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Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6779-6829. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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2
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Koch LF, Best T, Wüstenhagen E, Adrian K, Rammo O, Saul MJ. Novel insights into the isolation of extracellular vesicles by anion exchange chromatography. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1298892. [PMID: 38312509 PMCID: PMC10836363 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1298892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures enclosed by a lipid bilayer that are released into the extracellular space by all types of cells. EVs are involved in many physiological processes by transporting biologically active substances. Interest in EVs for diagnostic biomarker research and therapeutic drug delivery applications has increased in recent years. The realization of the full therapeutic potential of EVs is currently hampered by the lack of a suitable technology for the isolation and purification of EVs for downstream pharmaceutical applications. Anion Exchange Chromatography (AEX) is an established method in which specific charges on the AEX matrix can exploit charges on the surface of EVs and their interactions to provide a productive and scalable separation and purification method. The established AEX method using Eshmuno® Q, a strong tentacle anion exchange resin, was used to demonstrate the principal feasibility of AEX-based isolation and gain insight into isolated EV properties. Using several EV analysis techniques to provide a more detailed insight into EV populations during AEX isolation, we demonstrated that although the composition of CD9/63/81 remained constant for tetraspanin positive EVs, the size distribution and purity changed during elution. Higher salt concentrations eluted larger tetraspanin negative vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon F. Koch
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tatjana Best
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Meike J. Saul
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Universtiy Cancer Center Hamburg, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Barnes MVC, Pantazi P, Holder B. Circulating extracellular vesicles in healthy and pathological pregnancies: A scoping review of methodology, rigour and results. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12377. [PMID: 37974377 PMCID: PMC10654380 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in pregnancy, revealed by the presence of placental-derived EVs in maternal blood, their in vitro functionality, and their altered cargo in pregnancy pathologies. These EVs are thought to be involved in the development of pregnancy pathologies, such as pre-eclampsia, pre-term birth, and fetal growth restriction, and have been suggested as a source of biomarkers for gestational diseases. However, to accurately interpret their function and biomarker potential, it is necessary to critically evaluate the EV isolation and characterization methodologies used in pregnant cohorts. In this systematic scoping review, we collated the results from 152 studies that have investigated EVs in the blood of pregnant women, and provide a detailed analysis of the EV isolation and characterization methodologies used. Our findings indicate an overall increase in EV concentrations in pregnant compared to non-pregnant individuals, an increased EV count as gestation progresses, and an increased EV count in some pregnancy pathologies. We highlight the need for improved standardization of methodology, greater focus on gestational changes in EV concentrations, and further investigations into the functionality of EVs. Our review suggests that EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and translational tools for gestational diseases. However, to fully realize their potential, it is crucial to improve the standardization and reliability of EV isolation and characterization methodologies, and to gain a better understanding of their functional roles in pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan V. C. Barnes
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of MetabolismDigestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paschalia Pantazi
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of MetabolismDigestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Beth Holder
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of MetabolismDigestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
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4
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Banerjee A, Lino M, Jesus C, Ribeiro Q, Abrunhosa A, Ferreira L. Imaging platforms to dissect the in vivo communication, biodistribution and controlled release of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2023; 360:549-563. [PMID: 37406818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) work as communication vehicles, allowing the exchange of bioactive molecules (microRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, etc) between neighbouring and distant cells in the organism. EVs are thus important players in several physiological and pathological processes. Thus, it is critical to understand their role in cellular/organ communication to fully evaluate their biological, diagnosis and therapeutic potential. In addition, recent studies have explored the controlled release of EVs for regenerative medicine applications and thus the evaluation of their release profile is important to correlate with biological activity. Here, we give a brief introduction about EV imaging platforms in terms of their sensitivity, penetration depth, cost, and operational simplicity, followed by a discussion of different EV labelling processes with their advantages and limitations. Next, we cover the relevance of these imaging platforms to dissect the tropism and biological role of endogenous EVs. We also cover the relevance of imaging platforms to monitor the accumulation of exogenous EVs and their potential cellular targets. Finally, we highlight the importance of imaging platforms to investigate the release profile of EVs from different controlled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Banerjee
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Lino
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Jesus
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Quélia Ribeiro
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antero Abrunhosa
- ICNAS/CIBIT - Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health/Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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5
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Jakl V, Ehmele M, Winkelmann M, Ehrenberg S, Eiseler T, Friemert B, Rojewski MT, Schrezenmeier H. A novel approach for large-scale manufacturing of small extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells using a hollow fiber bioreactor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1107055. [PMID: 36761296 PMCID: PMC9904364 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1107055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising therapeutic candidates in a variety of diseases due to having immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative properties. In recent years, MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have attracted increasing interest as a possible alternative to conventional cell therapy. However, translational processes of sEVs for clinical applications are still impeded by inconsistencies regarding isolation procedures and culture conditions. We systematically compared different methods for sEV isolation from conditioned media of ex vivo expanded bone marrow-derived MSCs and demonstrated considerable variability of quantity, purity, and characteristics of sEV preparations obtained by these methods. The combination of cross flow filtration with ultracentrifugation for sEV isolation resulted in sEVs with similar properties as compared to isolation by differential centrifugation combined with ultracentrifugation, the latter is still considered as gold standard for sEV isolation. In contrast, sEV isolation by a combination of precipitation with polyethylene glycol and ultracentrifugation as well as cross flow filtration and size exclusion chromatography resulted in sEVs with different characteristics, as shown by surface antigen expression patterns. The MSC culture requires a growth-promoting supplement, such as platelet lysate, which contains sEVs itself. We demonstrated that MSC culture with EV-depleted platelet lysate does not alter MSC characteristics, and conditioned media of such MSC cultures provide sEV preparations enriched for MSC-derived sEVs. The results from the systematic stepwise evaluation of various aspects were combined with culture of MSCs in a hollow fiber bioreactor. This resulted in a strategy using cross flow filtration with subsequent ultracentrifugation for sEV isolation. In conclusion, this workflow provides a semi-automated, efficient, large-scale-applicable, and good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade approach for the generation of sEVs for clinical use. The use of EV-depleted platelet lysate is an option to further increase the purity of MSC-derived sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Jakl
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Ehmele
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessia and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Winkelmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Ehrenberg
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Friemert
- Clinic for Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, Army Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Thomas Rojewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessia and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Markus Thomas Rojewski,
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany,Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessia and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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6
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De Sousa KP, Rossi I, Abdullahi M, Ramirez MI, Stratton D, Inal JM. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and future directions in diagnosis and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1835. [PMID: 35898167 PMCID: PMC10078256 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a unique and heterogeneous class of lipid bilayer nanoparticles secreted by most cells. EVs are regarded as important mediators of intercellular communication in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells due to their ability to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to recipient cells. In addition to their physiological role, EVs are recognized as modulators in pathological processes such as cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, providing new potential targets for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. For a complete understanding of EVs as a universal cellular biological system and its translational applications, optimal techniques for their isolation and characterization are required. Here, we review recent progress in those techniques, from isolation methods to characterization techniques. With interest in therapeutic applications of EVs growing, we address fundamental points of EV-related cell biology, such as cellular uptake mechanisms and their biodistribution in tissues as well as challenges to their application as drug carriers or biomarkers for less invasive diagnosis or as immunogens. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina P De Sousa
- Bioscience Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Izadora Rossi
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.,Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mahamed Abdullahi
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Dan Stratton
- Open University, The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jameel Malhador Inal
- Bioscience Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK.,School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
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7
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Schürz M, Danmayr J, Jaritsch M, Klinglmayr E, Benirschke HM, Matea C, Zimmerebner P, Rauter J, Wolf M, Gomes FG, Kratochvil Z, Heger Z, Miller A, Heuser T, Stanojlovic V, Kiefer J, Plank T, Johnson L, Himly M, Blöchl C, Huber CG, Hintersteiner M, Meisner‐Kober N. EVAnalyzer: High content imaging for rigorous characterisation of single extracellular vesicles using standard laboratory equipment and a new open-source ImageJ/Fiji plugin. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12282. [PMID: 36437554 PMCID: PMC9702573 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) research increasingly demands for quantitative characterisation at the single vesicle level to address heterogeneity and complexity of EV subpopulations. Emerging, commercialised technologies for single EV analysis based on, for example, imaging flow cytometry or imaging after capture on chips generally require dedicated instrumentation and proprietary software not readily accessible to every lab. This limits their implementation for routine EV characterisation in the rapidly growing EV field. We and others have shown that single vesicles can be detected as light diffraction limited fluorescent spots using standard confocal and widefield fluorescence microscopes. Advancing this simple strategy into a process for routine EV quantitation, we developed 'EVAnalyzer', an ImageJ/Fiji (Fiji is just ImageJ) plugin for automated, quantitative single vesicle analysis from imaging data. Using EVAnalyzer, we established a robust protocol for capture, (immuno-)labelling and fluorescent imaging of EVs. To exemplify the application scope, the process was optimised and systematically tested for (i) quantification of EV subpopulations, (ii) validation of EV labelling reagents, (iii) in situ determination of antibody specificity, sensitivity and species cross-reactivity for EV markers and (iv) optimisation of genetic EV engineering. Additionally, we show that the process can be applied to synthetic nanoparticles, allowing to determine siRNA encapsulation efficiencies of lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) and protein loading of SiO2 nanoparticles. EVAnalyzer further provides a pipeline for automated quantification of cell uptake at the single cell-single vesicle level, thereby enabling high content EV cell uptake assays and plate-based screens. Notably, the entire procedure from sample preparation to the final data output is entirely based on standard reagents, materials, laboratory equipment and open access software. In summary, we show that EVAnalyzer enables rigorous characterisation of EVs with generally accessible tools. Since we further provide the plugin as open-source code, we expect EVAnalyzer to not only be a resource of immediate impact, but an open innovation platform for the EV and nanoparticle research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schürz
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Joachim Danmayr
- Department of Informatics and MathematicsFernuniversität HagenHagenGermany
| | - Maria Jaritsch
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Klinglmayr
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Heloisa Melo Benirschke
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Cristian‐Tudor Matea
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Patrick Zimmerebner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jakob Rauter
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Wolf
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical University (PMU)SalzburgAustria
| | - Fausto Gueths Gomes
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical University (PMU)SalzburgAustria
| | - Zdenek Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Andrew Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
- Veterinary Research InstituteBrnoCzech Republic
- KP Therapeutics (Europe) sro.BrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jana Kiefer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Tanja Plank
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Constantin Blöchl
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | | | - Nicole Meisner‐Kober
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyParis Lodron University SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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8
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Lau H, Han DW, Park J, Lehner E, Kals C, Arzt C, Bayer E, Auer D, Schally T, Grasmann E, Fang H, Lee J, Lee HS, Han J, Gimona M, Rohde E, Bae S, Oh SW. GMP-compliant manufacturing of biologically active cell-derived vesicles produced by extrusion technology. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e70. [PMID: 38938599 PMCID: PMC11080851 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by a variety of cell types have been shown to act as a natural delivery system for bioactive molecules such as RNAs and proteins. EV therapy holds great promise as a safe and cell-free therapy for many immunological and degenerative diseases. However, translation to clinical application is limited by several factors, including insufficient large-scale manufacturing technologies and low yield. We have developed a novel drug delivery platform technology, BioDrone™, based on cell-derived vesicles (CDVs) produced from diverse cell sources by using a proprietary extrusion process. This extrusion technology generates nanosized vesicles in far greater numbers than naturally obtained EVs. We demonstrate that the CDVs are surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane with a correct membrane topology. Physical, biochemical and functional characterisation results demonstrate the potential of CDVs to act as effective therapeutics. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC)-derived CDVs exhibit a biological activity that is similar to UCMSCs or UCMSC-derived EVs. Lastly, we present the establishment of a GMP-compliant process to allow the production of a large number of UCMSC-CDVs in a reproducible manner. GMP-compliant manufacturing of CDVs will facilitate the preclinical and clinical evaluation of these emerging therapeutics in anti-inflammatory or regenerative medicine. This study also represents a crucial step in the development of this novel drug delivery platform based on CDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Woo Han
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Jinhee Park
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Edwine Lehner
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Carina Kals
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Claudia Arzt
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
| | - Elisabeth Bayer
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Daniela Auer
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Tanja Schally
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Grasmann
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
| | - Han Fang
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
| | - Jae‐Young Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Hyun Soo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Jinah Han
- BioDrone Therapeutics Inc.SeattleUSA
| | - Mario Gimona
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Transfer Centre for Extracellular Vesicle Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)SalzburgAustria
- Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies”Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Rohde
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University HospitalSalzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Shingyu Bae
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Seung Wook Oh
- BioDrone Research InstituteMDimune Inc.SeoulKorea
- BioDrone Therapeutics Inc.SeattleUSA
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9
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Rother N, Yanginlar C, Pieterse E, Hilbrands L, van der Vlag J. Microparticles in Autoimmunity: Cause or Consequence of Disease? Front Immunol 2022; 13:822995. [PMID: 35514984 PMCID: PMC9065258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small (100 nm - 1 um) extracellular vesicles derived from the plasma membrane of dying or activated cells. MPs are important mediators of intercellular communication, transporting proteins, nucleic acids and lipids from the parent cell to other cells. MPs resemble the state of their parent cells and are easily accessible when released into the blood or urine. MPs also play a role in the pathogenesis of different diseases and are considered as potential biomarkers. MP isolation and characterization is technically challenging and results in different studies are contradictory. Therefore, uniform guidelines to isolate and characterize MPs should be developed. Our understanding of MP biology and how MPs play a role in different pathological mechanisms has greatly advanced in recent years. MPs, especially if derived from apoptotic cells, possess strong immunogenic properties due to the presence of modified proteins and nucleic acids. MPs are often found in patients with autoimmune diseases where MPs for example play a role in the break of immunological tolerance and/or induction of inflammatory conditions. In this review, we describe the main techniques to isolate and characterize MPs, define the characteristics of MPs generated during cell death, illustrate different mechanism of intercellular communication via MPs and summarize the role of MPs in pathological mechanisms with a particular focus on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rother
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yanginlar
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elmar Pieterse
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luuk Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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10
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Ramos AP, Sebinelli HG, Ciancaglini P, Rosato N, Mebarek S, Buchet R, Millán JL, Bottini M. The functional role of soluble proteins acquired by extracellular vesicles. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e34. [PMID: 38938684 PMCID: PMC11080634 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanosized particles released by all cell types during physiological as well as pathophysiological processes to carry out diverse biological functions, including acting as sources of cellular dumping, signalosomes and mineralisation nanoreactors. The ability of EVs to perform specific biological functions is due to their biochemical machinery. Among the components of the EVs' biochemical machinery, surface proteins are of critical functional significance as they mediate the interactions of EVs with components of the extracellular milieu, the extracellular matrix and neighbouring cells. Surface proteins are thought to be native, that is, pre-assembled on the EVs' surface by the parent cells before the vesicles are released. However, numerous pieces of evidence have suggested that soluble proteins are acquired by the EVs' surface from the extracellular milieu and further modulate the biological functions of EVs during innate and adaptive immune responses, autoimmune disorders, complement activation, coagulation, viral infection and biomineralisation. Herein, we will describe the methods currently used to identify the EVs' surface proteins and discuss recent knowledge on the functional relevance of the soluble proteins acquired by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Heitor Gobbi Sebinelli
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Dipartimento di Medicina SperimentaleUniversita’ di Roma “Tor Vergata”RomeItaly
| | - Saida Mebarek
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246UFR BiosciencesUniversité Lyon 1Villeurbanne CedexFrance
| | - Rene Buchet
- ICBMS UMR CNRS 5246UFR BiosciencesUniversité Lyon 1Villeurbanne CedexFrance
| | | | - Massimo Bottini
- Departamento de QuímicaFaculdade de FilosofiaCiências e Letras de Ribeirão PretoUniversidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP‐USP)Ribeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
- Sanford Burnham PrebysLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Rautaniemi K, Zini J, Löfman E, Saari H, Haapalehto I, Laukka J, Vesamäki S, Efimov A, Yliperttula M, Laaksonen T, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Lisitsyna ES. Addressing challenges in the removal of unbound dye from passively labelled extracellular vesicles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 4:226-240. [PMID: 36132960 PMCID: PMC9417910 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00755f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies of extracellular vesicles (EVs), their trafficking and characterization often employ fluorescent labelling. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid thus far to a thorough evaluation of the purification of EVs after labelling, although the presence of an unbound dye may severely compromise the results or even lead to wrong conclusions on EV functionality. Here, we systematically studied five dyes for passive EV labelling and meticulously compared five typical purification methods: ultracentrifugation (UC), ultracentrifugation with discontinuous density gradient (UCG), ultrafiltration (UF), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and anion exchange chromatography (AEC). A general methodology for evaluation of EV purification efficiency after the labelling was developed and tested to select the purification methods for the chosen dyes. Firstly, we found that some methods initially lead to high EV losses even in the absence of the dye. Secondly, the suitable purification method needs to be found for each particular dye and depends on the physical and chemical properties of the dye. Thirdly, we demonstrated that the developed parameter E rp (relative purification efficiency) is a useful tool for the pre-screening of the suitable dye-purification method combinations. Additionally, it was also shown that the labelled EVs properly purified from the unbound dye may show significantly reduced contrast and visibility in the target application, e.g. in the live cell fluorescence lifetime imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Rautaniemi
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
| | - Jacopo Zini
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 00790 Helsinki Finland
| | - Emilia Löfman
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
| | - Heikki Saari
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 00790 Helsinki Finland
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Services Kivihaantie 7 00310 Helsinki Finland
| | - Iida Haapalehto
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
| | - Johanna Laukka
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
| | - Sami Vesamäki
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
| | - Alexander Efimov
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 00790 Helsinki Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki Viikinkaari 5 00790 Helsinki Finland
| | - Elina Vuorimaa-Laukkanen
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
| | - Ekaterina S Lisitsyna
- Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University Korkeakoulunkatu 8 33720 Tampere Finland
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12
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Priglinger E, Strasser J, Buchroithner B, Weber F, Wolbank S, Auer D, Grasmann E, Arzt C, Sivun D, Grillari J, Jacak J, Preiner J, Gimona M. Label-free characterization of an extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12156. [PMID: 34669269 PMCID: PMC8528092 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) as therapeutic agents has dramatically increased over the last decade. Current approaches to the characterization and quality control of EV-based therapeutics include particle tracking techniques, Western blotting, and advanced cytometry, but standardized methods are lacking. In this study, we established and verified quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as highly sensitive label-free immunosensing technique for characterizing clinically approved umbilical cord MSC-EVs enriched by tangential flow filtration and ultracentrifugation. Using QCM in conjunction with common characterization methods, we were able to specifically detect EVs via EV (CD9, CD63, CD81) and MSC (CD44, CD49e, CD73) markers. Furthermore, analysis of QCM dissipation versus frequency allowed us to quantitatively determine the ratio of marker-specific EVs versus non-vesicular particles (NVPs) - a parameter that cannot be obtained by any other technique so far. Additionally, we characterized the topography and elasticity of these EVs by atomic force microscopy (AFM), enabling us to distinguish between EVs and NVPs in our EV preparations. This measurement modality makes it possible to identify EV sub-fractions, discriminate between EVs and NVPs, and to characterize EV surface proteins, all with minimal sample preparation and using label-free measurement devices with low barriers of entry for labs looking to widen their spectrum of characterization techniques. Our combination of QCM with impedance measurement (QCM-I) and AFM measurements provides a robust multi-marker approach to the characterization of clinically approved EV therapeutics and opens the door to improved quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Priglinger
- AUVA Research CenterLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyLinz/ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Juergen Strasser
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Boris Buchroithner
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Florian Weber
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Susanne Wolbank
- AUVA Research CenterLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyLinz/ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Daniela Auer
- GMP UnitSpinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies”Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Eva Grasmann
- Transfer Center for Extracellular Vesicles Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Claudia Arzt
- Transfer Center for Extracellular Vesicles Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- AUVA Research CenterLudwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical TraumatologyLinz/ViennaAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- Dept. of BiotechnologyBOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesInstitute of Molecular BiotechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Preiner
- School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences Upper AustriaLinzAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
| | - Mario Gimona
- GMP UnitSpinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Research Program “Nanovesicular Therapies”Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationViennaAustria
- Transfer Center for Extracellular Vesicles Theralytic Technologies (EV‐TT)Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
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13
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Fortunato D, Mladenović D, Criscuoli M, Loria F, Veiman KL, Zocco D, Koort K, Zarovni N. Opportunities and Pitfalls of Fluorescent Labeling Methodologies for Extracellular Vesicle Profiling on High-Resolution Single-Particle Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10510. [PMID: 34638850 PMCID: PMC8508895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown exponentially, together with innovative basic research branches that feed medical and bioengineering applications. Such attraction has been fostered by the biological roles of EVs, as they carry biomolecules from any cell type to trigger systemic paracrine signaling or to dispose metabolism products. To fulfill their roles, EVs are transported through circulating biofluids, which can be exploited for the administration of therapeutic nanostructures or collected to intercept relevant EV-contained biomarkers. Despite their potential, EVs are ubiquitous and considerably heterogeneous. Therefore, it is fundamental to profile and identify subpopulations of interest. In this study, we optimized EV-labeling protocols on two different high-resolution single-particle platforms, the NanoFCM NanoAnalyzer (nFCM) and Particle Metrix ZetaView Fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analyzer (F-NTA). In addition to the information obtained by particles' scattered light, purified and non-purified EVs from different cell sources were fluorescently stained with combinations of specific dyes and antibodies to facilitate their identification and characterization. Despite the validity and compatibility of EV-labeling strategies, they should be optimized for each platform. Since EVs can be easily confounded with similar-sized nanoparticles, it is imperative to control instrument settings and the specificity of staining protocols in order to conduct a rigorous and informative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Mladenović
- HansaBioMed Life Sciences Ltd., 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (D.M.); (F.L.); (K.-L.V.)
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | | | - Francesca Loria
- HansaBioMed Life Sciences Ltd., 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (D.M.); (F.L.); (K.-L.V.)
| | - Kadi-Liis Veiman
- HansaBioMed Life Sciences Ltd., 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (D.M.); (F.L.); (K.-L.V.)
| | - Davide Zocco
- Exosomics SpA, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.); (D.Z.)
- Cell and Gene Therapy Research and Development, Lonza Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kairi Koort
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Natasa Zarovni
- Exosomics SpA, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.F.); (M.C.); (D.Z.)
- HansaBioMed Life Sciences Ltd., 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (D.M.); (F.L.); (K.-L.V.)
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14
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Phillips W, Willms E, Hill AF. Understanding extracellular vesicle and nanoparticle heterogeneity: Novel methods and considerations. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000118. [PMID: 33857352 PMCID: PMC8365743 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of membrane-enclosed nanoparticles released by cells. They play a role in intercellular communication and are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Cells release subpopulations of EVs with distinct composition and inherent biological function which overlap in size. Current size-based isolation methods are, therefore, not optimal to discriminate between functional EV subpopulations. In addition, EVs overlap in size with several other biological nanoparticles, such as lipoproteins and viruses. Proteomic analysis has allowed for more detailed study of EV composition, and EV isolation approaches based on this could provide a promising alternative for purification based on size. Elucidating EV heterogeneity and the characteristics and role of EV subpopulations will advance our understanding of EV biology and the role of EVs in health and disease. Here, we discuss current knowledge of EV composition, EV heterogeneity and advances in affinity based EV isolation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Eduard Willms
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and GeneticsLa Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
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15
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George SK, Lauková L, Weiss R, Semak V, Fendl B, Weiss VU, Steinberger S, Allmaier G, Tripisciano C, Weber V. Comparative Analysis of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083839. [PMID: 33917210 PMCID: PMC8068037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has prompted the advancements of protocols for improved EV characterization. As a high-throughput, multi-parameter, and single particle technique, flow cytometry is widely used for EV characterization. The comparison of data on EV concentration, however, is hindered by the lack of standardization between different protocols and instruments. Here, we quantified EV counts of platelet-derived EVs, using two flow cytometers (Gallios and CytoFLEX LX) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Phosphatidylserine-exposing EVs were identified by labelling with lactadherin (LA). Calibration with silica-based fluorescent beads showed detection limits of 300 nm and 150 nm for Gallios and CytoFLEX LX, respectively. Accordingly, CytoFLEX LX yielded 40-fold higher EV counts and 13-fold higher counts of LA+CD41+ EVs compared to Gallios. NTA in fluorescence mode (F-NTA) demonstrated that only 9.5% of all vesicles detected in scatter mode exposed phosphatidylserine, resulting in good agreement of LA+ EVs for CytoFLEX LX and F-NTA. Since certain functional characteristics, such as the exposure of pro-coagulant phosphatidylserine, are not equally displayed across the entire EV size range, our study highlights the necessity of indicating the size range of EVs detected with a given approach along with the EV concentration to support the comparability between different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Karuthedom George
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.K.G.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (V.S.); (B.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Lucia Lauková
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.K.G.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (V.S.); (B.F.); (C.T.)
| | - René Weiss
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.K.G.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (V.S.); (B.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Vladislav Semak
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.K.G.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (V.S.); (B.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Birgit Fendl
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.K.G.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (V.S.); (B.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Victor U. Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (V.U.W.); (S.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Stephanie Steinberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (V.U.W.); (S.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (V.U.W.); (S.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Carla Tripisciano
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.K.G.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (V.S.); (B.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Biomedical Research, Danube University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria; (S.K.G.); (L.L.); (R.W.); (V.S.); (B.F.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-2732-893-2632
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16
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Thietart S, Rautou PE. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in liver diseases: A clinician's point of view. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1507-1525. [PMID: 32682050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound vesicles containing proteins, lipids, RNAs and microRNAs. They can originate from both healthy and stressed cells, and provide a snapshot of the cell of origin in physiological and pathological circumstances. Various processes that may give rise to the release of extracellular vesicles occur in liver diseases, including hepatocyte apoptosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, liver innate immune system activation, systemic inflammation, and organelle dysfunction (mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress). Numerous studies have therefore investigated the potential role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in liver diseases. This review provides an overview of the methods that can be used to measure extracellular vesicle concentrations in clinical settings, ranging from plasma preparation to extracellular vesicle measurement techniques, as well as looking at the challenges of using extracellular vesicles as biomarkers. We also provide a comprehensive review of studies that test extracellular vesicles as diagnostic, severity and prognostic biomarkers in various liver diseases, including non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis, viral hepatitis B and C infections, cirrhosis, primary liver cancers, primary sclerosing cholangitis and acute liver failure. In particular, extracellular vesicles could be useful tools to evaluate activity and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, predict risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation, predict complications and mortality in cirrhosis, detect early hepatocellular carcinoma, detect malignant transformation in primary sclerosing cholangitis and predict outcomes in acute liver failure. While most studies draw on data derived from pilot studies, which still require clinical validation, some extracellular vesicle subpopulations have already been evaluated in solid prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thietart
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, F-75018 Paris, France; Service d'Hépatologie, DHU Unity, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Clichy, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, French Network for Rare Liver Diseases (FILFOIE), European Reference Network (ERN) 'Rare-Liver'.
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17
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Románszki L, Varga Z, Mihály J, Keresztes Z, Thompson M. Electromagnetic Piezoelectric Acoustic Sensor Detection of Extracellular Vesicles through Interaction with Detached Vesicle Proteins. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110173. [PMID: 33187356 PMCID: PMC7709033 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An electromagnetic piezoelectric acoustic sensor (EMPAS) was used to study the non-specific adsorption of human red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicle preparations. Vesicle storage history (temperature and duration) highly affected the obtained results: The signal change, namely the frequency decrease of the crystal measured at 20 °C, was negligibly small (<1 s−2) when the vesicle solutions had previously been stored at 4 °C, and was in the order of 10 s−2 when the vesicle solutions had been stored at −30 °C. Moreover, the rate of frequency decrease increased exponentially with the storage time at −30 °C. Upon a 4 °C storage period following the −30 °C storage period of the same sample, the measured frequency decrease dropped, suggesting a partial relaxation of the system. The results are explained by the disintegration of the vesicles triggered by the freeze–thaw cycle, likely due to the detachment of proteins from the vesicle surface as was proved by size-exclusion chromatography. Surface modification of the sensor crystal provided the possibility of signal enhancement, as the maximum rate of the frequency change for the same vesicle concentrations was higher on hydrophobic, octadecyl trichlorosilane–modified quartz than on hydrophilic, bare quartz. The EMPAS signal has been associated with the amount of detached proteins, which in turn is proportional to the originating vesicle concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loránd Románszki
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (Z.V.); (J.M.)
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (Z.V.); (J.M.)
| | - Judith Mihály
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (Z.V.); (J.M.)
| | - Zsófia Keresztes
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (Z.V.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada;
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18
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DeRose P, Tian L, Elsheikh E, Urbas A, Zhang YZ, Wang L. Expanding NIST Calibration of Fluorescent Microspheres for Flow Cytometry to More Fluorescence Channels and Smaller Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4111. [PMID: 32947933 PMCID: PMC7560418 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other industry stakeholders have been working together to enable fluorescence intensities of flow cytometer calibration beads to be assigned quantitative equivalent reference fluorophore (ERF) values with high accuracy and precision. The ultimate goal of this effort is to accurately quantify the number of antibodies bound to individual living cells. The expansion of this effort to assign ERF values to more than 50 fluorescence channels and particles with diameters ranging from 10 μm down to 80 nm is reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul DeRose
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (L.W.)
| | - Linhua Tian
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (L.W.)
| | - Elzafir Elsheikh
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (L.W.)
| | - Aaron Urbas
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR 97402, USA;
| | - Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (L.W.)
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