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Uhlig S, Olderbø BP, Samuelsen JT, Uvsløkk S, Ivanova L, Vanderstraeten C, Grutle LA, Rangel-Huerta OD. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics study of nicotine exposure in THP-1 monocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14957. [PMID: 38942832 PMCID: PMC11213872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The tobacco alkaloid nicotine is known for its activation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine is consumed in different ways such as through conventional smoking, e-cigarettes, snuff or nicotine pouches. The use of snuff has been associated with several adverse health effects, such as inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa and oral cavity cancer. We performed a metabolomic analysis of nicotine-exposed THP-1 human monocytes. Cells were exposed to 5 mM of the alkaloid for up to 4 h, and cell extracts and medium subjected to untargeted liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Raw data processing revealed 17 nicotine biotransformation products. Among these, cotinine and nornicotine were identified as the two major cellular biotransformation products. The application of multi- and univariate statistical analyses resulted in the annotation, up to a certain level of identification, of 12 compounds in the cell extracts and 13 compounds in the medium that were altered by nicotine exposure. Of these, four were verified as methylthioadenosine, cytosine, uric acid, and L-glutamate. Methylthioadenosine levels were affected in both cells and the medium, while cytosine, uric acid, and L-glutamate levels were affected in the medium only. The effects of smoking on the pathways involving these metabolites have been previously demonstrated in humans. Most of the other discriminating compounds, which were merely tentatively or not fully identified, were amino acids or amino acid derivatives. In conclusion, our preliminary data suggest that some of the potentially adverse effects related to smoking may also be expected when nicotine is consumed via snuff or nicotine pouches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Uhlig
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, 0855, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Jan Tore Samuelsen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, 0855, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Uvsløkk
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, 0855, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Camille Vanderstraeten
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, 0855, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lene Aiko Grutle
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, 0855, Oslo, Norway
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Diaz GA, Bechter M, Cederbaum SD. The role and control of arginine levels in arginase 1 deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:3-14. [PMID: 36175366 PMCID: PMC10091968 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arginase 1 Deficiency (ARG1-D) is a rare urea cycle disorder that results in persistent hyperargininemia and a distinct, progressive neurologic phenotype involving developmental delay, intellectual disability, and spasticity, predominantly affecting the lower limbs and leading to mobility impairment. Unlike the typical presentation of other urea cycle disorders, individuals with ARG1-D usually appear healthy at birth and hyperammonemia is comparatively less severe and less common. Clinical manifestations typically begin to develop in early childhood in association with high plasma arginine levels, with hyperargininemia (and not hyperammonemia) considered to be the primary driver of disease sequelae. Nearly five decades of clinical experience with ARG1-D and empirical studies in genetically manipulated models have generated a large body of evidence that, when considered in aggregate, implicates arginine directly in disease pathophysiology. Severe dietary protein restriction to minimize arginine intake and diversion of ammonia from the urea cycle are the mainstay of care. Although this approach does reduce plasma arginine and improve patients' cognitive and motor/mobility manifestations, it is inadequate to achieve and maintain sufficiently low arginine levels and prevent progression in the long term. This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the clinical and scientific literature, the effects and limitations of the current standard of care, and the authors' perspectives regarding the past, current, and future management of ARG1-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Diaz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stephen D Cederbaum
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cusmano‐Ozog KP, Renck AK, Tise CG. Recent tPA administration can cause pseudo‐hyperargininemia and may mimic arginase deficiency or arginine supplementation. JIMD Rep 2022; 63:563-567. [PMCID: PMC9626670 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals suspected of or diagnosed with a rare disorder, including inherited metabolic disorders (IMD), often need frequent and/or urgent vascular access for blood draws and treatment, making central indwelling catheters commonly used devices in this patient population. These indwelling catheters are prone to thrombosis, limiting vascular access. This complication is frequently resolved with the use of altepase, a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). This report describes two individuals, one with a known IMD and one undergoing evaluation for an IMD, who were found to have hyperargininemia (>500 μM; reference 10–140 μM) by plasma amino acid (PAA) analysis of a specimen collected ~1.5–3 h after clearance of an indwelling catheter with tPA. In both cases, hyperargininemia resolved with repeat testing, suggesting pseudo‐hyperargininemia secondary to tPA administration. Quantitative amino acid analysis of the administered tPA demonstrated an arginine level of ~200 mM, supporting tPA as the cause of pseudo‐hyperargininemia. Certain formulations of tPA contain high concentrations of arginine, which if not cleared properly can result in marked elevations of arginine, mimicking arginase deficiency or suggesting arginine supplementation. Thus, the possibility of pseudohyperargininemia due to tPA administration should be considered when obtaining PAAs from an indwelling catheter in any individual being evaluated or managed for an IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia K. Renck
- Division of Medical GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christina G. Tise
- Division of Medical GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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Exogenous Proline Optimizes Osmotic Adjustment Substances and Active Oxygen Metabolism of Maize Embryo under Low-Temperature Stress and Metabolomic Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is more sensitive to low-temperature stress in the early growth period. The study was to explore the response mechanism of proline to low-temperature stress during maize seed germination. Maize varieties Xinxin 2 (low-temperature insensitive) and Damin 3307 (low-temperature sensitive) were chosen as the test materials, setting the normal temperature for germination (22 °C/10 °C, 9d), low-temperature germination (4 °C/4 °C, 5d) and normal temperature recovery (22 °C/10 °C, 4d), combined with proline (15 mmol·L−1) soaking treatment, to study its effects on the osmotic regulation system and antioxidant protection system of maize embryos. Metabolomics analysis was carried out to initially reveal the basis of the metabolic regulation mechanism. The results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were induced to some extent under low-temperature stress. The activities of SOD, POD, APX and GR were further enhanced in the soaking seeds with proline. Proline treatment improved the activities of catalase (CAT), monodehydrated ascorbic acid reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAR), increased the contents of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) and decreased the contents of oxidized ascorbic acid (DHA) and reduced glutathione (GSSG) under low-temperature stress. The ratio of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG increased. The increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and the content of antioxidants can help to maintain the stability of the AsA-GSH cycle, and effectively reduce the production rate of superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Based on the UPLC-MS/MS detection platform and self-built database, 589 metabolites were detected in each treated maize embryo; 262 differential metabolites were obtained, including 32 organic acids, 28 amino acids, 20 nucleotides and their derivatives, 26 sugars and alcohols, 46 lipids, 51 alkaloids, 44 phenols and 15 other metabolites. Sixty-eight metabolic pathways involving different metabolites were obtained by KEGG enrichment analysis. The results showed that proline increased the accumulation of sorbitol, planteose, erythritose 4-phosphate, arabinose and other saccharides and alcohols in response to low-temperature stress, increased the content of osmoregulation substances under low-temperature stress. Proline also restored the TCA cycle by increasing the content of α-ketoglutarate and fumaric acid. Proline increased the contents of some amino acids (ornithine, proline, glycine, etc.), alkaloids (cocamidopropyl betaine, vanillylamine, 6-hydroxynicotinic acid, etc.), phenols (phenolic ayapin, chlorogenic acid, etc.) and vitamins (ascorbic acid, etc.) in the embryo under low-temperature stress. Combined with pathway enrichment analysis, proline could enhance the low-temperature stress resistance of germinated maize embryos by enhancing starch and sucrose metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, flavonoid biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway.
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