect physiological conditions, leading to the feminization of male hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Inui
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Junpei Shinji
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan.,Center for Ocean Literacy and Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masanori Okanishi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Michitaka Shimomura
- Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, Nishimuro-gun, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan,
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Yamaguchi H, Hirose M, Nakamura M, Udagawa S, Oguchi K, Shinji J, Kohtsuka H, Miura T. Developmental Process of a Heterozooid: Avicularium Formation in a Bryozoan, Bugulina californica. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:203-212. [PMID: 34057344 DOI: 10.2108/zs200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In bryozoans (phylum Bryozoa), representative colonial animals mostly found in marine environments, some species possess different types of individuals (heterozooids) specialized in different functions such as defense or structural support for their colonies. Among them, the best-known heterozooids are the avicularia, known to function as defenders. The differentiation processes of heterozooids, including avicularia, should be important keys to understand the evolutionary significance of bryozoans. However, the developmental process of avicularium formation remains to be fully understood. In this study, therefore, in order to understand the detailed developmental process and timing of avicularium formation, extensive observations were carried out in a bryozoan species, Bugulina californica (Cheilostomata, Bugulidae), that possesses adventitious avicularia, by performing stereomicroscopy on live materials, in addition to scanning electron microscopy and histological observations. The whole process can be divided into seven stages based on developmental events. Especially notably, at the earlier stages, there are three major budding events that produce proliferating cell masses corresponding to primordial tissues: (1) budding of the peduncle cushion at the outer margin of the distal part of a young autozooid, (2) budding of the head-part primordium from the peduncle cushion, and (3) budding of the polypide inside the head part. Experimental control of temperature showed that 20°C would be the best to maintain B. californica colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yamaguchi
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Masato Hirose
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Mayuko Nakamura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Sumio Udagawa
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Junpei Shinji
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kohtsuka
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan,
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Togawa Y, Shinji J, Fukatsu T, Miura T. Development of Cerata in the Cladobranchian Sea Slug Pteraeolidia semperi (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia). Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:387-394. [PMID: 33319962 DOI: 10.2108/zs190057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cladobranchian sea slugs are characterized by a number of dorsal projections, called "cerata," which are presumably involved in such biological functions as kleptocnidal defense, gas exchange, and symbiotic photosynthesis. Here, we investigated the developmental pattern of ceras formation in a cladobranchian, Pteraeolidia semperi, using field-collected individuals at various postembryonic developmental stages. As the body length increased, the total number of cerata increased in a logistic manner, up to 280 per individual. On the dorsal side of the body, the cerata exhibited a conspicuous formation of repeated, laterally-paired clusters, or rows, along the antero-posterior axis of the animals. As the body length increased, the number of ceras rows increased in a logistic manner, reaching a plateau at around 15 rows per individual. Two types of ceras clusters were observed: well-developed ceras clusters forming a glove-like structure with a basal bulge, which tended to be found in larger animals and at the anterior body region, and less-developed ceras clusters without the bulge, which tended to be found in smaller animals and at the posterior body region. Statistical and simulation analyses suggested that bulge formation underlies increased ceras number, even after the plateaued formation of new ceras rows. These results indicate that, in the postembryonic development of P. semperi, the increase of dorsal cerata entails the following processes: (i) increase of the number of ceras rows, (ii) formation of the basal bulge in each ceras cluster, and (iii) increase of the number of cerata per ceras cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Togawa
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Junpei Shinji
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan,
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Nii R, Oguchi K, Shinji J, Koshikawa S, Miura T. Reduction of a nymphal instar in a dampwood termite: heterochronic shift in the caste differentiation pathways. EvoDevo 2019; 10:10. [PMID: 31123582 PMCID: PMC6521406 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generally in termites, alates differentiate through multiple nymphal instars which gradually develop wing buds. However, in a dampwood termite, Hodotermopsis sjostedti, alates molt directly from a single nymphal instar with short wing buds. In this study, to examine the mechanism underlying the wing formation during the alate differentiation in H. sjostedti, histological and morphological observations were carried out on the developmental process of wing formation during the nymphal instar, in comparison with those in Zootermopsis nevadensis, which has two nymphal instars. Furthermore, the expression patterns of genes that are thought to be responsible for wing formation, i.e., wing-patterning genes and genes encoding hormone-related factors, were quantified during alate differentiation and compared between the two species. Results The results showed that, in H. sjostedti, wings were formed in a complicatedly folded shape, not only inside the wing buds as seen in Z. nevadensis, but also under the dorsal thoracic cuticle, where the wing tips shifted toward the median thoracic part. Accordingly, the wing expansion pattern also differed from that in Z. nevadensis. Furthermore, the results of real-time qRT-PCR on overall expression profiles of wing-patterning genes and hormone-related genes suggest that the single nymphal instar in H. sjostedti well resembles to the second nymphal instar in Z. nevadensis. In particular, significant upregulation of vestigial (vg) and downregulation of Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) that were observed at the second nymphal instar in Z. nevadensis apparently occurred during the single nymphal instar in H. sjostedti. Conclusion The developmental events for wing formation are compacted into a single nymphal instar in H. sjostedti, and as a result, the unique wing formation is seen to compensate for the spatial restriction inside small wing buds, leading to the completion of functional wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Nii
- 1Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kohei Oguchi
- 2Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225 Japan
| | - Junpei Shinji
- 2Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- 3Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Toru Miura
- 2Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225 Japan
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Shinji J, Gotoh H, Miyanishi H, Lavine MD, Lavine LC. The activin signaling transcription factor Smox is an essential regulator of appendage size during regeneration after autotomy in the crayfish. Evol Dev 2018; 21:44-55. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Shinji
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Faculty of Agriculture; University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Mark D. Lavine
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
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Kang BJ, Okutsu T, Tsutsui N, Shinji J, Bae SH, Wilder MN. Dynamics of vitellogenin and vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone levels in adult and subadult whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: relation to molting and eyestalk ablation. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:12. [PMID: 24337313 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of vitellogenin (VG) and vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH) in the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in relation to the molting cycle and ovarian maturation induced by eyestalk ablation. During the molt cycle, VG mRNA expression levels and VG concentrations showed similar patterns of fluctuation. VG levels increased significantly at early intermolt (stage C0) in adults, but not in subadults. Unilateral and bilateral eyestalk ablation increased VG levels in adults, whereas only bilateral eyestalk ablation affected subadults. VIH levels showed contrasting patterns between adults and subadults. In adults, levels were high in late postmolt adults (stage B) and then low thereafter, whereas they increased from postmolt (stage A) to intermolt (stage C0) in subadults and remained high. Unilateral eyestalk ablation increased VIH levels 10 days following ablation in adults, after which levels decreased at 20 days. VIH levels decreased from 10 to 20 days after bilateral ablation. Both unilateral and bilateral ablation led to increased VIH levels in subadults. Eyestalk ablation induced ovarian maturation, but did not reduce VIH concentrations in the hemolymph. This phenomenon was perhaps due to other crustacean hyperglycemic hormone peptides having cross-reactivity with VIH antibodies. This is the first report to quantify concentrations of VG and VIH together in L. vannamei hemolymph, and to examine their relative dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jung Kang
- Fisheries Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Bae SH, Kim BR, Kang BJ, Tsutsui N, Okutsu T, Shinji J, Jang IK, Han CH, Wilder MN. Molecular cloning of prophenoloxidase and the effects of dietary β-glucan and rutin on immune response in hemocytes of the fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2012; 33:597-604. [PMID: 22796907 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dietary β-glucan (0.5 or 1 g kg⁻¹ diet: 0.5-BG, 1-BG) and rutin (0.5 or 1 g kg⁻¹ diet: 0.5-RT, 1-RT) after 10 days in the absence of pathogen challenge on the immune response of Fenneropenaeus chinensis, we determined total hemocyte count (THC) and the expression of four immune-related genes in hemocytes: those for prophenoloxidase (proPO), peroxinectin (PX), lipopolysaccharide and/or β-glucan binding protein (LGBP), and c-type lectin (CL). As a prerequisite for subsequent experiments, cDNA encoding proPO of the fleshy shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis (f-proPO) was obtained from hemocytes; it had a full length of 3023 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 2061bp, a 105-bp 5'-untranslated region, and a 906-bp 3'-untranslated region containing the poly A signal. The THCs of shrimp fed β-glucan of 1 g kg⁻¹ diet, and rutin of 1 g kg⁻¹ diet were significantly higher than that of the control (P < 0.05). The expression of proPO mRNA was slightly downregulated and that of LGBP mRNA was upregulated (except in 1-RT). PX and CL mRNA remained constitutively expressed in all groups. Our results reveal that β-glucan and rutin dietary supplements have minimal effect on immune response in the absence of pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Bae
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Shinji J, Okutsu T, Jayasankar V, Jasmani S, Wilder MN. Metabolism of amino acids during hyposmotic adaptation in the whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1945-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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