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Ji J, Lefebvre E, Laporte J. Comparative in vivo characterization of newly discovered myotropic adeno-associated vectors. Skelet Muscle 2024; 14:9. [PMID: 38702726 PMCID: PMC11067285 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-024-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy is a promising strategy to treat muscle diseases. However, this strategy is currently confronted with challenges, including a lack of transduction efficiency across the entire muscular system and toxicity resulting from off-target tissue effects. Recently, novel myotropic AAVs named MyoAAVs and AAVMYOs have been discovered using a directed evolution approach, all separately demonstrating enhanced muscle transduction efficiency and liver de-targeting effects. However, these newly discovered AAV variants have not yet been compared. METHODS In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of these various AAV9-derived vectors under the same experimental conditions following different injection time points in two distinct mouse strains. RESULTS We highlight differences in transduction efficiency between AAV9, AAVMYO, MyoAAV2A and MyoAAV4A that depend on age at injection, doses and mouse genetic background. In addition, specific AAV serotypes appeared more potent to transduce skeletal muscles including diaphragm and/or to de-target heart or liver. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides guidance for researchers aiming to establish proof-of-concept approaches for preventive or curative perspectives in mouse models, to ultimately lead to future clinical trials for muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ji
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, 67404, France
| | - Elise Lefebvre
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, 67404, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, IGBMC, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, 67404, France.
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2
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W. The Significance and Importance of dPCR, qPCR, and SYBR Green PCR Kit in the Detection of Numerous Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:169-179. [PMID: 38243947 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128276560231218090436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Digital PCR (dPCR) is the latest technique that has become commercially accessible for various types of research. This method uses Taq polymerase in a standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a target DNA fragment from a complex sample, like quantitative PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (dd- PCR). ddPCR may facilitate microRNA (miRNA) measurement, particularly in liquid biopsy, because it has been proven to be more effective and sensitive, and in this method, ddPCR can provide an unprecedented chance for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation research because of its capability to increase sensitivity and precision over conventional PCR-based methods. qPCR has also been found to be a valuable standard technique to measure both copy DNA (cDNA) and genomic DNA (gDNA) levels, although the finding data can be significantly variable and non-reproducible without relevant validation and verification of both primers and samples. The SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method has been reported as an appropriate technique for quantitative detection and species discrimination, and has been applied profitably in different experiments to determine, quantify, and discriminate species. Although both TaqMan qRT-PCR and SYBR green qRT-PCR are sensitive and rapid, the SYBR green qRT-PCR assay is easy and the TaqMan qRT-PCR assay is specific but expensive due to the probe required. This review aimed to introduce dPCR, qPCR, SYBR green PCR kit, and digital PCR, compare them, and also introduce their advantages in the detection of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Wenli Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
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Ju DU, Park D, Kim IH, Kim S, Yoo HM. Development of Human Rhinovirus RNA Reference Material Using Digital PCR. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2210. [PMID: 38137032 PMCID: PMC10742479 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human rhinovirus (RV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that causes respiratory tract diseases affecting both the upper and lower halves of the respiratory system. RV enhances its replication by concentrating RNA synthesis within a modified host membrane in an intracellular compartment. RV infections often occur alongside infections caused by other respiratory viruses, and the RV virus may remain asymptomatic for extended periods. Alongside qualitative detection, it is essential to accurately quantify RV RNA from clinical samples to explore the relationships between RV viral load, infections caused by the virus, and the resulting symptoms observed in patients. A reference material (RM) is required for quality evaluation, the performance evaluation of molecular diagnostic products, and evaluation of antiviral agents in the laboratory. The preparation process for the RM involves creating an RV RNA mixture by combining RV viral RNA with RNA storage solution and matrix. The resulting RV RNA mixture is scaled up to a volume of 25 mL, then dispensed at 100 µL per vial and stored at -80 °C. The process of measuring the stability and homogeneity of RV RMs was conducted by employing reverse transcription droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR). Digital PCR is useful for the analysis of standards and can help to improve measurement compatibility: it represents the equivalence of a series of outcomes for reference materials and samples being analyzed when a few measurement procedures are employed, enabling objective comparisons between quantitative findings obtained through various experiments. The number of copies value represents a measured result of approximately 1.6 × 105 copies/μL. The RM has about an 11% bottle-to-bottle homogeneity and shows stable results for 1 week at temperatures of 4 °C and -20 °C and for 12 months at a temperature of -80 °C. The developed RM can enhance the dependability of RV molecular tests by providing a precise reference value for the absolute copy number of a viral target gene. Additionally, it can serve as a reference for diverse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong U Ju
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongju Park
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seil Kim
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Biometrology Group, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Precision Measurement, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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de Carvalho Neves J, Moschovaki-Filippidou F, Böhm J, Laporte J. DNM2 levels normalization improves muscle phenotypes of a novel mouse model for moderate centronuclear myopathy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:321-334. [PMID: 37547294 PMCID: PMC10400865 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamin 2 (DNM2) is a ubiquitously expressed GTPase regulating membrane trafficking and cytoskeleton dynamics. Heterozygous dominant mutations in DNM2 cause centronuclear myopathy (CNM), associated with muscle weakness and atrophy and histopathological hallmarks as fiber hypotrophy and organelles mis-position. Different severities range from the severe neonatal onset form to the moderate form with childhood onset and to the mild adult onset form. No therapy is approved for CNM. Here we aimed to validate and rescue a mouse model for the moderate form of DNM2-CNM harboring the common DNM2 R369W missense mutation. Dnm2R369W/+ mice presented with increased DNM2 protein level in muscle and moderate CNM-like phenotypes with force deficit, muscle and fiber hypotrophy, impaired mTOR signaling, and progressive mitochondria and nuclei mis-position with age. Molecular analyses revealed a fiber type switch toward oxidative metabolism correlating with decreased force and alteration of mitophagy markers paralleling mitochondria structural defects. Normalization of DNM2 levels through intramuscular injection of AAV-shDnm2 targeting Dnm2 mRNA significantly improved histopathology and muscle and myofiber hypotrophy. These results showed that the Dnm2R369W/+ mouse is a faithful model for the moderate form of DNM2-CNM and revealed that DNM2 normalization after a short 4-week treatment is sufficient to improve the CNM phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Carvalho Neves
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Foteini Moschovaki-Filippidou
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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5
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Martin Lorenzo S, Muniz Moreno MDM, Atas H, Pellen M, Nalesso V, Raffelsberger W, Prevost G, Lindner L, Birling MC, Menoret S, Tesson L, Negroni L, Concordet JP, Anegon I, Herault Y. Changes in social behavior with MAPK2 and KCTD13/CUL3 pathways alterations in two new outbred rat models for the 16p11.2 syndromes with autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1148683. [PMID: 37465586 PMCID: PMC10350633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1148683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) of the human 16p11.2 locus are associated with several developmental/neurocognitive syndromes. Particularly, deletion and duplication of this genetic interval are found in patients with autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability and other psychiatric traits. The high gene density associated with the region and the strong phenotypic variability of incomplete penetrance, make the study of the 16p11.2 syndromes extremely complex. To systematically study the effect of 16p11.2 CNVs and identify candidate genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology, mouse models were generated previously and showed learning and memory, and to some extent social deficits. To go further in understanding the social deficits caused by 16p11.2 syndromes, we engineered deletion and duplication of the homologous region to the human 16p11.2 genetic interval in two rat outbred strains, Sprague Dawley (SD) and Long Evans (LE). The 16p11.2 rat models displayed convergent defects in social behavior and in the novel object test in male carriers from both genetic backgrounds. Interestingly major pathways affecting MAPK1 and CUL3 were found altered in the rat 16p11.2 models with additional changes in males compared to females. Altogether, the consequences of the 16p11.2 genetic region dosage on social behavior are now found in three different species: humans, mice and rats. In addition, the rat models pointed to sexual dimorphism with lower severity of phenotypes in rat females compared to male mutants. This phenomenon is also observed in humans. We are convinced that the two rat models will be key to further investigating social behavior and understanding the brain mechanisms and specific brain regions that are key to controlling social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Martin Lorenzo
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Maria Del Mar Muniz Moreno
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Helin Atas
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Marion Pellen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Nalesso
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Wolfgang Raffelsberger
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Geraldine Prevost
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA-PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Loic Lindner
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA-PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA-PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Séverine Menoret
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016 CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes, France
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Luc Negroni
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA-PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
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6
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Totain E, Lindner L, Martin N, Misseri Y, Iché A, Birling MC, Sorg T, Herault Y, Bousquet-Melou A, Bouillé P, Duthoit C, Pavlovic G, Boullier S. Development of HPV16 mouse and dog models for more accurate prediction of human vaccine efficacy. Lab Anim Res 2023; 39:14. [PMID: 37308929 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-023-00166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models are essential to understand the physiopathology of human diseases but also to evaluate new therapies. However, for several diseases there is no appropriate animal model, which complicates the development of effective therapies. HPV infections, responsible for carcinoma cancers, are among these. So far, the lack of relevant animal models has hampered the development of therapeutic vaccines. In this study, we used a candidate therapeutic vaccine named C216, similar to the ProCervix candidate therapeutic vaccine, to validate new mouse and dog HPV preclinical models. ProCervix has shown promising results with classical subcutaneous murine TC-1 cell tumor isografts but has failed in a phase II study. RESULTS We first generated E7/HPV16 syngeneic transgenic mice in which the expression of the E7 antigen could be switched on through the use of Cre-lox recombination. Non-integrative LentiFlash® viral particles were used to locally deliver Cre mRNA, resulting in E7/HPV16 expression and GFP reporter fluorescence. The expression of E7/HPV16 was monitored by in vivo fluorescence using Cellvizio imaging and by local mRNA expression quantification. In the experimental conditions used, we observed no differences in E7 expression between C216 vaccinated and control groups. To mimic the MHC diversity of humans, E7/HPV16 transgenes were locally delivered by injection of lentiviral particles in the muscle of dogs. Vaccination with C216, tested with two different adjuvants, induced a strong immune response in dogs. However, we detected no relationship between the level of cellular response against E7/HPV16 and the elimination of E7-expressing cells, either by fluorescence or by RT-ddPCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we have developed two animal models, with a genetic design that is easily transposable to different antigens, to validate the efficacy of candidate vaccines. Our results indicate that, despite being immunogenic, the C216 candidate vaccine did not induce a sufficiently strong immune response to eliminate infected cells. Our results are in line with the failure of the ProCervix vaccine that was observed at the end of the phase II clinical trial, reinforcing the relevance of appropriate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loïc Lindner
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Nicolas Martin
- FlashTherapeutics, Centre de Recherche Langlade, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Alexandra Iché
- FlashTherapeutics, Centre de Recherche Langlade, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Tania Sorg
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Yann Herault
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - Pascale Bouillé
- FlashTherapeutics, Centre de Recherche Langlade, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Duthoit
- FlashTherapeutics, Centre de Recherche Langlade, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
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7
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Schaeffer L, Lindner L, Pavlovic G, Hérault Y, Birling MC. CRISMERE Chromosome Engineering in Mouse and Rat. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:277-297. [PMID: 36995673 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a versatile tool for engineering biology that has dramatically transformed our ability to manipulate genomes. In this protocol, we use its capacity to generate two double-strand breaks simultaneously, at precise positions in the genome, to generate mouse or rat lines with deletion, inversion, and duplication of a specific genomic segment. The technic is called CRISMERE for CRISpr-MEdiated REarrangement. This protocol describes the different steps to generate and validate the different chromosomal rearrangements that can be obtained with the technology. These new genetic configurations can be useful to model rare diseases with copy number variation, understand the genomic organization, or provide genetic tools (like balancer chromosome) to keep lethal mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Schaeffer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Loic Lindner
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Hérault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France.
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8
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Long S. Digital PCR: Methods and applications in infectious diseases. Methods 2022; 201:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Brault V, Nguyen TL, Flores-Gutiérrez J, Iacono G, Birling MC, Lalanne V, Meziane H, Manousopoulou A, Pavlovic G, Lindner L, Selloum M, Sorg T, Yu E, Garbis SD, Hérault Y. Dyrk1a gene dosage in glutamatergic neurons has key effects in cognitive deficits observed in mouse models of MRD7 and Down syndrome. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009777. [PMID: 34587162 PMCID: PMC8480849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance leads to neurodevelopmental diseases including to autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Loss-of-function mutations in the DYRK1A gene, located on human chromosome 21 (Hsa21,) lead to an intellectual disability syndrome associated with microcephaly, epilepsy, and autistic troubles. Overexpression of DYRK1A, on the other hand, has been linked with learning and memory defects observed in people with Down syndrome (DS). Dyrk1a is expressed in both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, but its impact on each neuronal population has not yet been elucidated. Here we investigated the impact of Dyrk1a gene copy number variation in glutamatergic neurons using a conditional knockout allele of Dyrk1a crossed with the Tg(Camk2-Cre)4Gsc transgenic mouse. We explored this genetic modification in homozygotes, heterozygotes and combined with the Dp(16Lipi-Zbtb21)1Yey trisomic mouse model to unravel the consequence of Dyrk1a dosage from 0 to 3, to understand its role in normal physiology, and in MRD7 and DS. Overall, Dyrk1a dosage in postnatal glutamatergic neurons did not impact locomotor activity, working memory or epileptic susceptibility, but revealed that Dyrk1a is involved in long-term explicit memory. Molecular analyses pointed at a deregulation of transcriptional activity through immediate early genes and a role of DYRK1A at the glutamatergic post-synapse by deregulating and interacting with key post-synaptic proteins implicated in mechanism leading to long-term enhanced synaptic plasticity. Altogether, our work gives important information to understand the action of DYRK1A inhibitors and have a better therapeutic approach. The Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A, DYRK1A, drives cognitive alterations with increased dose in Down syndrome (DS) or with reduced dose in DYRK1A-related intellectual disability syndromes (ORPHA:268261; ORPHA:464311) also known as mental retardation, autosomal dominant disease 7 (MRD7; OMIM #614104). Here we report that specific and complete loss of Dyrk1a in glutamatergic neurons induced a range of specific cognitive phenotypes and alter the expression of genes involved in neurotransmission in the hippocampus. We further explored the consequences of Dyrk1a dosage in glutamatergic neurons on the cognitive phenotypes observed respectively in MRD7 and DS mouse models and we found specific roles in long-term explicit memory with no impact on motor activity, short-term working memory, and susceptibility to epilepsy. Then we demonstrated that DYRK1A is a component of the glutamatergic post-synapse and interacts with several component such as NR2B and PSD95. Altogether our work describes a new role of DYRK1A at the glutamatergic synapse that must be considered to understand the consequence of treatment targeting DYRK1A in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Thu Lan Nguyen
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Javier Flores-Gutiérrez
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Giovanni Iacono
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Lalanne
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Loïc Lindner
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Sorg
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Eugene Yu
- The Children’s Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York At Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Spiros D. Garbis
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Hérault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Long S. SARS-CoV-2 Subgenomic RNAs: Characterization, Utility, and Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101923. [PMID: 34696353 PMCID: PMC8539008 DOI: 10.3390/v13101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent at the root of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, harbors a large RNA genome from which a tiered ensemble of subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) is generated. Comprehensive definition and investigation of these RNA products are important for understanding SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. This review summarizes the recent progress on SARS-CoV-2 sgRNA identification, characterization, and application as a viral replication marker. The significance of these findings and potential future research areas of interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Long
- Independent Researcher, Clarksburg, MD 20871, USA
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11
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Birling MC, Fray MD, Kasparek P, Kopkanova J, Massimi M, Matteoni R, Montoliu L, Nutter LMJ, Raspa M, Rozman J, Ryder EJ, Scavizzi F, Voikar V, Wells S, Pavlovic G, Teboul L. Importing genetically altered animals: ensuring quality. Mamm Genome 2021; 33:100-107. [PMID: 34536110 PMCID: PMC8913481 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reproducibility of research using laboratory animals requires reliable management of their quality, in particular of their genetics, health and environment, all of which contribute to their phenotypes. The point at which these biological materials are transferred between researchers is particularly sensitive, as it may result in a loss of integrity of the animals and/or their documentation. Here, we describe the various aspects of laboratory animal quality that should be confirmed when sharing rodent research models. We also discuss how repositories of biological materials support the scientific community to ensure the continuity of the quality of laboratory animals. Both the concept of quality and the role of repositories themselves extend to all exchanges of biological materials and all networks that support the sharing of these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Birling
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67404, Strasbourg, France.
| | - M D Fray
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RD, Oxon, UK
| | - P Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - J Kopkanova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - M Massimi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - R Matteoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - L Montoliu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) Madrid and CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - L M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - J Rozman
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - E J Ryder
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,LGC, Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, Fordham, UK
| | - F Scavizzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - V Voikar
- Neuroscience Center and Laboratory Animal Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Wells
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RD, Oxon, UK
| | - G Pavlovic
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 67404, Strasbourg, France.
| | - L Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RD, Oxon, UK.
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12
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Ayme-Dietrich E, Da Silva S, Bouabout GA, Arnoux A, Guyonnet J, Becker G, Monassier L. Characterization of the spontaneous degenerative mitral valve disease in FVB mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257022. [PMID: 34473777 PMCID: PMC8412250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of new non-surgical treatments dedicated to mitral valve degeneration is limited by the absence of relevant spontaneous and rapidly progressing animal experimental models. ANIMALS We characterized the spontaneous mitral valve degeneration in two inbred FVB mouse strains compared to C57BL/6J and investigated a contribution of the serotonergic system. METHODS Males and females FVB/NJ and FVB/NRj were compared to the putative C57BL/6J control at 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age. Body weight, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), whole blood and plasma serotonin, tail bleeding time, blood cell count, plasma TGF-β1 and plasma natriuretic peptide concentrations were measured. Myocardium and mitral valves were characterized by histology. mRNA mitral expression of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors was measured in the anterior leaflet. Cardiac anatomy and function were assessed by echocardiography. RESULTS Compared to C57BL/6J, FVB mice strains did not significantly differ regarding body weight increase, arterial blood pressure and heart rate. A progressive augmentation of plasma pro-ANP was observed in FVB mice. Nevertheless, no cardiac hypertrophy or left-ventricular fibrosis were observed. Accordingly, plasma TGF-β1 was not different among the three strains. Conversely, FVB mice demonstrated a high prevalence of fibromyxoid highly cellularized and enriched in glycosaminoglycans lesions, inducing major mitral leaflets thickening without increase in length. The increased thickness was correlated with urinary 5-HIAA and blood platelet count. Whole blood serotonin concentration was similar in the two strains but, in FVB, a reduction of plasma serotonin was observed together with an increase of the bleeding time. Finally, echocardiography identified left atrial and left ventricular remodeling associated with thickening of both mitral leaflets and mitral insufficient in 30% of FVB mice but no systolic protrusion of mitral leaflets towards the atrium. CONCLUSION The FVB mouse strain is highly prone to spontaneous mitral myxomatous degeneration. A contribution of the peripheral serotonergic system is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Ayme-Dietrich
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvia Da Silva
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alizée Arnoux
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Guyonnet
- Pharma Innovation Department, CEVA Santé Animale, Libourne Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Becker
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Toxicologie NeuroCardiovasculaire UR7296, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Strasbourg, France
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13
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Abstract
The emergence of an array of genome-editing tools in recent years has facilitated the introduction of genetic modifications directly into the embryo, increasing the ease, efficiency and catalogue of alleles accessible to researchers across a range of species. Bypassing the requirement for a selection cassette and resulting in a broad range of outcomes besides the desired allele, genome editing has altered the allele validation process both temporally and technically. Whereas traditional gene targeting relies upon selection and allows allele validation at the embryonic stem cell modification stage, screening for the presence of the intended allele now occurs in the (frequently mosaic) founder animals. Final confirmation of the edited allele can only take place at the subsequent G1 generation and the validation strategy must differentiate the desired allele from a range of unintended outcomes. Here we present some of the challenges posed by gene editing, strategies for validation and considerations for animal colony management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gemma F Codner
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, UK
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14
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Teboul L. Methods of genome engineering and model validation. Methods 2021; 191:1-2. [PMID: 34020037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre, Medical Research Council Harwell, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RD, UK.
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15
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Lindner L, Cayrou P, Rosahl TW, Zhou HH, Birling MC, Herault Y, Pavlovic G. Droplet digital PCR or quantitative PCR for in-depth genomic and functional validation of genetically altered rodents. Methods 2021; 191:107-119. [PMID: 33838271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting and additive (random) transgenesis have proven to be powerful technologies with which to decipher the mammalian genome. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, the ability to inactivate or modify the function of a gene has become even more accessible. However, the impact of each generated modification may be different from what was initially desired. Minimal validation of mutant alleles from genetically altered (GA) rodents remains essential to guarantee the interpretation of experimental results. The protocol described here combines design strategies for genomic and functional validation of genetically modified alleles with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR) for target DNA or mRNA quantification. In-depth analysis of the results obtained with GA models through the analysis of target DNA and mRNA quantification is also provided, to evaluate which pitfalls can be detected using these two methods, and we propose recommendations for the characterization of different type of mutant allele (knock-out, knock-in, conditional knock-out, FLEx, IKMC model or transgenic). Our results also highlight the possibility that mRNA expression of any mutated allele can be different from what might be expected in theory or according to common assumptions. For example, mRNA analyses on knock-out lines showed that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay is generally not achieved with a critical-exon approach. Likewise, comparison of multiple conditional lines crossed with the same CreERT2 deleter showed that the inactivation outcome was very different for each conditional model. DNA quantification by ddPCR of G0 to G2 generations of transgenic rodents generated by pronuclear injection showed an unexpected variability, demonstrating that G1 generation rodents cannot be considered as established lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Lindner
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Pauline Cayrou
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Thomas W Rosahl
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Heather H Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Yann Herault
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France.
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16
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Long S, Berkemeier B. Development of a reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay for sensitive detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Virol J 2021; 18:35. [PMID: 33588884 PMCID: PMC7883996 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques constitute an excellent model of human HIV infection. Sensitive detection of SIV RNA in cell and tissue samples from infected animals subjected to treatment regimens becomes especially critical in determining which therapeutic attempts are successful, and consequently, which interventions should be prioritized in HIV cure research. RESULTS In this report, we describe the design and testing of a Raindance ddPCR platform-based, sensitive SIV reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay by exploring the combinations of various priming conditions and reverse transcriptases, and testing one-step vs. two-step procedures, to eliminate background signal(s) and enable detection and quantification of low level target signals. CONCLUSIONS Similar reaction conditions and assay validation procedures can be explored for potential development of additional assays for other applications that require sensitive detection of low-level targets in RNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Long
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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