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Breivogel CS, Brenseke BM, Eldeeb K, Nichols K, Jonas A, Mistry AH, Barbalato L, Luibil N, Howlett AC, Leone-Kabler S, Hilgers RPH, Pulgar VM. Effects of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and the Aminoalkylindole K2/Spice Constituent JWH-073 on Cardiac Tissue and Mesenteric Vascular Reactivity. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37010379 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although use of Cannabis sativa is not associated with serious adverse effects, recreational use of aminoalkylindole (AAI) cannabinoid receptor agonists found in K2/Spice herbal blends has been reported to cause adverse cardiovascular events, including angina, arrhythmia, changes in blood pressure, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the primary CB1 agonist found in cannabis and JWH-073 is one of the AAI CB1 agonists found in K2/Spice brands sold to the public. Methods: This study used in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo approaches to investigate potential differences on cardiac tissue and vascular effects betweenJWH-073 and Δ9-THC. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with JWH-073 or Δ9-THC and cardiac injury was assessed by histology. Effects of JWH-073 and Δ9-THC on H9C2 cell viability and ex vivo mesenteric vascular reactivity were also determined. Results: JWH-073 or Δ9-THC induced typical cannabinoid effects of antinociception and hypothermia but did not promote death of cardiac myocytes. No differences in cell viability were observed in cultured H9C2 cardiac myocytes after 24 h of treatment. In isolated mesenteric arteries from drug-naive animals, JWH-073 produced significantly greater maximal relaxation (96%±2% vs. 73%±5%, p<0.05) and significantly greater inhibition of phenylephrine-mediated maximal contraction (Control 174%±11%KMAX) compared with Δ9-THC (50%±17% vs. 119%±16%KMAX, p<0.05). Discussion: These findings suggest that neither cannabinoid at the concentrations/dose studied caused cardiac cell death, but JWH-073 has the potential for greater vascular adverse events than Δ9-THC through an increased vasodilatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Breivogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bonnie M Brenseke
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Khalil Eldeeb
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
- Al Azhar Damietta Faculty of Medicine, New Damietta, Egypt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katlyn Nichols
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amreen Jonas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Artik H Mistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Barbalato
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas Luibil
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra Leone-Kabler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rob P H Hilgers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor M Pulgar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Pulgar VM, Harp J, Reeves TE. Molecular Modeling and Potential Ca2+ Channel Blocker Activity of Diphenylmethoxypiperidine Derivatives. CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry5020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular interactions of 4-diphenylmethoxy-1-methylpiperidine derivatives with the calcium channel CaV1.1 (pdb:6JP5) are described. All the compounds tested, previously shown to inhibit adrenergic vascular contractions, display similar binding energetics and interactions with the trans-membrane domain of 6JP5 on the opposite side relative to the channel pore, where nifedipine, a known dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker binds. Additionally, the compounds tested inhibit Ca2+-dependent contractions in isolated mouse mesenteric arteries. Thus, diphenylpyraline analogs may exert their anticontractile effects, at least partially, by blocking vascular Ca2+ channels.
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Pischik E, Baumann K, Karpenko A, Kauppinen R. Pathogenesis of acute encephalopathy in acute hepatic porphyria. J Neurol 2023; 270:2613-2630. [PMID: 36757574 PMCID: PMC10129990 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute encephalopathy (AE) can be a manifestation of an acute porphyric attack. Clinical data were studied in 32 patients during AE with or without polyneuropathy (PNP) together with 12 subjects with PNP but no AE, and 17 with dysautonomia solely. Brain neuroimaging was done in 20 attacks during AE, and PEPT2 polymorphisms were studied in 56 subjects, 24 with AE. AE manifested as a triad of seizures, confusion and/or blurred vision. Symptoms lasting 1-5 days manifested 3-19 days from the onset of an attack. 55% of these patients had acute PNP independent of AE. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) was detected in 42% of the attacks. These patients were severely affected and hyponatremic (88%). Reversible segmental vasoconstriction was rare. There was no statistical difference in hypertension or urinary excretion of porphyrin precursors among the patients with or without AE. In 94% of the attacks with AE, liver transaminases were elevated significantly (1.5 to fivefold, P = 0.034) compared to a normal level in 87% of the attacks with dysautonomia, or in 25% of patients with PNP solely. PEPT2*2/2 haplotype was less common among patients with AE than without (8.3% vs. 25.8%, P = 0.159) and in patients with PNP than without (9.5% vs. 22.9%, P = 0.207), suggesting a minor role, if any, in acute neurotoxicity. In contrast, PEPT2*2/2 haplotype was commoner among patients with chronic kidney disease (P = 0.192). Acute endothelial dysfunction in porphyric encephalopathy could be explained by a combination of abrupt hypertension, SIADH, and acute metabolic and inflammatory factors of hepatic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pischik
- Department of Neurology, Consultative and Diagnostic Center with Polyclinics, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrin Baumann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alla Karpenko
- Department of Radiology, Consultative and Diagnostic Center with Polyclinics, St. Petersburg, Russia.,High Technology Institution, North-Western State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raili Kauppinen
- Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Biomedicum-Helsinki2, Tukholmankatu 8C, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
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Kazamel M, Pischik E, Desnick RJ. Pain in acute hepatic porphyrias: Updates on pathophysiology and management. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1004125. [PMID: 36479055 PMCID: PMC9719963 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1004125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs) typically present with recurrent acute attacks of severe abdominal pain and acute autonomic dysfunction. While chronic symptoms were historically overlooked in the literature, recent studies have reported increased prevalence of chronic, mainly neuropathic, pain between the attacks. Here we characterize acute and chronic pain as prominent manifestations of the AHPs and discuss their pathophysiology and updated management. In addition to the severe abdominal pain, patients could experience low back pain, limb pain, and headache during acute attacks. Chronic pain between the attacks is typically neuropathic and reported mainly by patients who undergo recurrent attacks. While the acute abdominal pain during attacks is likely mediated by autonomic neuropathy, chronic pain likely represents delayed recovery of the acute neuropathy with ongoing small fiber neuropathy in addition to peripheral and/or central sensitization. δ-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) plays a major role in acute and chronic pain via its neurotoxic effect, especially where the blood-nerve barrier is less restrictive or absent i.e., the autonomic ganglia, nerve roots, and free nerve endings. For earlier diagnosis, we recommend testing a spot urine porphobilinogen (PBG) analysis in any patient with recurrent severe acute abdominal pain with no obvious explanation, especially if associated with neuropathic pain, hyponatremia, autonomic dysfunction, or encephalopathy. Of note, it is mandatory to exclude AHPs in any acute painful neuropathy. Between the attacks, diagnostic testing for AHPs should be considered for patients with a past medical history of acute/subacute neuropathy, frequent emergency room visits with abdominal pain, and behavioral changes. Pain during the attacks should be treated with opiates combined with hemin infusions. Symptomatic treatment of chronic pain should start with gabapentinoids and certain antidepressants before opiates. Givosiran reduces levels of ALA and PBG and likely has long-term benefits for chronic pain, especially if started early during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kazamel
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Mohamed Kazamel
| | - Elena Pischik
- Department of Neurology, Consultative and Diagnostic Center With Polyclinics, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Robert J. Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Acute Porphyria Attacks and Increasing Hepatic PBGD as an Etiological Treatment. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111858. [PMID: 36430993 PMCID: PMC9694773 DOI: 10.3390/life12111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases, especially monogenic diseases, which usually affect a single target protein, have attracted growing interest in drug research by encouraging pharmaceutical companies to design and develop therapeutic products to be tested in the clinical arena. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is one of these rare diseases. AIP is characterized by haploinsufficiency in the third enzyme of the heme biosynthesis pathway. Identification of the liver as the target organ and a detailed molecular characterization have enabled the development and approval of several therapies to manage this disease, such as glucose infusions, heme replenishment, and, more recently, an siRNA strategy that aims to down-regulate the key limiting enzyme of heme synthesis. Given the involvement of hepatic hemoproteins in essential metabolic functions, important questions regarding energy supply, antioxidant and detoxifying responses, and glucose homeostasis remain to be elucidated. This review reports recent insights into the pathogenesis of acute attacks and provides an update on emerging treatments aimed at increasing the activity of the deficient enzyme in the liver and restoring the physiological regulation of the pathway. While further studies are needed to optimize gene therapy vectors or large-scale production of liver-targeted PBGD proteins, effective protection of PBGD mRNA against the acute attacks has already been successfully confirmed in mice and large animals, and mRNA transfer technology is being tested in several clinical trials for metabolic diseases.
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de Souza PVS, Badia BDML, Farias IB, Pinto WBVDR, Oliveira ASB. Acute Hepatic Porphyria: Pathophysiological Basis of Neuromuscular Manifestations. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:715523. [PMID: 34646118 PMCID: PMC8502968 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.715523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyria represents a rare, underdiagnosed group of inherited metabolic disorders due to hereditary defects of heme group biosynthesis pathway. Most patients have their definite diagnosis after several years of complex and disabling clinical manifestations and commonly after life-threatening acute neurovisceral episodes or severe motor handicap. Many key studies in the last two decades have been performed and led to the discovery of novel possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and to the development of new therapeutic purposes, including small interfering RNA-based therapy, specifically driven to inhibit selectively delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase production and decrease the recurrence number of severe acute presentation for most patients. Several distinct mechanisms have been identified to contribute to the several neuromuscular signs and symptoms. This review article aims to present the current knowledge regarding the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved with the acute and chronic presentation of acute hepatic porphyria and to highlight the relevance of such content for clinical practice and in decision making about therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Victor Sgobbi de Souza
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Mattos Lombardi Badia
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Braga Farias
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Jaramillo-Calle DA, Solano JM, Rabinstein AA, Bonkovsky HL. Porphyria-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and central nervous system dysfunction. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:242-253. [PMID: 31706631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM An association between neuropsychiatric manifestations and neuroimaging suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) during porphyric attacks has been described in numerous case reports. We aimed to systematically review clinical-radiological features and likely pathogenic mechanisms of PRES in patients with acute hepatic porphyrias (AHP) and porphyric attacks. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched (July 30, 2019). We included articles describing patients with convincing evidence of an AHP, confirmed porphyric attacks, and PRES in neuroimaging. RESULTS Forty-three out of 269 articles were included, which reported on 46 patients. Thirty-nine (84.8%) patients were women. The median age was 24 ± 13.8 years. 52.2% had unspecified AHP, 41.3% acute intermittent porphyria, 4.3% hereditary coproporphyria, and 2.2% variegate porphyria. 70.2% had systemic arterial hypertension. Seizures, mental changes, arterial hypertension, and hyponatremia occurred more frequently than expected for porphyric attacks (p < .001). Seizures and hyponatremia were also more frequent than expected for PRES. The most common distributions of brain lesions were occipital (81.4%), parietal (65.1%), frontal (60.5%), subcortical (40%), and cortical (32.5%). Cerebral vasoconstriction was demonstrated in 41.7% of the patients who underwent angiography. 19.6% of the patients had ischemic lesions, and 4.3% developed long-term sequelae (cognitive decline and focal neurological deficits). CONCLUSIONS Brain edema, vasoconstriction, and ischemia in the context of PRES likely account for central nervous symptoms in some porphyric attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Jaramillo-Calle
- IPS Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Institute of Medical Research, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Juan M Solano
- Department of Neurology, Universidad de Antioquia, School of Medicine, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine/NC Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, United States of America..
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Fu Y, Jia J, Yue L, Yang R, Guo Y, Ni X, Shi T. Systematically Analyzing the Pathogenic Variations for Acute Intermittent Porphyria. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1018. [PMID: 31572191 PMCID: PMC6753391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rare autosomal dominant disorder acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is caused by the deficient activity of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS). The symptoms of AIP are acute neurovisceral attacks which are induced by the dysfunction of heme biosynthesis. To better interpret the underlying mechanism of clinical phenotypes, we collected 117 HMBS gene mutations from reported individuals with AIP and evaluated the mutations' impacts on the corresponding protein structure and function. We found that several mutations with most severe clinical symptoms are located at dipyromethane cofactor (DPM) binding domain of HMBS. Mutations on these residues likely significantly influence the catalytic reaction. To infer new pathogenic mutations, we evaluated the pathogenicity for all the possible missense mutations of HMBS gene with different bioinformatic prediction algorithms, and identified 34 mutations with serious pathogenicity and low allele frequency. In addition, we found that gene PPARA may also play an important role in the mechanisms of AIP attacks. Our analysis about the distribution frequencies of the 23 variations revealed different distribution patterns among eight ethnic populations, which could help to explain the genetic basis that may contribute to population disparities in AIP prevalence. Our systematic analysis provides a better understanding for this disease and helps for the diagnosis and treatment of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Fu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinmeng Jia
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lishu Yue
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiying Yang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Biobank for Clinical Data and Samples in Pediatrics, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Center for Children’s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Biobank for Clinical Data and Samples in Pediatrics, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Center for Children’s Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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