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Salardani M, Barcick U, Zelanis A. Proteolytic signaling in cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:345-355. [PMID: 37873978 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2275671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a disease of (altered) biological pathways, often driven by somatic mutations and with several implications. Therefore, the identification of potential markers of disease is challenging. Given the large amount of biological data generated with omics approaches, oncology has experienced significant contributions. Proteomics mapping of protein fragments, derived from proteolytic processing events during oncogenesis, may shed light on (i) the role of active proteases and (ii) the functional implications of processed substrates in biological signaling circuits. Both outcomes have the potential for predicting diagnosis/prognosis in diseases like cancer. Therefore, understanding proteolytic processing events and their downstream implications may contribute to advances in the understanding of tumor biology and targeted therapies in precision medicine. AREAS COVERED Proteolytic events associated with some hallmarks of cancer (cell migration and proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, as well as extracellular matrix degradation) will be discussed. Moreover, biomarker discovery and the use of proteomics approaches to uncover proteolytic signaling events will also be covered. EXPERT OPINION Proteolytic processing is an irreversible protein post-translational modification and the deconvolution of biological data resulting from the study of proteolytic signaling events may be used in both patient diagnosis/prognosis and targeted therapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Salardani
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Uilla Barcick
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - André Zelanis
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Wang R, Li Q, Liu F, Dang X, Sun Q, Sheng X, Hu M, Bao J, Chen J, Pan G, Zhou Z. Maturation of subtilisin-like protease NbSLP1 from microsporidia Nosema bombycis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:897509. [PMID: 36046739 PMCID: PMC9421246 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.897509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites and possess a unique way of invading hosts, namely germination. Microsporidia are able to infect almost all animal cells by germination. During the process, the polar tube extrudes from the spores within, thus injecting infectious sporoplasm into the host cells. Previous studies indicated that subtilisin-like protease 1 (NbSLP1) of microsporidia Nosema bombycis were located at the polar cap of germinated spores where the polar tube extrusion. We hypothesized that NbSLP1 is an essential player in the germination process. Normally, SLP need to be activated by autoproteolysis under conditions. In this study, we found that the signal peptide of NbSLP1 affected the activation of protease, two self-cleavage sites were involved in NbSLP1 maturation between Ala104Asp105 and Ala124Asp125 respectively. Mutants at catalytic triad of NbSLP1 confirmed the decreasing of autoproteolysis. This study demonstrates that intramolecular proteolysis is required for NbSLP1 maturation. The protease undergoes a series of sequential N-terminal cleavage events to generate the mature enzyme. Like other subtilisin-like enzymes, catalytic triad of NbSLP1 are significant for the self-activation of NbSLP1. In conclusion, clarifying the maturation of NbSLP1 will be valuable for understanding the polar tube ejection mechanism of germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Dang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotian Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Rozanova S, Barkovits K, Nikolov M, Schmidt C, Urlaub H, Marcus K. Quantitative Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2228:85-116. [PMID: 33950486 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1024-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, mass spectrometry has moved more than ever before into the front line of protein-centered research. After being established at the qualitative level, the more challenging question of quantification of proteins and peptides using mass spectrometry has become a focus for further development. In this chapter, we discuss and review actual strategies and problems of the methods for the quantitative analysis of peptides, proteins, and finally proteomes by mass spectrometry. The common themes, the differences, and the potential pitfalls of the main approaches are presented in order to provide a survey of the emerging field of quantitative, mass spectrometry-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Rozanova
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for protein diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katalin Barkovits
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for protein diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miroslav Nikolov
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carla Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics Group, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Medical Proteome Analysis, Center for protein diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Stevens KG, Pukala TL. Conjugating immunoassays to mass spectrometry: Solutions to contemporary challenges in clinical diagnostics. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 132:116064. [PMID: 33046944 PMCID: PMC7539833 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developments in immunoassays and mass spectrometry have independently influenced diagnostic technology. However, both techniques possess unique strengths and limitations, which define their ability to meet evolving requirements for faster, more affordable and more accurate clinical tests. In response, hybrid techniques, which combine the accessibility and ease-of-use of immunoassays with the sensitivity, high throughput and multiplexing capabilities of mass spectrometry are continually being explored. Developments in antibody conjugation methodology have expanded the role of these biomolecules to applications outside of conventional colorimetric assays and histology. Furthermore, the range of different mass spectrometry ionisation and analysis technologies has enabled its successful adaptation as a detection method for numerous clinically relevant immunological assays. Several recent examples of combined mass spectrometry-immunoassay techniques demonstrate the potential of these methods as improved diagnostic tests for several important human diseases. The present challenges are to continue technological advancements in mass spectrometry instrumentation and develop improved bioconjugation methods, which can overcome their existing limitations and demonstrate the clinical significance of these hybrid approaches.
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Ben Djoudi Ouadda A, Gauthier MS, Susan-Resiga D, Girard E, Essalmani R, Black M, Marcinkiewicz J, Forget D, Hamelin J, Evagelidis A, Ly K, Day R, Galarneau L, Corbin F, Coulombe B, Çaku A, Tagliabracci VS, Seidah NG. Ser-Phosphorylation of PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin 9) by Fam20C (Family With Sequence Similarity 20, Member C) Kinase Enhances Its Ability to Degrade the LDLR (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1996-2013. [PMID: 31553664 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin 9) enhances the degradation of the LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor) in endosomes/lysosomes. This study aimed to determine the sites of PCSK9 phosphorylation at Ser-residues and the consequences of such posttranslational modification on the secretion and activity of PCSK9 on the LDLR. Approach and Results: Fam20C (family with sequence similarity 20, member C) phosphorylates serines in secretory proteins containing the motif S-X-E/phospho-Ser, including the cholesterol-regulating PCSK9. In situ hybridization of Fam20C mRNA during development and in adult mice revealed a wide tissue distribution, including liver, but not small intestine. Here, we show that Fam20C phosphorylates PCSK9 at Serines 47, 666, 668, and 688. In hepatocytes, phosphorylation enhances PCSK9 secretion and maximizes its induced degradation of the LDLR via the extracellular and intracellular pathways. Replacing any of the 4 Ser by the phosphomimetic Glu or Asp enhanced PCSK9 activity only when the other sites are phosphorylated, whereas Ala substitutions reduced it, as evidenced by Western blotting, Elisa, and LDLR-immunolabeling. This newly uncovered PCSK9/LDLR regulation mechanism refines our understanding of the implication of global PCSK9 phosphorylation in the modulation of LDL-cholesterol and rationalizes the consequence of natural mutations, for example, S668R and E670G. Finally, the relationship of Ser-phosphorylation to the implication of PCSK9 in regulating LDL-cholesterol in the neurological Fragile X-syndrome disorder was investigated. CONCLUSIONS Ser-phosphorylation of PCSK9 maximizes both its secretion and activity on the LDLR. Mass spectrometric approaches to measure such modifications were developed and applied to quantify the levels of bioactive PCSK9 in human plasma under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben Djoudi Ouadda
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Marie-Soleil Gauthier
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Delia Susan-Resiga
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Emmanuelle Girard
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Rachid Essalmani
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Miles Black
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.B., V.S.T.)
| | - Jadwiga Marcinkiewicz
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Diane Forget
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Josée Hamelin
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Alexandra Evagelidis
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
| | - Kevin Ly
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (K.L., R.D.)
| | - Robert Day
- Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (K.L., R.D.)
| | - Luc Galarneau
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Francois Corbin
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Translational Proteomics Research Unit, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM, affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (M.-S.G., D.F., B.C.)
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche du CHUS, QC, Canada (L.G., F.C., A.Ç.)
| | - Vincent S Tagliabracci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (M.B., V.S.T.)
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- From the Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM; affiliated to the Université de Montréal), QC, Canada (A.B.D.O., D.S.-R., E.G., R.E., J.M., J.H., A.E., N.G.S.)
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Jeenduang N. Circulating PCSK9 concentrations are increased in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 494:151-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kontostathi G, Makridakis M, Zoidakis J, Vlahou A. Applications of multiple reaction monitoring targeted proteomics assays in human plasma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:499-515. [PMID: 31057016 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1615448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple (or selected) reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (MRM/SRM) is a targeted proteomic method that can be used for relative and absolute quantification. Multiple reports exist supporting the potential of the approach in proteomic biomarker validation. Areas covered: To get an overview of the applications of MRM in protein quantification in plasma, a search in MedLine/PubMed was performed using the keywords: 'MRM/SRM plasma proteomic/proteomics/proteome'. The retrieved studies were further filtered to focus on disease biomarkers and the main results are summarized. Expert opinion: MRM is increasingly employed for the quantification of both well-established but also newly discovered putative biomarkers and occasionally their post-translationally modified forms in plasma. Fractionation is regularly required for the detection of low abundance proteins. Standardized procedures to facilitate assay establishment and marker quantification have been proposed and, in few cases, implemented. Nevertheless, in most cases, absolute quantification is not performed. To advance, multiple technical issues including the regular use of standard labeled peptides and appropriate quality controls to monitor assay performance should be considered. Additionally, clinical aspects involving careful study design to address biomarker clinical use should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kontostathi
- a Biotechnology Division , Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA) , Athens , Greece
| | - Manousos Makridakis
- a Biotechnology Division , Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA) , Athens , Greece
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- a Biotechnology Division , Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA) , Athens , Greece
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- a Biotechnology Division , Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA) , Athens , Greece
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Liu Y, Wang X, Han J, Liu L, Jin Y, Jin L, Ye P. PCSK9 positively correlates with plasma sdLDL in community-dwelling population but not in diabetic participants after confounder adjustment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15062. [PMID: 30946354 PMCID: PMC6456037 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) and small dense low-density lipoprptein (sdLDL) in diabetic and non-diabetic participants in a community-dwelling cohort.The plasma levels of PCSK9 and sdLDL were detected in 1766 participants (median age: 61.40 years; 733 males vs 1033 females; 383 diabetic vs 1383 non-diabetic patients) from the Pingguoyuan community of Beijing, China.Results showed that Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between PCSK9 and sdLDL (r = 0.263, P < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between plasma PCSK9 and sdLDL in the whole population study. sdLDL was used as the dependent variable, and the potential cofounders were adjusted. However, any independent relationship was not observed between circulating PCSK9 and sdLDL in the diabetic subpopulation (r = 0.269, P < .05, β = 9.591, P > .05).Thus, there is a positive correlation between plasma PCSK9 and sdLDL in a community-dwelling cohort, but not in type 2 diabetic subpopulation, after confounder adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Critical Care Center, The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Geriatric Institute, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Jin
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
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Multiplex targeted mass spectrometry assay for one-shot flavivirus diagnosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6754-6759. [PMID: 30886083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817867116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted proteomic mass spectrometry is emerging as a salient clinical diagnostic tool to track protein biomarkers. However, its strong analytical properties have not been exploited in the diagnosis and typing of flaviviruses. Here, we report the development of a sensitive and specific single-shot robust assay for flavivirus typing and diagnosis using targeted mass spectrometry technology. Our flavivirus parallel reaction monitoring assay (fvPRM) has the ability to track secreted flaviviral nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) over a broad diagnostic and typing window with high sensitivity, specificity, extendibility, and multiplexing capability. These features, pivotal and pertinent to efficient response toward flavivirus outbreaks, including newly emerging flavivirus strains, circumvent the limitations of current diagnostic assays. fvPRM thus carries high potential in positioning itself as a forerunner in delivering early and accurate diagnosis for disease management.
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Gauthier MS, Awan Z, Bouchard A, Champagne J, Tessier S, Faubert D, Chabot K, Garneau PY, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Seidah NG, Ridker PM, Genest J, Coulombe B. Posttranslational modification of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 is differentially regulated in response to distinct cardiometabolic treatments as revealed by targeted proteomics. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1027-1038. [PMID: 29699916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that interacts with the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor at the surface of hepatocytes to regulate circulating LDL cholesterol levels. High circulating PCSK9 levels have been associated with elevated LDL cholesterol. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration of the United States approved new LDL cholesterol-lowering drugs that specifically target the inhibition of PCSK9. Similar to most human proteins, PCSK9 exists in multiple forms as it is the target of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation, and others, which can affect its biological activity. However, commercially available assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, do not discriminate between these forms. OBJECTIVE To investigate, in 2 patient cohorts, the relationships between circulating levels of multiple forms of PCSK9 and cardiometabolic interventions or treatments known to reduce LDL cholesterol levels. METHODS PCSK9 forms were measured in plasma: (1) in 20 patients before and 6 months after bariatric surgery and (2) in 132 patients before and 12 months after daily statin treatment. A series of specific peptides used as surrogates for various PCSK9 forms were quantified by a novel semiautomated proteomic assay termed protein affinity capture coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry. RESULTS Bariatric surgery resulted in a decrease in the plasma level of PCSK9 prodomain (P < .05), but did not result in a significant change in other measured PCSK9 forms. Statin treatment resulted in an increase in all measured plasma PCSK9 peptides (P < .001), but a 25% decrease in the phosphorylated state of PCSK9 at S688 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These unexpected findings indicate that measuring the circulating levels of the various domains and PTMs of PCSK9 provides more in depth information than total PCSK9 and that the prodomain and the phosphorylated state of S688 may represent novel biomarkers to explore in cardiometabolic diseases and response to treatment. In addition, our data generated new hypotheses on the function of PCSK9 PTMs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Soleil Gauthier
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Zuhier Awan
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Bouchard
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Josée Champagne
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Tessier
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Katherine Chabot
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Y Garneau
- General Surgery Department, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacques Genest
- Department of Cardiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Coulombe
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (affiliated to the Université de Montréal), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Boyer M, Piché ME, Auclair A, Grenier-Larouche T, Biertho L, Marceau S, Hould FS, Biron S, Lebel S, Lescelleur O, Julien F, Martin J, Tchernof A, Carpentier AC, Poirier P, Arsenault BJ. Acute and Chronic Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Plasma LDL Cholesterol and PCSK9 Levels in Patients With Severe Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4023-4030. [PMID: 28938493 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. In patients with severe obesity, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS) surgery induces substantial weight loss and influences lipoprotein metabolism. The effect of BPD-DS on PCSK9 levels is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the acute and chronic impact of BPD-DS on PCSK9 levels and whether the acute impact of BPD-DS could be explained by BPD-DS-associated caloric restriction (CR). DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS PCSK9 levels were measured in 20 men and 49 women (age, 41.5 ± 11.1 years) with severe obesity before, 24 hours, 5 days, and 6 and 12 months after BPD-DS and in a comparable control group (n = 31) at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. PCSK9 levels were also measured during 3-day CR in patients (n = 7) with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS PCSK9 levels increased 13.4% after 24 hours (248.7 ± 64.8 to 269.7 ± 63.8 ng/mL; P = 0,02) and decreased 9.5% at 12 months compared with baseline (217.6 ± 43.0 ng/mL; P < 0,0001). LDL-C levels decreased 36.2% after 24 hours (2.6 ± 0.7 to 1.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L; P < 0.0001) and 30% at 12 months compared with baseline (1.7 ± 0.5 mmol/L; P < 0.0001). Compared with baseline levels, PCSK9 levels were lower at day 2 but not at day 1 or 3 after CR. CONCLUSION BPD-DS is associated with acute increases in PCSK9 levels that do not appear to be explained by CR but may be due to an acute response following surgery. BPD-DS induces chronic reductions in both PCSK9 and LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Boyer
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Audrey Auclair
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Simon Marceau
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Frédéric-Simon Hould
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Simon Biron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Stéfane Lebel
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Odette Lescelleur
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - François Julien
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Plasma PCSK9 levels are unrelated to arterial stiffness in a community-based, 4.8-year prospective study. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:720-724. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Hypercholesterolemia: The role of PCSK9. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 625-626:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Laugier-Robiolle S, Vergès B, Le Bras M, Gand E, Bouillet B, Saulnier PJ, Le May C, Pichelin M, Maréchaud R, Petit JM, Hadjadj S, Cariou B. Glycaemic control influences the relationship between plasma PCSK9 and LDL cholesterol in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:448-451. [PMID: 27804190 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a critical regulator of LDL cholesterol metabolism. Little is known, however, about the regulation of PCSK9 in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the present study, we aimed to determine the relationship between circulating PCSK9 and metabolic variables in T1D. Plasma PCSK9 levels were measured in 195 people with T1D (mean age 38.8 years, mean diabetes duration 17.2 years, mean glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] 8.3%), who were free of any lipid-lowering agent. Plasma PCSK9 was positively correlated with LDL cholesterol (P = .0007), triglycerides (P = .004), apolipoprotein B (P = .005), HbA1c (P = .003), systolic (P = .003) and diastolic (P = .001) blood pressure and body mass index (0.02). In multivariate analysis, PCSK9 concentration was independently associated with HbA1c (P = .02) and LDL cholesterol (P = .03). After classifying patients according to HbA1c tertile, the correlation between PCSK9 and LDL cholesterol was only observed in the highest tertile (P = .0006; Rho = 0.43), whereas no correlation was found in the lowest and intermediate tertiles. This study suggests that good glycaemic control abolishes the positive relationship between PCSK9 and LDL cholesterol in patients with T1D; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Vergès
- Department of Endocrinology, INSERM CRI 866, CHU Dijon, Université Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Maëlle Le Bras
- Department of Endocrinology, l'Institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elise Gand
- Endocrinology - Diabetology and CIC1402, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Benjamin Bouillet
- Department of Endocrinology, INSERM CRI 866, CHU Dijon, Université Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Cédric Le May
- l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Pichelin
- Department of Endocrinology, l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Nantes, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Maréchaud
- Endocrinology - Diabetology and CIC1402, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Michel Petit
- Department of Endocrinology, INSERM CRI 866, CHU Dijon, Université Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- Endocrinology - Diabetology and CIC1402, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- INSERM, CIC1402, Poitiers, France
- UFR Médecine Pharmacie, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Department of Endocrinology, l'Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Nantes, Nantes University, Nantes, France
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15
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Plasma PCSK9 measurement by liquid chromatography-Tandem mass spectrometry and comparison with conventional ELISA. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1044-1045:24-29. [PMID: 28064066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and trypsin proteolysis is an effective tool for accurate quantitation of multiple proteins in a single run. However, expensive samples pre-treatment as immunoenrichment are often required to analyze low abundant proteins. Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a circulating regulator of low-density lipoprotein metabolism, was studied as an example of a low abundant plasma protein. We investigated post-proteolysis solid-phase extraction (SPE) as an alternative strategy to improve its detection. After optimization of pretreatment, including denaturation, reduction, alkylation, tryptic digestion and selective SPE concentration, 91±7% of PCSK9 was recovered from human plasma samples and coefficients of variation were less than 13.2% with a lower limit of quantification of 37.5ng/ml. This LC-MS/MS method was compared with standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 30 human plasma samples with a broad range of PCSK9 concentrations. Both methods were significantly correlated (r=0.936, p<0.001) with less than 7% of the values out of the 95% confidence interval and similar concentrations were measured using either LC-MS/MS or ELISA methods (514.2±217.2 vs. 504.2±231.0ng/ml, respectively- p=NS). This method involving SPE is an effective measurement tool for low abundant plasma protein analysis that could be easily included in multiplexed assays.
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16
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Development of a mass spectrometry immunoassay for unambiguous detection of egg allergen traces in wines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1581-1589. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Seidah NG, Abifadel M, Prost S, Boileau C, Prat A. The Proprotein Convertases in Hypercholesterolemia and Cardiovascular Diseases: Emphasis on Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 69:33-52. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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18
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Shi T, Song E, Nie S, Rodland KD, Liu T, Qian WJ, Smith RD. Advances in targeted proteomics and applications to biomedical research. Proteomics 2016; 16:2160-82. [PMID: 27302376 PMCID: PMC5051956 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted proteomics technique has emerged as a powerful protein quantification tool in systems biology, biomedical research, and increasing for clinical applications. The most widely used targeted proteomics approach, selected reaction monitoring (SRM), also known as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), can be used for quantification of cellular signaling networks and preclinical verification of candidate protein biomarkers. As an extension to our previous review on advances in SRM sensitivity (Shi et al., Proteomics, 12, 1074-1092, 2012) herein we review recent advances in the method and technology for further enhancing SRM sensitivity (from 2012 to present), and highlighting its broad biomedical applications in human bodily fluids, tissue and cell lines. Furthermore, we also review two recently introduced targeted proteomics approaches, parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and data-independent acquisition (DIA) with targeted data extraction on fast scanning high-resolution accurate-mass (HR/AM) instruments. Such HR/AM targeted quantification with monitoring all target product ions addresses SRM limitations effectively in specificity and multiplexing; whereas when compared to SRM, PRM and DIA are still in the infancy with a limited number of applications. Thus, for HR/AM targeted quantification we focus our discussion on method development, data processing and analysis, and its advantages and limitations in targeted proteomics. Finally, general perspectives on the potential of achieving both high sensitivity and high sample throughput for large-scale quantification of hundreds of target proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ehwang Song
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Song Nie
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Karin D Rodland
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Percy AJ, Byrns S, Pennington SR, Holmes DT, Anderson NL, Agreste TM, Duffy MA. Clinical translation of MS-based, quantitative plasma proteomics: status, challenges, requirements, and potential. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:673-84. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1205950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Percy
- Department of Applications Development, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA
| | - Simon Byrns
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen R. Pennington
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel T. Holmes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - N. Leigh Anderson
- Department of Clinical Biomarkers, SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tasha M. Agreste
- Department of Applications Development, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA
| | - Maureen A. Duffy
- Department of Applications Development, Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, USA
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20
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Coulombe B, Gauthier MS. Introduction for the Special Issue of METHODS on Detection and quantification of proteins in clinical samples by mass spectrometry. Methods 2016; 81:1-2. [PMID: 26040901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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21
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Boström T, Takanen JO, Hober S. Antibodies as means for selective mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1021:3-13. [PMID: 26565067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For protein analysis of biological samples, two major strategies are used today; mass spectrometry (MS) and antibody-based methods. Each strategy offers advantages and drawbacks. However, combining the two using an immunoenrichment step with MS analysis brings together the benefits of each method resulting in increased sensitivity, faster analysis and possibility of higher degrees of multiplexing. The immunoenrichment can be performed either on protein or peptide level and quantification standards can be added in order to enable determination of the absolute protein concentration in the sample. The combination of immunoenrichment and MS holds great promise for the future in both proteomics and clinical diagnostics. This review describes different setups of immunoenrichment coupled to mass spectrometry and how these can be utilized in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Boström
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Protein Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Ottosson Takanen
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Proteomics and Nanobiotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute ofTechnology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- School of Biotechnology, Division of Protein Technology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Zhu YM, Anderson TJ, Sikdar K, Fung M, McQueen MJ, Lonn EM, Verma S. Association of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) With Cardiovascular Risk in Primary Prevention. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2254-9. [PMID: 26293463 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays an important role in the modulation of low-density lipoprotein metabolism. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum PCSK9 concentrations and measures of vascular health, subclinical atherosclerosis, and adverse cardiovascular events. The relationship between traditional risk factors and PCSK9 concentrations was also examined. APPROACH AND RESULTS The cohort consisted of 1527 middle-aged men enrolled in the Firefighters and Their Endothelium (FATE) study, who were free of vascular disease and followed up over a mean period of 7.2±1.7 years. Baseline evaluation included assessment of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and measurements of flow-mediated dilation, reactive hyperemic velocity time integral, and carotid intima-media thickness. Biochemical parameters, including serum PCSK9 concentrations, were analyzed to determine predictors of vascular measures and to evaluate the role of PCSK9 in the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events. Multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that body mass index, insulin, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides were independent predictors of PCSK9. Further modeling revealed no correlation between PCSK9 concentration and carotid intima media thickness, flow-mediated dilation, or reactive hyperemic velocity time integral. Analyses indicated no significant association between PCSK9 concentrations and cardiovascular event occurrences. CONCLUSIONS Although correlated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, insulin, and triglycerides, PCSK9 was not associated with measures of vascular function or structure. There was also no significant relationship between PCSK9 concentrations and cardiovascular events. Thus, although PCSK9 is an important therapeutic target to reduce circulating low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, it is unlikely to be a biomarker of atherosclerotic risk or vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming M Zhu
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.M.Z., T.J.A., K.S., M.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.J.M.), Population Health Research Institute (M.J.M., E.M.L.) and Department of Medicine (E.M.L.), McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.L.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Todd J Anderson
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.M.Z., T.J.A., K.S., M.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.J.M.), Population Health Research Institute (M.J.M., E.M.L.) and Department of Medicine (E.M.L.), McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.L.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.).
| | - Khokan Sikdar
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.M.Z., T.J.A., K.S., M.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.J.M.), Population Health Research Institute (M.J.M., E.M.L.) and Department of Medicine (E.M.L.), McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.L.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Marinda Fung
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.M.Z., T.J.A., K.S., M.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.J.M.), Population Health Research Institute (M.J.M., E.M.L.) and Department of Medicine (E.M.L.), McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.L.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Matthew J McQueen
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.M.Z., T.J.A., K.S., M.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.J.M.), Population Health Research Institute (M.J.M., E.M.L.) and Department of Medicine (E.M.L.), McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.L.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Eva M Lonn
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.M.Z., T.J.A., K.S., M.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.J.M.), Population Health Research Institute (M.J.M., E.M.L.) and Department of Medicine (E.M.L.), McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.L.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Subodh Verma
- From the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada (Y.M.Z., T.J.A., K.S., M.F.); Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.J.M.), Population Health Research Institute (M.J.M., E.M.L.) and Department of Medicine (E.M.L.), McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (E.M.L.); and Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.V.)
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