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Conan P, Léon A, Caroff N, Rollet C, Chaïr L, Martin J, Bihel F, Mignen O, Voisset C, Friocourt G. New insights into the regulation of Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS), an enzyme involved in intellectual deficiency in Down syndrome. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1110163. [PMID: 36711154 PMCID: PMC9879293 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the most frequent chromosomic aberration, results from the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. The identification of genes which overexpression contributes to intellectual disability (ID) in DS is important to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms involved and develop new pharmacological therapies. In particular, gene dosage of Dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A (DYRK1A) and of Cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) are crucial for cognitive function. As these two enzymes have lately been the main targets for therapeutic research on ID, we sought to decipher the genetic relationship between them. We also used a combination of genetic and drug screenings using a cellular model overexpressing CYS4, the homolog of CBS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to get further insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of CBS activity. We showed that overexpression of YAK1, the homolog of DYRK1A in yeast, increased CYS4 activity whereas GSK3β was identified as a genetic suppressor of CBS. In addition, analysis of the signaling pathways targeted by the drugs identified through the yeast-based pharmacological screening, and confirmed using human HepG2 cells, emphasized the importance of Akt/GSK3β and NF-κB pathways into the regulation of CBS activity and expression. Taken together, these data provide further understanding into the regulation of CBS and in particular into the genetic relationship between DYRK1A and CBS through the Akt/GSK3β and NF-κB pathways, which should help develop more effective therapies to reduce cognitive deficits in people with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Conan
- INSERM, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Alice Léon
- INSERM, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Noéline Caroff
- INSERM, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Claire Rollet
- INSERM, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Loubna Chaïr
- INSERM, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Jennifer Martin
- INSERM, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200, IMS MEDALIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Olivier Mignen
- U1227, Lymphocytes B, Autoimmunité et Immunothérapies, INSERM, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Cécile Voisset
- INSERM, Université de Brest, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Brest, France
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Dard R, Moreau M, Parizot E, Ghieh F, Brehier L, Kassis N, Serazin V, Lamaziere A, Racine C, di Clemente N, Vialard F, Janel N. DYRK1A Overexpression in Mice Downregulates the Gonadotropic Axis and Disturbs Early Stages of Spermatogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1800. [PMID: 34828406 PMCID: PMC8621272 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder. It is responsible for intellectual disability (ID) and several medical conditions. Although men with DS are thought to be infertile, some spontaneous paternities have been reported. The few studies of the mechanism of infertility in men with DS are now dated. Recent research in zebrafish has indicated that overexpression of DYRK1A (the protein primarily responsible for ID in DS) impairs gonadogenesis at the embryonic stage. To better ascertain DYRK1A's role in infertility in DS, we investigated the effect of DYRK1A overexpression in a transgenic mouse model. We found that overexpression of DYRK1A impairs fertility in transgenic male mice. Interestingly, the mechanism in mice differs slightly from that observed in zebrafish but, with disruption of the early stages of spermatogenesis, is similar to that seen in humans. Unexpectedly, we observed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in the transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Dard
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, 78300 Poissy, France;
| | - Manon Moreau
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
| | - Estelle Parizot
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Farah Ghieh
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Leslie Brehier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
| | - Valérie Serazin
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, 78300 Poissy, France;
| | - Antonin Lamaziere
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université-INSERM, 75012 Paris, France; (A.L.); (C.R.); (N.d.C.)
| | - Chrystèle Racine
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université-INSERM, 75012 Paris, France; (A.L.); (C.R.); (N.d.C.)
| | - Nathalie di Clemente
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université-INSERM, 75012 Paris, France; (A.L.); (C.R.); (N.d.C.)
| | - François Vialard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, ENVA, BREED, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (F.G.); (L.B.); (F.V.)
- Département de Génétique, CHI de Poissy St Germain en Laye, 78300 Poissy, France;
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Laboratoire Processus Dégénératifs, Stress et Vieillissement, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75205 Paris, France; (M.M.); (E.P.); (N.K.); (N.J.)
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Le Stunff H, Véret J, Kassis N, Denom J, Meneyrol K, Paul JL, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C, Janel N. Deciphering the Link Between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Ceramide Metabolism in Alzheimer-Type Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2019; 10:807. [PMID: 31417486 PMCID: PMC6684947 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the strongest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, several data suggest that dyslipidemia can either contribute or serve as co-factors in AD appearance. AD could be examined as a metabolic disorder mediated by peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is associated with dyslipidemia, which results in increased hepatic ceramide generation. Hepatic steatosis induces pro-inflammatory cytokine activation which is mediated by the increased ceramides production. Ceramides levels increased in cells due to perturbation in sphingolipid metabolism and upregulated expression of enzymes involved in ceramide synthesis. Cytotoxic ceramides and related molecules generated in liver promote insulin resistance, traffic through the circulation due to injury or cell death caused by local liver inflammation, and because of their hydrophobic nature, they can cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby exert neurotoxic responses as reducing insulin signaling and increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. These abnormalities propagate a cascade of neurodegeneration associated with oxidative stress and ceramide generation, which potentiate brain insulin resistance, apoptosis, myelin degeneration, and neuro-inflammation. Therefore, excess of toxic lipids generated in liver can cause neurodegeneration. Elevated homocysteine level is also a risk factor for AD pathology and is narrowly associated with metabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The existence of a homocysteine/ceramides signaling pathway suggests that homocysteine toxicity could be partly mediated by intracellular ceramide accumulation due to stimulation of ceramide synthase. In this article, we briefly examined the role of homocysteine and ceramide metabolism linking metabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to AD. We therefore analyzed the expression of mainly enzymes implicated in ceramide and sphingolipid metabolism and demonstrated deregulation of de novo ceramide biosynthesis and S1P metabolism in liver and brain of hyperhomocysteinemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Le Stunff
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 9197, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Véret
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Denom
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Paul
- AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, Paris, France
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Abstract
Various fungi and bacteria can colonize in the brain and produce physical alterations seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Environmental and genetic factors affect the occurrence of fungal colonization, and how fungi can grow, enter the brain, and interact with the innate immune system. The essence of AD development is the defeat of the innate immune system, whether through vulnerable patient health status or treatment that suppresses inflammation by suppressing the innate immune system. External and mechanical factors that lead to inflammation are a door for pathogenic opportunity. Current research associates the presence of fungi in the etiology of AD and is shown in cerebral tissue at autopsy. From the time of the discovery of AD, much speculation exists for an infective cause. Identifying any AD disease organism is obscured by processes that can take place over years. Amyloid protein deposits are generally considered to be evidence of an intrinsic response to stress or imbalance, but instead amyloid may be evidence of the innate immune response which exists to destroy fungal colonization through structural interference and cytotoxicity. Fungi can remain ensconced for a long time in niches or inside cells, and it is the harboring of fungi that leads to repeated reinfection and slow wider colonization that eventually leads to a grave outcome. Although many fungi and bacteria are associated with AD affected tissues, discussion here focuses on Candida albicans as the archetype of human fungal pathology because of its wide proliferation as a commensal fungus, extensive published research, numerous fungal morphologies, and majority proliferation in AD tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Parady
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA.,Visiting Scholar, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA, USA
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