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Anyaegbunam UA, More P, Fontaine JF, Cate VT, Bauer K, Distler U, Araldi E, Bindila L, Wild P, Andrade-Navarro MA. A Systematic Review of Lipid-Focused Cardiovascular Disease Research: Trends and Opportunities. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9904-9916. [PMID: 38132464 PMCID: PMC10742042 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are important modifiers of protein function, particularly as parts of lipoproteins, which transport lipophilic substances and mediate cellular uptake of circulating lipids. As such, lipids are of particular interest as blood biological markers for cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as for conditions linked to CVD such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity and dietary states. Notably, lipid research is particularly well developed in the context of CVD because of the relevance and multiple causes and risk factors of CVD. The advent of methods for high-throughput screening of biological molecules has recently resulted in the generation of lipidomic profiles that allow monitoring of lipid compositions in biological samples in an untargeted manner. These and other earlier advances in biomedical research have shaped the knowledge we have about lipids in CVD. To evaluate the knowledge acquired on the multiple biological functions of lipids in CVD and the trends in their research, we collected a dataset of references from the PubMed database of biomedical literature focused on plasma lipids and CVD in human and mouse. Using annotations from these records, we were able to categorize significant associations between lipids and particular types of research approaches, distinguish non-biological lipids used as markers, identify differential research between human and mouse models, and detect the increasingly mechanistic nature of the results in this field. Using known associations between lipids and proteins that metabolize or transport them, we constructed a comprehensive lipid-protein network, which we used to highlight proteins strongly connected to lipids found in the CVD-lipid literature. Our approach points to a series of proteins for which lipid-focused research would bring insights into CVD, including Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2, a.k.a. COX2) and Acylglycerol kinase (AGK). In this review, we summarize our findings, putting them in a historical perspective of the evolution of lipid research in CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Alex Anyaegbunam
- Computational Biology and Data Mining Group (CBDM), Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Piyush More
- Computational Biology and Data Mining Group (CBDM), Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Fred Fontaine
- Computational Biology and Data Mining Group (CBDM), Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
- Central Institute for Decision Support Systems in Crop Protection (ZEPP), 55545 Bad Kreuznach, Germany
| | - Vincent ten Cate
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Clinical Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Bauer
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Computational Systems Medicine, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elisa Araldi
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Computational Systems Medicine, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Clinical Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Computational Biology and Data Mining Group (CBDM), Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
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Mishra G, Coyne LP, Chen XJ. Adenine nucleotide carrier protein dysfunction in human disease. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:911-925. [PMID: 37449547 PMCID: PMC10592433 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is the prototypical member of the mitochondrial carrier protein family, primarily involved in ADP/ATP exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Several carrier proteins evolutionarily related to ANT, including SLC25A24 and SLC25A25, are believed to promote the exchange of cytosolic ATP-Mg2+ with phosphate in the mitochondrial matrix. They allow a net accumulation of adenine nucleotides inside mitochondria, which is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and cell growth. In the last two decades, mutations in the heart/muscle isoform 1 of ANT (ANT1) and the ATP-Mg2+ transporters have been found to cause a wide spectrum of human diseases by a recessive or dominant mechanism. Although loss-of-function recessive mutations cause a defect in oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in oxidative stress which drives the pathology, it is unclear how the dominant missense mutations in these proteins cause human diseases. In this review, we focus on how yeast was productively used as a model system for the understanding of these dominant diseases. We also describe the relationship between the structure and function of ANT and how this may relate to various pathologies. Particularly, mutations in Aac2, the yeast homolog of ANT, were recently found to clog the mitochondrial protein import pathway. This leads to mitochondrial precursor overaccumulation stress (mPOS), characterized by the toxic accumulation of unimported mitochondrial proteins in the cytosol. We anticipate that in coming years, yeast will continue to serve as a useful model system for the mechanistic understanding of mitochondrial protein import clogging and related pathologies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Liam P Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Xin Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norton College of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Wu CHW, Caha M, Smoot L, Harris DJ, Roberts AE, Sacharow S, Bodamer O. Sengers syndrome and AGK-related disorders - Minireview of phenotypic variability and clinical outcomes in molecularly confirmed cases. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 139:107626. [PMID: 37354892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Sengers syndrome (OMIM# 212350) is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the AGK gene, which encodes the acylglycerol kinase enzyme. The syndrome was originally defined as a "triad" of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cataracts, and lactic acidosis, with or without skeletal myopathy. The clinical manifestation of Sengers Syndrome exhibits substantial heterogeneity, with mild and severe/infantile forms reported. Further, biallelic AGK pathogenic variants have also been identified in a familial case of non-syndromic isolated cataract (OMIM# 614691), expanding our understanding of the gene's influence beyond the originally defined syndrome. In this study, we provide a systematic review of molecularly confirmed cases with biallelic AGK pathogenic variants (Supplementary Table 1). Our analysis demonstrates the variable expressivity and penetrance of the central features of Sengers syndrome, as follows: cataracts (98%), cardiomyopathy (88%), lactic acidosis (adjusted 88%), and skeletal myopathy (adjusted 74%) (Table 1). Furthermore, we investigate the associations between genotype, biochemical profiles, and clinical outcomes, with a particular focus on infantile mortality. Our findings reveal that patients carrying homozygous nonsense variants have a higher incidence of infant mortality and a lower median age of death (p = 0.005 and p = 0.02, Table 2a). However, the location of pathogenic variants within the AGK domains was not significantly associated with infantile death (p = 0.62, Table 2b). Additionally, we observe a borderline association between the absence of lactic acidosis and longer survival (p = 0.053, Table 2c). Overall, our systematic review sheds light on the diverse clinical manifestations of AGK-related disorders and highlights potential factors that influence its prognosis. These provide important implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and counseling of affected individuals and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Han Wilfred Wu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, United States; Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, United States.
| | - Martin Caha
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, United States
| | - Leslie Smoot
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - David J Harris
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Stephanie Sacharow
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Olaf Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, United States
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A novel AGK splicing mutation in a patient with Sengers syndrome and left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Res 2023:10.1038/s41390-023-02515-3. [PMID: 36759750 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sengers syndrome characterized by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an extremely rare genetic disorder. Sengers syndrome associated with left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) has not been described. METHODS Genetic testing was used to identify candidate AGK variants in the proband. The predicted molecular structures were constructed by protein modeling. Exon skipping caused by the identified splicing mutations was verified by in silico analyses and in vitro assays. The genotypic and phenotypic features of patients with AGK splicing mutations were extracted by a systematic review. RESULTS The proband was characterized by Sengers syndrome and LVNC and caused by a novel compound heterozygous AGK splicing mutation. This compound mutation simultaneously perturbed the protein sequences and spatial conformation of the acylglycerol kinase protein. In silico and in vitro analyses demonstrated skipping of exons 7 and 8 and premature truncation as a result of exon 8 skipping. The systematic review indicated that patients with an AGK splicing mutation may have milder phenotypes of Sengers syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The genotypic and phenotypic spectrums of Sengers syndrome have been expanded, which will provide essential information for genetic counseling. The molecular mechanism in AGK mutations can offer insights into the potential targets for treatment. IMPACT First description of a child with Sengers syndrome and left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. A novel pathogenic compound heterozygous splicing mutation in AGK for Sengers syndrome was identified. The identified mutations led to exons skipping by in silico analyses and in vitro assays.
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Panicucci C, Schiaffino MC, Nesti C, Derchi M, Trocchio G, Severino M, Stagnaro N, Priolo E, Zara F, Santorelli FM, Bruno C. Long term follow-up in two siblings with Sengers syndrome: Case report. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:180. [PMID: 36253788 PMCID: PMC9575244 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sengers syndrome is characterized by congenital cataract, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitochondrial myopathy, and lactic acidosis associated with mutations in AGK gene. Clinical course ranges from a severe fatal neonatal form, to a more benign form allowing survival into adulthood, to an isolated form of congenital cataract. Thus far few reported cases have survived the second decade at their latest examination, and no natural history data are available for the disease. Case presentation Here we provide a 20-year follow-up in two siblings with a benign form of Sengers syndrome, expanding the phenotypical spectrum of the disease by reporting a condition of ovarian agenesis. Conclusion To our knowledge, this report provides the first longitudinal data of Sengers syndrome patients. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13052-022-01370-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Panicucci
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini, 5, I-16147, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Nesti
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Derchi
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Stagnaro
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Priolo
- Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via G. Gaslini, 5, I-16147, Genova, Italy. .,Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Kumar A, Matta SK, Vigneshwaran R, D'Silva P. A journey through the gateway of polytopic inner membrane proteins: The carrier translocase machinery. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Zhao F, Zou MH. Role of the Mitochondrial Protein Import Machinery and Protein Processing in Heart Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:749756. [PMID: 34651031 PMCID: PMC8505727 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.749756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cellular energy production, metabolic homeostasis, calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. About 99% of mammalian mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized as precursors in the cytosol, and imported into mitochondria by mitochondrial protein import machinery. Mitochondrial protein import systems function not only as independent units for protein translocation, but also are deeply integrated into a functional network of mitochondrial bioenergetics, protein quality control, mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and interaction with other organelles. Mitochondrial protein import deficiency is linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe an emerging class of protein or genetic variations of components of the mitochondrial import machinery involved in heart disease. The major protein import pathways, including the presequence pathway (TIM23 pathway), the carrier pathway (TIM22 pathway), and the mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly machinery, related translocases, proteinases, and chaperones, are discussed here. This review highlights the importance of mitochondrial import machinery in heart disease, which deserves considerable attention, and further studies are urgently needed. Ultimately, this knowledge may be critical for the development of therapeutic strategies in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Zhao
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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8
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Chu B, Hong Z, Zheng X. Acylglycerol Kinase-Targeted Therapies in Oncology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:659158. [PMID: 34368119 PMCID: PMC8339474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.659158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylglycerol kinase (AGK) is a recently discovered mitochondrial lipid kinase, and mutation of its gene is the fundamental cause of Sengers syndrome. AGK is not only involved in the stability of lipid metabolism but also closely related to mitochondrial protein transport, glycolysis, and thrombocytopoiesis. Evidence indicates that AGK is an important factor in the occurrence and development of tumors. Specifically, AGK has been identified as an oncogene that partakes in the regulation of tumor cell growth, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The versatility of AGK and its unique role in different types of cancerous and normal cells greatly piqued our interest. We believe that AGK is a promising target for cancer therapy. Therefore, this review summarizes the main research advances concerning AGK, including the discovery of its physiological/pathogenic mechanisms, and provides a reference for the feasible evaluation of AGK as a therapeutic target for human diseases, particularly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxiang Chu
- Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Zhenghua Hong
- Department of Orthopedic, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Xiaohe Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
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Molecular Insights into Mitochondrial Protein Translocation and Human Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071031. [PMID: 34356047 PMCID: PMC8305315 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human mitochondria, mtDNA encodes for only 13 proteins, all components of the OXPHOS system. The rest of the mitochondrial components, which make up approximately 99% of its proteome, are encoded in the nuclear genome, synthesized in cytosolic ribosomes and imported into mitochondria. Different import machineries translocate mitochondrial precursors, depending on their nature and the final destination inside the organelle. The proper and coordinated function of these molecular pathways is critical for mitochondrial homeostasis. Here, we will review molecular details about these pathways, which components have been linked to human disease and future perspectives on the field to expand the genetic landscape of mitochondrial diseases.
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10
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The role of AGK in thrombocytopoiesis and possible therapeutic strategies. Blood 2021; 136:119-129. [PMID: 32202634 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal megakaryocyte development and platelet production lead to thrombocytopenia or thrombocythemia and increase the risk of hemorrhage or thrombosis. Acylglycerol kinase (AGK) is a mitochondrial membrane kinase that catalyzes the formation of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid. Mutation of AGK has been described as the major cause of Sengers syndrome, and the patients with Sengers syndrome have been reported to exhibit thrombocytopenia. In this study, we found that megakaryocyte/platelet-specific AGK-deficient mice developed thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly, mainly caused by inefficient bone marrow thrombocytopoiesis and excessive extramedullary hematopoiesis, but not by apoptosis of circulating platelets. It has been reported that the G126E mutation arrests the kinase activity of AGK. The AGK G126E mutation did not affect peripheral platelet counts or megakaryocyte differentiation, suggesting that the involvement of AGK in megakaryocyte development and platelet biogenesis was not dependent on its kinase activity. The Mpl/Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) pathway is the major signaling pathway regulating megakaryocyte development. Our study confirmed that AGK can bind to JAK2 in megakaryocytes/platelets. More interestingly, we found that the JAK2 V617F mutation dramatically enhanced the binding of AGK to JAK2 and greatly facilitated JAK2/Stat3 signaling in megakaryocytes/platelets in response to thrombopoietin. We also found that the JAK2 JAK homology 2 domain peptide YGVCF617CGDENI enhanced the binding of AGK to JAK2 and that cell-permeable peptides containing YGVCF617CGDENI sequences accelerated proplatelet formation. Therefore, our study reveals critical roles of AGK in megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet biogenesis and suggests that targeting the interaction between AGK and JAK2 may be a novel strategy for the treatment of thrombocytopenia or thrombocythemia.
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Palmer CS, Anderson AJ, Stojanovski D. Mitochondrial protein import dysfunction: mitochondrial disease, neurodegenerative disease and cancer. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1107-1131. [PMID: 33314127 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The majority of proteins localised to mitochondria are encoded by the nuclear genome, with approximately 1500 proteins imported into mammalian mitochondria. Dysfunction in this fundamental cellular process is linked to a variety of pathologies including neuropathies, cardiovascular disorders, myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, demonstrating the importance of mitochondrial protein import machinery for cellular function. Correct import of proteins into mitochondria requires the co-ordinated activity of multimeric protein translocation and sorting machineries located in both the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes, directing the imported proteins to the destined mitochondrial compartment. This dynamic process maintains cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation significantly affects cellular signalling pathways and metabolism. This review summarises current knowledge of the mammalian mitochondrial import machinery and the pathological consequences of mutation of its components. In addition, we will discuss the role of mitochondrial import in cancer, and our current understanding of the role of mitochondrial import in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander J Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Diana Stojanovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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12
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Wang B, Du Z, Shan G, Yan C, Zhang VW, Li Z. Case Report: Two Chinese Infants of Sengers Syndrome Caused by Mutations in AGK Gene. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:639687. [PMID: 34164355 PMCID: PMC8215120 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.639687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sengers syndrome (OMIM #212350) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to mutations in acylglycerol kinase (AGK) gene. We report two cases that were diagnosed clinically and confirmed genetically. Both infants had typical clinical features characterized by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, bilateral cataracts, myopathy, and lactic acidosis, and heart failure was the most severe manifestation. Genetic testing of a boy revealed a homozygous pathogenic variant for Sengers syndrome in AGK (c.1131+2T>C) which was classified as likely pathogenic according to the ACMG guideline; besides, his skeletal muscle biopsy and transmission electron microscope presented obvious abnormity. One girl had compound heterozygous (c.409C>T and c.390G>A) variants of AGK gene that was identified in the proband and further Sanger sequencing indicated that the parents carried a single heterozygous mutation each. After the administration of "cocktail" therapy including coenzyme Q10, carnitine, and vitamin B complex, as well as ACEI, heart failure and myopathy of the boy were significantly improved and the condition was stable after 1-year follow-up, while the cardiomyopathy of the girl is not progressive but the plasma lactate acid increased significantly. We present the first report of two infants with Sengers syndrome diagnosed via exome sequencing in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzhen Wang
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhanhui Du
- Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangsong Shan
- Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Victor Wei Zhang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zipu Li
- Heart Center, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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13
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Valpadashi A, Callegari S, Linden A, Neumann P, Ficner R, Urlaub H, Deckers M, Rehling P. Defining the architecture of the human TIM22 complex by chemical crosslinking. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:157-168. [PMID: 33125709 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of mitochondrial proteins are nuclear encoded and imported into mitochondria as precursor proteins via dedicated translocases. The translocase of the inner membrane 22 (TIM22) is a multisubunit molecular machine specialized for the translocation of hydrophobic, multi-transmembrane-spanning proteins with internal targeting signals into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, we undertook a crosslinking-mass spectrometry (XL-MS) approach to determine the molecular arrangement of subunits of the human TIM22 complex. Crosslinking of the isolated TIM22 complex using the BS3 crosslinker resulted in the broad generation of crosslinks across the majority of TIM22 components, including the small TIM chaperone complex. The crosslinking data uncovered several unexpected features, opening new avenues for a deeper investigation into the steps required for TIM22-mediated translocation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Valpadashi
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sylvie Callegari
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Ubiquitin Signalling Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andreas Linden
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Piotr Neumann
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Ficner
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Deckers
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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Guleray N, Kosukcu C, Taskiran ZE, Simsek Kiper PO, Utine GE, Gucer S, Tokatli A, Boduroglu K, Alikasifoglu M. Atypical Presentation of Sengers Syndrome: A Novel Mutation Revealed with Postmortem Genetic Testing. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2020; 39:163-171. [PMID: 31303091 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1639089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sengers syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy and lactic acidosis. The causative AGK mutations have been identified with whole exome sequencing. CLINICAL REPORT We report on a 9-month-old infant with episodic lactic acidosis who died before a definitive diagnosis could be established. Postmortem genomic autopsy revealed a novel homozygous NM_018238: c.1215dupG; p.Phe406Valfs*4 mutation in AGK (OMIM 610345) confirming the diagnosis of Sengers syndrome. CONCLUSION This report provides further evidence that reverse genetics is a useful approach in patients who do not manifest the hallmark features of known and recognizable syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naz Guleray
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Kosukcu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Bioinformatics, Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zihni Ekim Taskiran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Ozlem Simsek Kiper
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulen Eda Utine
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safak Gucer
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe Universitesi Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Tokatli
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Boduroglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alikasifoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Mitochondrial diseases caused by dysfunctional mitochondrial protein import. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1225-1238. [PMID: 30287509 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles which perform complex and varied functions within eukaryotic cells. Maintenance of mitochondrial health and functionality is thus a key cellular priority and relies on the organelle's extensive proteome. The mitochondrial proteome is largely encoded by nuclear genes, and mitochondrial proteins must be sorted to the correct mitochondrial sub-compartment post-translationally. This essential process is carried out by multimeric and dynamic translocation and sorting machineries, which can be found in all four mitochondrial compartments. Interestingly, advances in the diagnosis of genetic disease have revealed that mutations in various components of the human import machinery can cause mitochondrial disease, a heterogenous and often severe collection of disorders associated with energy generation defects and a multisystem presentation often affecting the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Here, we review our current understanding of mitochondrial protein import systems in human cells and the molecular basis of mitochondrial diseases caused by defects in these pathways.
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16
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Beck DB, Cusmano-Ozog K, Andescavage N, Leon E. Extending the phenotypic spectrum of Sengers syndrome: Congenital lactic acidosis with synthetic liver dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:45-48. [PMID: 29682452 PMCID: PMC5904566 DOI: 10.3233/trd-180020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sengers syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease characterized by lactic acidosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and bilateral cataracts. We present here a case of neonatal demise, within the first day of life, who initially presented with severe lactic acidosis, with evidence of both chorioamnionitis and cardiogenic shock. Initial metabolic labs demonstrated a severe lactic acidosis prompting genetic testing which revealed a homozygous pathogenic variant for Sengers syndrome in AGK, c.979A > T; p.K327*. In addition to the canonical features of Sengers syndrome, our patient is the first reported case with liver dysfunction extending the phenotypic spectrum both in terms of severity and complications. This case also highlights the importance of maintaining a broad differential for congenital lactic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Beck
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristina Cusmano-Ozog
- Children's National Health System, Rare Disease Institute, Genetics and Metabolism, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nickie Andescavage
- Children's National Health System, Pediatrics, Neonatology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eyby Leon
- Children's National Health System, Rare Disease Institute, Genetics and Metabolism, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Khatter S, Puri RD, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Aggarwal M, Ramprasad V, Saxena R, Verma IC. Sengers syndrome in Asian Indians – two novel mutations and variant phenotype-genotype correlation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/trd-170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khatter
- Institute of Genomics and Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratna Dua Puri
- Institute of Genomics and Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Bijarnia-Mahay
- Institute of Genomics and Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Mridul Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Renu Saxena
- Institute of Genomics and Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishwar C. Verma
- Institute of Genomics and Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
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18
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Allali S, Dorboz I, Samaan S, Slama A, Rambaud C, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Sarret C. Mutation in the AGK gene in two siblings with unusual Sengers syndrome. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2149-2154. [PMID: 28868593 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sengers syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by lack of acylglycerol kinase due to mutations in the AGK gene. It is characterized by congenital cataract, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myopathy and lactic acidosis. Two clinical forms have been described: a severe neonatal form, and a more benign form displaying exercise intolerance. We describe two siblings with congenital cataract, cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, intellectual disability and lactic acidosis. Whole exome sequencing revealed a homozygous c.1035dup mutation in the two siblings, supporting a diagnosis of Sengers syndrome. Our patients presented an intermediate form with intellectual deficiency, an unusual feature in Sengers syndrome. This permitted a prenatal diagnosis for a following pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Allali
- Service des Urgences Pédiatriques, Hôpital Estaing, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Imen Dorboz
- Inserm U1141 Paris Diderot Sorbonne Université-Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Simon Samaan
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abdelhamid Slama
- pôle BPP-SP, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Charlène Rambaud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Estaing, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Inserm U1141 Paris Diderot Sorbonne Université-Paris Cité, DHU PROTECT, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sarret
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Estaing, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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19
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Towbin JA, Jefferies JL. Cardiomyopathies Due to Left Ventricular Noncompaction, Mitochondrial and Storage Diseases, and Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Circ Res 2017; 121:838-854. [PMID: 28912186 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The normal function of the human myocardium requires the proper generation and utilization of energy and relies on a series of complex metabolic processes to achieve this normal function. When metabolic processes fail to work properly or effectively, heart muscle dysfunction can occur with or without accompanying functional abnormalities of other organ systems, particularly skeletal muscle. These metabolic derangements can result in structural, functional, and infiltrative deficiencies of the heart muscle. Mitochondrial and enzyme defects predominate as disease-related etiologies. In this review, left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy, which is often caused by mutations in sarcomere and cytoskeletal proteins and is also associated with metabolic abnormalities, is discussed. In addition, cardiomyopathies resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic abnormalities, storage diseases, and inborn errors of metabolism are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Towbin
- From the Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH.
| | - John Lynn Jefferies
- From the Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis; and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH
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20
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Vukotic M, Nolte H, König T, Saita S, Ananjew M, Krüger M, Tatsuta T, Langer T. Acylglycerol Kinase Mutated in Sengers Syndrome Is a Subunit of the TIM22 Protein Translocase in Mitochondria. Mol Cell 2017; 67:471-483.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Sengers Syndrome-Associated Mitochondrial Acylglycerol Kinase Is a Subunit of the Human TIM22 Protein Import Complex. Mol Cell 2017; 67:457-470.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Sengers syndrome: a unique cause of severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Electrocardiol 2015; 48:915-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Lu YW, Claypool SM. Disorders of phospholipid metabolism: an emerging class of mitochondrial disease due to defects in nuclear genes. Front Genet 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25691889 PMCID: PMC4315098 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes co-exist within each cell. While the mitochondrial genome encodes for a limited number of proteins, transfer RNAs, and ribosomal RNAs, the vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome. Of the multitude of mitochondrial disorders known to date, only a fifth are maternally inherited. The recent characterization of the mitochondrial proteome therefore serves as an important step toward delineating the nosology of a large spectrum of phenotypically heterogeneous diseases. Following the identification of the first nuclear gene defect to underlie a mitochondrial disorder, a plenitude of genetic variants that provoke mitochondrial pathophysiology have been molecularly elucidated and classified into six categories that impact: (1) oxidative phosphorylation (subunits and assembly factors); (2) mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression; (3) mitochondrial protein import and assembly; (4) mitochondrial quality control (chaperones and proteases); (5) iron–sulfur cluster homeostasis; and (6) mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion). Here, we propose that an additional class of genetic variant be included in the classification schema to acknowledge the role of genetic defects in phospholipid biosynthesis, remodeling, and metabolism in mitochondrial pathophysiology. This seventh class includes a small but notable group of nuclear-encoded proteins whose dysfunction impacts normal mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. The resulting human disorders present with a diverse array of pathologic consequences that reflect the variety of functions that phospholipids have in mitochondria and highlight the important role of proper membrane homeostasis in mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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Wortmann SB, Espeel M, Almeida L, Reimer A, Bosboom D, Roels F, de Brouwer APM, Wevers RA. Inborn errors of metabolism in the biosynthesis and remodelling of phospholipids. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:99-110. [PMID: 25178427 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the proposal to define a separate subgroup of inborn errors of metabolism involved in the biosynthesis and remodelling of phospholipids, sphingolipids and long chain fatty acids in 2013, this group is rapidly expanding. This review focuses on the disorders involved in the biosynthesis of phospholipids. Phospholipids are involved in uncountable cellular processes, e.g. as structural components of membranes, by taking part in vesicle and mitochondrial fusion and fission or signal transduction. Here we provide an overview on both pathophysiology and the extremely heterogeneous clinical presentations of the disorders reported so far (Sengers syndrome (due to mutations in AGK), MEGDEL syndrome (or SERAC defect, SERAC1), Barth syndrome (or TAZ defect, TAZ), congenital muscular dystrophy due to CHKB deficiency (CHKB). Boucher-Neuhäuser/Gordon Holmes syndrome (PNPLA6), PHARC syndrome (ABHD12), hereditary spastic paraplegia type 28, 54 and 56 (HSP28, DDHD1; HSP54, DDHD2; HSP56, CYP2U1), Lenz Majewski syndrome (PTDSS1), spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with cone-rod dystrophy (PCYT1A), atypical haemolytic-uremic syndrome due to DGKE deficiency (DGKE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia B Wortmann
- Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders (NCMD) at the Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboudumc, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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25
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Carroll CJ, Brilhante V, Suomalainen A. Next-generation sequencing for mitochondrial disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1837-53. [PMID: 24138576 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A great deal of our understanding of mitochondrial function has come from studies of inherited mitochondrial diseases, but still majority of the patients lack molecular diagnosis. Furthermore, effective treatments for mitochondrial disorders do not exist. Development of therapies has been complicated by the fact that the diseases are extremely heterogeneous, and collecting large enough cohorts of similarly affected individuals to assess new therapies properly has been difficult. Next-generation sequencing technologies have in the last few years been shown to be an effective method for the genetic diagnosis of inherited mitochondrial diseases. Here we review the strategies and findings from studies applying next-generation sequencing methods for the genetic diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders. Detailed knowledge of molecular causes also enables collection of homogenous cohorts of patients for therapy trials, and therefore boosts development of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carroll
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Haghighi A, Haack TB, Atiq M, Mottaghi H, Haghighi-Kakhki H, Bashir RA, Ahting U, Feichtinger RG, Mayr JA, Rötig A, Lebre AS, Klopstock T, Dworschak A, Pulido N, Saeed MA, Saleh-Gohari N, Holzerova E, Chinnery PF, Taylor RW, Prokisch H. Sengers syndrome: six novel AGK mutations in seven new families and review of the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of 29 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:119. [PMID: 25208612 PMCID: PMC4167147 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sengers syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by congenital cataract, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy and lactic acidosis. Mutations in the acylglycerol kinase (AGK) gene have been recently described as the cause of Sengers syndrome in nine families. Methods We investigated the clinical and molecular features of Sengers syndrome in seven new families; five families with the severe and two with the milder form. Results Sequence analysis of AGK revealed compound heterozygous or homozygous predicted loss-of-function mutations in all affected individuals. A total of eight different disease alleles were identified, of which six were novel, homozygous c.523_524delAT (p.Ile175Tyrfs*2), c.424-1G > A (splice site), c.409C > T (p.Arg137*) and c.877 + 3G > T (splice site), and compound heterozygous c.871C > T (p.Gln291*) and c.1035dup (p.Ile346Tyrfs*39). All patients displayed perinatal or early-onset cardiomyopathy and cataract, clinical features pathognomonic for Sengers syndrome. Other common findings included blood lactic acidosis and tachydyspnoea while nystagmus, eosinophilia and cervical meningocele were documented in only either one or two cases. Deficiency of the adenine nucleotide translocator was found in heart and skeletal muscle biopsies from two patients associated with respiratory chain complex I deficiency. In contrast to previous findings, mitochondrial DNA content was normal in both tissues. Conclusion We compare our findings to those in 21 previously reported AGK mutation-positive Sengers patients, confirming that Sengers syndrome is a clinically recognisable disorder of mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Haghighi
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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