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Carter JE, Sporre MA, Eytan RI. Phylogenetic review of the comb-tooth blenny genus Hypleurochilus in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 189:107933. [PMID: 37769827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
As some of the smallest vertebrates, yet largest producers of consumed reef biomass, cryptobenthic reef fishes serve a disproportionate role in reef ecosystems and are one of the most poorly understood groups of fish. The blenny genera Hypleurochilus and Parablennius are currently considered paraphyletic and the interrelationships of Parablennius have been the focus of recent phylogenetic studies. However, the interrelationships of Hypleurochilus remain understudied. This genus is transatlantically distributed and comprises 11 species with a convoluted taxonomic history. In this study, relationships for ten Hypleurochilus species are resolved using multi-locus nuclear and mtDNA sequence data, morphological data, and mined COI barcode data. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from 61 individuals collected from the western Atlantic and northern Gulf of Mexico (N. GoM) delimit seven species into a temperate clade, a tropical clade, and a third distinct lineage. This lineage, herein referred to as H. cf. aequipinnis, may represent a species of Hypleurochilus whose range has expanded into the N. GoM. Inclusion of publicly available COI sequence for an additional three species provides further phylogenetic resolution. H. bananensis forms a new eastern Atlantic clade with H. cf. aequipinnis, providing further evidence for a western Atlantic range expansion. Single marker COI delimitation was unable to elucidate the relationships between H. springeri/H. pseudoaequipinnis and between H. multifilis/H. caudovittatus due to incomplete lineage sorting. Mitochondrial data are also unable to accurately resolve the placement of H. bermudensis. However, a comprehensive approach using multi-locus phylogenetic and species delimitation methods was able to resolve these relationships. While mining publicly available sequence data allowed for the inclusion of an increased number of species in the analysis and a more comprehensive phylogeny, it was not without drawbacks, as a handful of sequences are potentially mis-identified. Overall, we find that the recent divergence of some species within this genus and potential introgression events confound the results of single locus delimitation methods, yet a combination of single and multi-locus analyses has allowed for insights into the biogeography of this genus and uncovered a potential transatlantic range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Carter
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 1001 Texas Clipper Road, Galveston, TX 77554, United States.
| | - Megan A Sporre
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 1001 Texas Clipper Road, Galveston, TX 77554, United States
| | - Ron I Eytan
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 1001 Texas Clipper Road, Galveston, TX 77554, United States
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2
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Boehm JT, Bovee E, Harris SE, Eddins K, Akahoho I, Foster M, Pell SK, Hickerson MJ, Amato G, DeSalle R, Waldman J. The United States dried seahorse trade: A comparison of traditional Chinese medicine and ecommerce-curio markets using molecular identification. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291874. [PMID: 37788253 PMCID: PMC10547177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tens of millions of dried seahorses (genus Hippocampus) are traded annually, and the pressure from this trade along with their life history traits (involved parental care and small migration distances and home ranges) has led to near global population declines. This and other forms of overexploitation have led to all seahorse species being listed in Appendix II under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The signatory nations of CITES recommended a 10-cm size limit of seahorses to ensure harvested individuals have reached reproductive maturity, and have thus had the chance to produce offspring, to maintain a more sustainable global seahorse fishery. We assessed adherence to CITES recommendations using DNA barcoding and size measurements to compare two prominent U.S. dried seahorse markets: (1) traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and (2) non-medicinal ecommerce and coastal curio (ECC). We also estimated U.S. import abundance from CITES records. Of the nine species identified among all samples (n = 532), eight were found in the TCM trade (n = 168); composed mostly (75%) of the Indo-Pacific species Hippocampus trimaculatus, and Hippocampus spinosissimus, and the Latin American Hippocampus ingens. In contrast, ECC samples (n = 344) included 5 species, primarily juvenile Indo-Pacific Hippocampus kuda (51.5%) and the western Atlantic Hippocampus zosterae (40.7). The majority of TCM samples (85.7%) met the CITES size recommendation, in contrast to 4.8% of ECC samples. These results suggest non-size discriminatory bycatch is the most likely source of imported ECC specimens. In addition, CITES records indicate that approximately 602,275 dried specimens were imported into the U.S. from 2004-2020, but the exact species composition remains unknown as many U.S. imports records list one species or Hippocampus spp. from confiscated shipments due to difficulties in morphological identification and large numbers of individuals per shipment. Molecular identification was used to identify the species composition of confiscated shipment imports containing undesignated species, and similar to TCM, found H. trimaculatus and H. spinosissimus the most abundant. By combining DNA barcoding, size comparisons, and CITES database records, these results provide an important glimpse into the two primary dried U.S. seahorse end-markets, and may further inform the conservation status of several Hippocampus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Boehm
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolution Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Bovee
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolution Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- School of Natural and Social Science, SUNY Purchase College, Purchase, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Eddins
- The New School, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ishmael Akahoho
- Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment High School, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Marcia Foster
- Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment High School, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan K Pell
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J Hickerson
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolution Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - George Amato
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John Waldman
- Subprogram in Ecology, Evolution Biology and Behavior, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Biology Department, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, United States of America
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3
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Diversity of Seahorse Species (Hippocampus spp.) in the International Aquarium Trade. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) are threatened as a result of habitat degradation and overfishing. They have commercial value as traditional medicine, curio objects, and pets in the aquarium industry. There are 48 valid species, 27 of which are represented in the international aquarium trade. Most species in the aquarium industry are relatively large and were described early in the history of seahorse taxonomy. In 2002, seahorses became the first marine fishes for which the international trade became regulated by CITES (Convention for the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), with implementation in 2004. Since then, aquaculture has been developed to improve the sustainability of the seahorse trade. This review provides analyses of the roles of wild-caught and cultured individuals in the international aquarium trade of various Hippocampus species for the period 1997–2018. For all species, trade numbers declined after 2011. The proportion of cultured seahorses in the aquarium trade increased rapidly after their listing in CITES, although the industry is still struggling to produce large numbers of young in a cost-effective way, and its economic viability is technically challenging in terms of diet and disease. Whether seahorse aquaculture can benefit wild populations will largely depend on its capacity to provide an alternative livelihood for subsistence fishers in the source countries. For most species, CITES trade records of live animals in the aquarium industry started a few years earlier than those of dead bodies in the traditional medicine trade, despite the latter being 15 times higher in number. The use of DNA analysis in the species identification of seahorses has predominantly been applied to animals in the traditional medicine market, but not to the aquarium trade. Genetic tools have already been used in the description of new species and will also help to discover new species and in various other kinds of applications.
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4
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Li C, Olave M, Hou Y, Qin G, Schneider RF, Gao Z, Tu X, Wang X, Qi F, Nater A, Kautt AF, Wan S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhang B, Zhang H, Qu M, Liu S, Chen Z, Zhong J, Zhang H, Meng L, Wang K, Yin J, Huang L, Venkatesh B, Meyer A, Lu X, Lin Q. Genome sequences reveal global dispersal routes and suggest convergent genetic adaptations in seahorse evolution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1094. [PMID: 33597547 PMCID: PMC7889852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Seahorses have a circum-global distribution in tropical to temperate coastal waters. Yet, seahorses show many adaptations for a sedentary, cryptic lifestyle: they require specific habitats, such as seagrass, kelp or coral reefs, lack pelvic and caudal fins, and give birth to directly developed offspring without pronounced pelagic larval stage, rendering long-range dispersal by conventional means inefficient. Here we investigate seahorses' worldwide dispersal and biogeographic patterns based on a de novo genome assembly of Hippocampus erectus as well as 358 re-sequenced genomes from 21 species. Seahorses evolved in the late Oligocene and subsequent circum-global colonization routes are identified and linked to changing dynamics in ocean currents and paleo-temporal seaway openings. Furthermore, the genetic basis of the recurring "bony spines" adaptive phenotype is linked to independent substitutions in a key developmental gene. Analyses thus suggest that rafting via ocean currents compensates for poor dispersal and rapid adaptation facilitates colonizing new habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China ,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Melisa Olave
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Present Address: Argentine Dryland Research Institute, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (IADIZA-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Yali Hou
- grid.464209.d0000 0004 0644 6935Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Qin
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ralf F. Schneider
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany ,Marine Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zexia Gao
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xin Wang
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Furong Qi
- grid.464209.d0000 0004 0644 6935Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander Nater
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas F. Kautt
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPresent Address: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Shiming Wan
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yali Liu
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huixian Zhang
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Qu
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Liu
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.419010.d0000 0004 1792 7072State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Kai Wang
- grid.443651.1School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jianping Yin
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangmin Huang
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- grid.418812.60000 0004 0620 9243Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Meyer
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xuemei Lu
- grid.419010.d0000 0004 1792 7072State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- grid.458498.c0000 0004 1798 9724CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China ,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China ,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Planas M, Piñeiro-Corbeira C, Bouza C, Castejón-Silvo I, Vera M, Regueira M, Ochoa V, Bárbara I, Terrados J, Chamorro A, Barreiro R, Hernández-Urcera J, Alejo I, Nombela M, García ME, Pardo BG, Peña V, Díaz-Tapia P, Cremades J, Morales-Nin B. A multidisciplinary approach to identify priority areas for the monitoring of a vulnerable family of fishes in Spanish Marine National Parks. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:4. [PMID: 33514312 PMCID: PMC7853308 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Syngnathid fishes (Actinopterygii, Syngnathidae) are flagship species strongly associated with seaweed and seagrass habitats. Seahorses and pipefishes are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic and environmental disturbances, but most species are currently Data Deficient according to the IUCN (2019), requiring more biological and ecological research. This study provides the first insights into syngnathid populations in the two marine Spanish National Parks (PNIA—Atlantic- and PNAC—Mediterranean). Fishes were collected periodically, marked, morphologically identified, analysed for size, weight, sex and sexual maturity, and sampled for stable isotope and genetic identification. Due the scarcity of previous information, habitat characteristics were also assessed in PNIA. Results Syngnathid diversity and abundance were low, with two species identified in PNIA (Hippocampus guttulatus and Syngnathus acus) and four in PNAC (S. abaster, S. acus, S. typhle and Nerophis maculatus). Syngnathids from both National Parks (NP) differed isotopically, with much lower δ15N in PNAC than in PNIA. The dominant species were S. abaster in PNAC and S. acus in PNIA. Syngnathids preferred less exposed sites in macroalgal assemblages in PNIA and Cymodocea meadows in PNAC. The occurrence of very large specimens, the absence of small-medium sizes and the isotopic comparison with a nearby population suggest that the population of Syngnathus acus (the dominant syngnathid in PNIA) mainly comprised breeders that migrate seasonally. Mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variants were detected for H. guttulatus, S. acus, and S. abaster, and a novel 16S rDNA haplotype was obtained in N. maculatus. Our data suggest the presence of a cryptic divergent mitochondrial lineage of Syngnathus abaster species in PNAC. Conclusions This is the first multidisciplinary approach to the study of syngnathids in Spanish marine NPs. Habitat preferences and population characteristics in both NPs differed. Further studies are needed to assess the occurrence of a species complex for S. abaster, discarding potential misidentifications of genus Syngnathus in PNAC, and evaluate migratory events in PNIA. We propose several preferential sites in both NPs for future monitoring of syngnathid populations and some recommendations for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Planas
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | | | - Carmen Bouza
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Avenida Carballo Calero S/N, 27002, Lugo, Spain.,Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Inés Castejón-Silvo
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Manuel Vera
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Avenida Carballo Calero S/N, 27002, Lugo, Spain.,Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcos Regueira
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Verónica Ochoa
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bárbara
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and CICA, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Terrados
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - Alexandro Chamorro
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Barreiro
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and CICA, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Hernández-Urcera
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Irene Alejo
- Department of Marine Geosciences and Territorial Planning, Marine Sciences Faculty, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Nombela
- Department of Marine Geosciences and Territorial Planning, Marine Sciences Faculty, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Enrique García
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Avenida Carballo Calero S/N, 27002, Lugo, Spain.,Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Viviana Peña
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and CICA, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, Coruña, Spain
| | - Pilar Díaz-Tapia
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and CICA, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier Cremades
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and CICA, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, Coruña, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morales-Nin
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), 07190, Esporles, Spain
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6
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Morphological and molecular evidence for first records and range extension of the Japanese seahorse, Hippocampus mohnikei (Bleeker 1853) in a bay-estuarine system of Goa, central west coast of India. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0220420. [PMID: 32208467 PMCID: PMC7092974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate information of taxonomy and geographic range of seahorse species (genus Hippocampus) is the first step in preparing threat assessments and designing effective conservation measures. Here, we report first records and a range extension of the Japanese seahorse, Hippocampus mohnikei (Bleeker, 1853) from the Mandovi estuarine ecosystem of Goa, central west coast of India (CWCI) based on morphological and molecular analyses. The morphometric and meristic traits, particularly short snout (29–35% head length), double cheek spine, low coronet, long tail (51.2–57.9% of standard length), 11 trunk rings, 37–39 tail rings, 15–16 dorsal and 12–14 fin rays observed in four collected specimens matched with the reported key diagnostic morphological criteria of vouchered specimens of H. mohnikei. The seahorse mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes were partially sequenced for conclusive genetic identification of the species under study. Molecular analysis showed that all four individuals clustered together suggesting a monophyletic lineage. Using the maximum similarity with GenBank database, maximum likelihood network and subsequent morphological analysis, the identity of the collected seahorse species was reconfirmed as H. mohnikei. With this new report, the geographic range of H. mohnikei extended significantly to the west from its previously known range. This new sighting of H. mohnikei could indicate a long-distance dispersal facilitated by the prevailing oceanic circulation in the Indo-Pacific region or increased habitat suitability in bay-estuarine systems of Goa, CWCI. Comparison of the pair-wise genetic distances (Kimura 2-parameter) based on COI and Cyt b sequences revealed that the specimens examined in this study are genetically closer to H. mohnikei populations from Vietnam and Thailand than they are to those in Japan and China. To test the hypothesis whether H. mohnikei are vagrants or previously unreported established population, long-term inter-annual sampling and analyses are warranted.
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7
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Araujo GS, Vilasboa A, Britto MR, Bernardi G, von der Heyden S, Levy A, Floeter SR. Phylogeny of the comb-tooth blenny genus Scartella (Blenniiformes: Blenniidae) reveals several cryptic lineages and a trans-Atlantic relationship. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHere we present the first phylogeny of the genus Scartella based on mitochondrial data. The analysis strongly corroborates the validity of all species of the genus and shows that Scartella cristata, a species with a disjunct distribution, is a lineage complex comprising five clades: two in Caribbean waters, another in the East Atlantic/Mediterranean and two in Brazil. Brazilian clades occur in sympatry from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul states (southern Brazil). One clade (BRA 1) is unique to Brazil, while the other (BRA 2) is closely related to the eastern Atlantic lineage. Possible explanations for this pattern include both natural and anthropic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Araujo
- Setor de Ictiologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Avenida São José Barreto, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - A Vilasboa
- Laboratório de Genética Pesqueira e da Conservação, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M R Britto
- Setor de Ictiologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G Bernardi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - S von der Heyden
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - A Levy
- MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA – Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S R Floeter
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia – CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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8
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Wang X, Han X, Zhang Y, Liu S, Lin Q. Phylogenetic analysis and genetic structure of the seahorse, Hippocampus fuscus from the Arabian and Red Sea based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2018; 30:165-171. [PMID: 29956555 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2018.1467410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The unique body morphology and specialized life history traits make seahorses excellent flagship species for many issues in marine conservation and biological evolution. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Hippocampus fuscus was determined. Phylogenetic analyses showed that H. fuscus had a close genetic relationship to Hippocampus reidi, which give us a new insight into the speciation and dispersal among seahorse genus. A total of 843 base pairs of cytochrome b (Cytb) gene and a 646 base pairs of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were obtained from 36 H. fuscus and 26 H. reidi from three populations. Population genetic analysis revealed a relatively high genetic diversity across the populations of H. fuscus compared with H. reidi. Neighbour-joining (NJ) tree of COI and Cytb gene sequences showed that H. fuscus haplotypes formed one cluster. The result of median-joining network of haplotypes based on COI and Cytb indicated a lack of structure in populations of H. fuscus. This study addressed the information about the evolution history and genetic structure of an Arabian seahorse H. fuscus, which provides insight into the genetic conservation and sustainable management for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Guangzhou , PR China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xue Han
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Guangzhou , PR China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Guangzhou , PR China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Liu
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Qiang Lin
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institute of Oceanology , Guangzhou , PR China.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , PR China
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9
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Zhang X, Vincent AC. Predicting distributions, habitat preferences and associated conservation implications for a genus of rare fishes, seahorses (Hippocampusspp.). DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Project Seahorse; Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Zoology; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Amanda C.J. Vincent
- Project Seahorse; Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Zoology; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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10
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Woodall LC, Otero-Ferrer F, Correia M, Curtis JMR, Garrick-Maidment N, Shaw PW, Koldewey HJ. A synthesis of European seahorse taxonomy, population structure, and habitat use as a basis for assessment, monitoring and conservation. MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 165:19. [PMID: 29238097 PMCID: PMC5717113 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate taxonomy, population demography, and habitat descriptors inform species threat assessments and the design of effective conservation measures. Here we combine published studies with new genetic, morphological and habitat data that were collected from seahorse populations located along the European and North African coastlines to help inform management decisions for European seahorses. This study confirms the presence of only two native seahorse species (Hippocampus guttulatus and H. hippocampus) across Europe, with sporadic occurrence of non-native seahorse species in European waters. For the two native species, our findings demonstrate that highly variable morphological characteristics, such as size and presence or number of cirri, are unreliable for distinguishing species. Both species exhibit sex dimorphism with females being significantly larger. Across its range, H. guttulatus were larger and found at higher densities in cooler waters, and individuals in the Black Sea were significantly smaller than in other populations. H. hippocampus were significantly larger in Senegal. Hippocampus guttulatus tends to have higher density populations than H. hippocampus when they occur sympatrically. Although these species are often associated with seagrass beds, data show both species inhabit a wide variety of shallow habitats and use a mixture of holdfasts. We suggest an international mosaic of protected areas focused on multiple habitat types as the first step to successful assessment, monitoring and conservation management of these Data Deficient species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Woodall
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Project Seahorse, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, UK
| | - Francisco Otero-Ferrer
- Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
| | - Miguel Correia
- Project Seahorse, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, UK
- CCMar, Universidade do Algarve, F. C. T., Edificio 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Janelle M. R. Curtis
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC Canada
| | | | - Paul W. Shaw
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Heather J. Koldewey
- Project Seahorse, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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11
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Phylogenomic analysis of a rapid radiation of misfit fishes (Syngnathiformes) using ultraconserved elements. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 113:33-48. [PMID: 28487262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetics is undergoing a revolution as large-scale molecular datasets reveal unexpected but repeatable rearrangements of clades that were previously thought to be disparate lineages. One of the most unusual clades of fishes that has been found using large-scale molecular datasets is an expanded Syngnathiformes including traditional long-snouted syngnathiform lineages (Aulostomidae, Centriscidae, Fistulariidae, Solenostomidae, Syngnathidae), as well as a diverse set of largely benthic-associated fishes (Callionymoidei, Dactylopteridae, Mullidae, Pegasidae) that were previously dispersed across three orders. The monophyly of this surprising clade of fishes has been upheld by recent studies utilizing both nuclear and mitogenomic data, but the relationships among major lineages within Syngnathiformes remain ambiguous; previous analyses have inconsistent topologies and are plagued by low support at deep divergences between the major lineages. In this study, we use a dataset of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to conduct the first phylogenomic study of Syngnathiformes. UCEs have been effective markers for resolving deep phylogenetic relationships in fishes and, combined with increased taxon sampling, we expected UCEs to resolve problematic syngnathiform relationships. Overall, UCEs were effective at resolving relationships within Syngnathiformes at a range of evolutionary timescales. We find consistent support for the monophyly of traditional long-snouted syngnathiform lineages (Aulostomidae, Centriscidae, Fistulariidae, Solenostomidae, Syngnathidae), which better agrees with morphological hypotheses than previously published topologies from molecular data. This result was supported by all Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses, was robust to differences in matrix completeness and potential sources of bias, and was highly supported in coalescent-based analyses in ASTRAL when matrices were filtered to contain the most phylogenetically informative loci. While Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses found support for a benthic-associated clade (Callionymidae, Dactylopteridae, Mullidae, and Pegasidae) as sister to the long-snouted clade, this result was not replicated in the ASTRAL analyses. The base of our phylogeny is characterized by short internodes separating major syngnathiform lineages and is consistent with the hypothesis of an ancient rapid radiation at the base of Syngnathiformes. Syngnathiformes therefore present an exciting opportunity to study patterns of morphological variation and functional innovation arising from rapid but ancient radiation.
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12
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Tsuboi M, Lim ACO, Ooi BL, Yip MY, Chong VC, Ahnesjö I, Kolm N. Brain size evolution in pipefishes and seahorses: the role of feeding ecology, life history and sexual selection. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:150-160. [PMID: 27748990 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Brain size varies greatly at all taxonomic levels. Feeding ecology, life history and sexual selection have been proposed as key components in generating contemporary diversity in brain size across vertebrates. Analyses of brain size evolution have, however, been limited to lineages where males predominantly compete for mating and females choose mates. Here, we present the first original data set of brain sizes in pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathidae) a group in which intense female mating competition occurs in many species. After controlling for the effect of shared ancestry and overall body size, brain size was positively correlated with relative snout length. Moreover, we found that females, on average, had 4.3% heavier brains than males and that polyandrous species demonstrated more pronounced (11.7%) female-biased brain size dimorphism. Our results suggest that adaptations for feeding on mobile prey items and sexual selection in females are important factors in brain size evolution of pipefishes and seahorses. Most importantly, our study supports the idea that sexual selection plays a major role in brain size evolution, regardless of on which sex sexual selection acts stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tsuboi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A C O Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Save Our Seahorses Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - B L Ooi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Save Our Seahorses Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Y Yip
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Save Our Seahorses Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - V C Chong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Ahnesjö
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N Kolm
- Department of Zoology/Ethology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Molecular phylogeny and patterns of diversification in syngnathid fishes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 107:388-403. [PMID: 27989632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The family Syngnathidae is a large and diverse clade of morphologically unique bony fishes, with 57 genera and 300 described species of seahorses, pipefishes, pipehorses, and seadragons. They primarily inhabit shallow coastal waters in temperate and tropical oceans, and are characterized by a fused jaw, male brooding, and extraordinary crypsis. Phylogenetic relationships within the Syngnathidae remain poorly resolved due to lack of generic taxon sampling, few diagnostic morphological characters, and limited molecular data. The phylogenetic placement of the threatened, commercially exploited seahorses remains a topic of intense interest, with conflicting topologies based on morphology and predominantly mitochondrial genetic data. In this study, we integrate eight nuclear and mitochondrial markers and 17 morphological characters to investigate the phylogenetic structure of the family Syngnathidae at the generic level. We include 91 syngnathid species representing 48 of the 57 recognized genera, all major ocean basins, and a broad array of temperate and tropical habitats including rocky and coral reefs, sand and silt, mangroves, seagrass beds, estuaries, and rivers. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of 5160bp from eight loci produced high congruence among alternate topologies, defining well-supported and sometimes novel clades. We present a hypothesis that confirms a deep phylogenetic split between lineages with trunk- or tail-brood pouch placement, and provides significant new insights into the morphological evolution and biogeography of this highly derived fish clade. Based on the fundamental division between lineages - the tail brooding "Urophori" and the trunk brooding "Gastrophori" - we propose a revision of Syngnathidae classification into only two subfamilies: the Nerophinae and the Syngnathinae. We find support for distinct principal clades within the trunk-brooders and tail-brooders, the latter of which include seahorses, seadragons, independent lineages of pipehorses, and clades that originated in southern Australia and the Western Atlantic. We suggest the seahorse genus Hippocampus is of Indo-Pacific origin and its sister clade is an unexpected grouping of several morphologically disparate Indo-Pacific genera, including the Pacific pygmy pipehorses. Taxonomic revision is required for multiple genera, particularly to reflect deep evolutionary splits in nominal lineages from the Atlantic versus the Indo-Pacific.
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14
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Wang Z, Ge Y, Cheng R, Huang Z, Chen Z, Zhang G. Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 (Gasterosteiformes: Syngnathidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 28:303-304. [PMID: 26713461 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1118088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
abtract The complete mitochondrial genome of the Hedgehog Seahorse (Hippocampus spinosissimus) is 16 530 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The gene organization of H. spinosissimus was similar to that observed in most vertebrate creatures. All protein-coding genes use the typical initiation codon ATG, except for COX1 that uses GTG. The overall base composition of H. spinosissimus is 32.2% for A, 22.72% for C, 30.19% for T, and 14.89% for G, with a slight AT bias of 62.39%. Hippocampus spinosissimus showed a closer genetic relationship with H. kelloggi according to the phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaokai Wang
- a The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization , Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration , Xiamen , PR China
| | - Yuqing Ge
- a The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Rubin Cheng
- c College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- c College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- a The First Affiliated Hospital , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- d College of Basic Medical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , PR China
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15
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Otero-Ferrer F, Herrera R, López A, Socorro J, Molina L, Bouza C. First records of Hippocampus algiricus in the Canary Islands (north-east Atlantic Ocean) with an observation of hybridization with Hippocampus hippocampus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:1080-1089. [PMID: 26365616 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Morphometric and genetic analyses confirmed the first records of the West African seahorse Hippocampus algiricus at Gran Canaria Island (north-east Atlantic Ocean), and also the first evidence of interspecific hybridization in seahorses. These results provide additional data on the distribution of H. algiricus that may help to establish future conservation strategies, and uncover a new potential sympatric scenario between H. algiricus and Hippocampus hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Otero-Ferrer
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA) and Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Taliarte, 35200 Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - R Herrera
- Servicio de Biodiversidad, Viceconsejería de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Medio Ambiente, C/Agustín Millares Carlo, 18, 35003, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - A López
- Departamento de Xenética, Facultade de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. Carballo Calero s/n. 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - J Socorro
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA) and Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Taliarte, 35200 Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - L Molina
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA) and Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Taliarte, 35200 Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - C Bouza
- Departamento de Xenética, Facultade de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Av. Carballo Calero s/n. 27002, Lugo, Spain
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16
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Liu S, Zhang Y, Wang C, Lin Q. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hedgehog seahorse Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1933 (Gasterosteiformes:Syngnathidae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:2767-8. [PMID: 26364951 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1053056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hedgehog seahorse Hippocampus spinosissimus was first determined in this article. The total length of H. spinosissimus mitogenome is 16 527 bp and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region. The gene order and composition of H. spinosissimus were similar to those of most other vertebrates. The overall base composition of H. spinosissimus is 32.1% A, 30.3% T, 14.9% G and 22.7% C, with a slight A + T-rich feature (62.4%). Phylogenetic analyses based on complete mitochondrial genome sequence showed that H. spinosissimus has a close genetic relationship to H. ingens and H. kuda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Liu
- a College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China and.,b Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- b Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Changming Wang
- a College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University , Kunming , P. R. China and
| | - Qiang Lin
- b Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong , P. R. China
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17
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Past and present drivers of population structure in a small coastal fish, the European long snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Rose E, Small CM, Saucedo HA, Harper C, Jones AG. Genetic Evidence for Monogamy in the Dwarf Seahorse,Hippocampus zosterae. J Hered 2014; 105:828-33. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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19
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González R, Dinghi P, Corio C, Medina A, Maggioni M, Storero L, Gosztonyi A. Genetic evidence and new morphometric data as essential tools to identify the Patagonian seahorse Hippocampus patagonicus (Pisces, Syngnathidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:459-474. [PMID: 24446770 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A genetic study to support morphometric analyses was used to improve the description and validate the Patagonian seahorse Hippocampus patagonicus (Syngnathidae) on the basis of a large number of specimens collected in the type locality (San Antonio Bay, Patagonia, Argentina). DNA sequence data (from the cytochrome b region of the mitochondrial genome) were used to differentiate this species from its relatives cited for the west Atlantic Ocean. Both phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses supported the hypothesis that H. patagonicus is a species clearly differentiated from others, in agreement with morphometric studies. Hippocampus patagonicus can be distinguished from Hippocampus erectus by the combination of the following morphometric characteristics: (1) in both sexes and all sizes of H. patagonicus, the snout length is always less than the postorbital length, whereas the snout length of H. erectus is not shorter than the postorbital length in the largest specimens; (2) in both sexes of H. patagonicus, the trunk length:total length (LTr :LT ) is lower than in H. erectus (in female H. patagonicus: 0·27-0·39, H. erectus: 0·36-0·40 and in male H. patagonicus: 0·24-0·34, H. erectus: 0·33-0·43) and (3) in both sexes, tail length:total length (LTa :LT ) in H. patagonicus is larger than in H. erectus (0·61-0·78 v. 0·54-0·64).
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Affiliation(s)
- R González
- Instituto de Biología Marina y Pesquera Almirante Storni, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Güemes 1030, (8520) San Antonio Oeste, Río Negro, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, 5° piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Franz-Odendaal TA, Adriaens D. Comparative developmental osteology of the seahorse skeleton reveals heterochrony amongst Hippocampus sp. and progressive caudal fin loss. EvoDevo 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 25908960 PMCID: PMC4407769 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seahorses are well known for their highly derived head shape, prehensile tail and armoured body. They belong to the family of teleosts known as Syngnathidae, which also includes the pipefishes, pipehorses and seadragons. Very few studies have investigated the development of the skeleton of seahorses because larvae are extremely difficult to obtain in the wild and breeding in captivity is rarely successful. Here we compare the developmental osteology of Hippocampus reidi over an ontogenetic series spanning the first 93 days after release from the brood pouch to that of a smaller series of Hippocampus; namely H. subelongatus. Results We compare the osteology in these two species over growth to the published description of the dwarf species, H. zosterae. We show that ossification onset in H. subelongatus is earlier than in H. reidi, despite similar sizes at parturition. Interestingly, the timing of development of the bony skeleton in H. zosterae is similar to that of the larger species, H. subelongatus. Furthermore, we show that the growth rate of all three species is similar up until about 30 days post pouch release. From this stage onwards in the life history, the size of the dwarf species H. zosterae remains relatively constant whilst the other two species continue growing with an accelerated growth phase. Conclusion This data together with a phylogenetic assessment suggests that there has been a heterochronic shift (a delay) in the timing of ossification in H. reidi and accelerated bonedevelopment in H. zosterae. That is, H. zosterae is not a developmentally truncated dwarf species but rather a smaller version of its larger ancestor, “a proportioned dwarf” species. Furthermore, we show that caudal fin loss is incomplete in Hippocampus seahorses. This study shows that these three species of Hippocampus seahorses have evolved (either directly or indirectly) different osteogenic strategies over the last 20–30 million years of seahorse evolution.
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Authenticating the use of dried seahorses in the traditional Chinese medicine market in Taiwan using molecular forensics. J Food Drug Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Sogabe A, Takagi M. Population genetic structure of the messmate pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus in the northwest pacific: evidence for a cryptic species. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:408. [PMID: 24024095 PMCID: PMC3765599 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The population genetic structure of the messmate pipefish, Corythoichthys haematopterus, in the northwest Pacific was investigated based on the partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (589 bp) and 16S rRNA (528 bp) region sequences of 108 individuals collected from six sites along the coast of the Japanese archipelago and one site on Mactan Island, the Philippines. A total of 60 and 28 haplotypes were obtained from the cytochrome b and 16S rRNA regions, respectively. Two genetically distinct lineages were detected: lineage A and B, which are separated by mean pairwise genetic distances of 23.3 and 14.1% in the partial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. Such a huge genetic divergence between lineages, which is comparable to or even higher than the interspecific level, and the difference in their geographical distributions and habitat preferences suggests that they are distinct species, although there is no marked difference in their morphology. Haplotype network and gene and nucleotide diversity statistics indicate that the two lineages have different biogeographic histories: lineage A experienced rapid population expansion after a population bottleneck whereas lineage B has a long evolutionary history in a large stable population. In contrast, the levels of genetic variation among populations are relatively low in both lineages, probably because of frequent gene flow among populations resulting from the dispersal of pelagic larvae by the Kuroshio Current. These results indicate that past climatic events and contemporary oceanographic features have played a major role in establishing the population genetic structure of C. haematopterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sogabe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528 Japan ; Center for Marine Biology, Asamushi, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto Asamushi, Aomori, 039-3501 Japan
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Sanna D, Biagi F, Alaya HB, Maltagliati F, Addis A, Romero A, De Juan J, Quignard JP, Castelli A, Franzoi P, Torricelli P, Casu M, Carcupino M, Francalacci P. Mitochondrial DNA variability of the pipefish Syngnathus abaster. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:856-876. [PMID: 23464548 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study provides data on the genetic structuring of the pipefish Syngnathus abaster in the western Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A total of 109 specimens were collected in brackish-water biotopes. The control region and three other regions of the mitochondrial genome were analysed. The most relevant result was the high genetic structuring found by Bayesian inference (BI), maximum likelihood (ML) and network analyses, which were consistent in showing three well-separated clusters of S. abaster populations. Furthermore, BI and ML did not support the monophyly of the taxon S. abaster. These results suggest the occurrence of a species complex in the study area, whose differentiation may have occurred since the Pleistocene. The results also show a very high genetic variability at the inter-population level, with no shared haplotypes among sites. Evolutionary forces due to the fragmented nature of the brackish-water habitats may account for the high genetic divergence found among the groups and populations. Finally, although dispersal by rafting over long distances may occasionally occur, this study suggests linear stepping-stone model of colonization to be most likely. The complexity of the results obtained suggests that further studies are needed to elucidate the phylogeny of S. abaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio - Sezione di Zoologia, Archeozoologia e Genetica, Università di Sassari, Via Francesco Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Mobley KB, Small CM, Jones AG. The genetics and genomics of Syngnathidae: pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1624-1646. [PMID: 21651520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this review was to provide a historical overview of how molecular techniques have increased the understanding of the ecology and evolution of the family Syngnathidae (pipefishes, seahorses and seadragons). Molecular studies based primarily on mitochondrial DNA markers have proved their worth by elucidating complex phylogenetic relationships within the family. Phylogeographic studies, which have revealed how life-history traits and past climatic events shape geographic distributions and patterns of genetic variation within syngnathid species, also provide interesting case studies for the conservation and management of threatened species. The application of microsatellite DNA markers has opened a floodgate of studies concerned with the breeding biology of these fishes, which are interesting due to their unique reproductive mode of male pregnancy. Research in this area has contributed significantly to the understanding of mating patterns and sexual selection. Molecular markers may also be employed in studies of demography, migration and local breeding population sizes. Genomic studies have identified genes that are probably involved in male pregnancy and promise additional insights into various aspects of syngnathid biology at the level of the gene. Despite these advances, much more remains to be explored. Goals for future research should include: (1) a more inclusive phylogeny to resolve outstanding issues concerning the relationships within the family and higher order taxa, (2) a broader use of molecular studies to aid management and conservation efforts, (3) the inclusion of more genera in comparative behavioural studies and (4) the continued development of genomic resources for syngnathids to facilitate comparative genomic work.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Mobley
- Umeå University, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Woodall LC, Koldewey HJ, Shaw PW. Historical and contemporary population genetic connectivity of the European short-snouted seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus and implications for management. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1738-1756. [PMID: 21651525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This first genetic study of Hippocampus hippocampus covers the species' entire geographic range and employs two mtDNA markers (control region and cytochrome b) to establish patterns of population structuring. A total of 255 specimens from 21 locations were used to obtain 89 concatenated haplotypes. The common haplotype was present in all but one population, however, most haplotypes were unique. The haplotype network had a star-like construction, suggesting expansion from a bottleneck event. F(ST) and AMOVA revealed population subdivision into three geographic regions (English Channel + Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean Sea + Atlantic Ocean Iberian coast + Macaronesian Islands, and West Africa) with barriers to gene flow indentified at Cape Finisterre and the Cape Verde frontal zone. Neutrality tests and nested clade analysis suggest a complex demographic history, with both historic events and contemporary processes shaping patterns of genetic differentiation. The genetic population subdivision detected in this study indicates that H. hippocampus should be managed as three separate units. This is especially pertinent as H. hippocampus populations within the West African region are the only ones known to be specifically targeted for exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Woodall
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
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Wilson AB, Orr JW. The evolutionary origins of Syngnathidae: pipefishes and seahorses. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1603-23. [PMID: 21651519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite their importance as evolutionary and ecological model systems, the phylogenetic relationships among gasterosteiforms remain poorly understood, complicating efforts to understand the evolutionary origins of the exceptional morphological and behavioural diversity of this group. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the origin and evolution of syngnathids, a gasterosteiform family with a highly developed form of male parental care, combining inferences based on morphological and molecular data with paleontological evidence documenting the evolutionary history of the group. Molecular methods have provided new tools for the study of syngnathid relationships and have played an important role in recent conservation efforts. Despite recent insights into syngnathid evolution, however, a survey of the literature reveals a strong taxonomic bias towards studies on the species-rich genera Hippocampus and Syngnathus, with a lack of data for many morphologically unique members of the family. The study of the evolutionary pressures responsible for generating the high diversity of syngnathids would benefit from a wider perspective, providing a comparative framework in which to investigate the evolution of the genetic, morphological and behavioural traits of the group as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Wilson
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Species identification and genetic structure of threatened seahorses in Gran Canaria Island (Spain) using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. CONSERV GENET 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Woodall LC, Koldewey HJ, Santos SV, Shaw PW. First occurrence of the lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:1505-1512. [PMID: 20738628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A seahorse specimen from Banco Açores (Azores Archipelago) was identified using morphological and molecular genetic data as Hippocampus erectus. This specimen represents the first record of H. erectus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, well outside its reported range, and may provide evidence of long-distance translocation in what are assumed to be relatively sedentary fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Woodall
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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Timm J, Figiel M, Kochzius M. Contrasting patterns in species boundaries and evolution of anemonefishes (Amphiprioninae, Pomacentridae) in the centre of marine biodiversity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 49:268-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Teske PR, Hamilton H, Matthee CA, Barker NP. Signatures of seaway closures and founder dispersal in the phylogeny of a circumglobally distributed seahorse lineage. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:138. [PMID: 17697373 PMCID: PMC1978501 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of vicariance events on the establishment of phylogeographic patterns in the marine environment is well documented, and generally accepted as an important cause of cladogenesis. Founder dispersal (i.e. long-distance dispersal followed by founder effect speciation) is also frequently invoked as a cause of genetic divergence among lineages, but its role has long been challenged by vicariance biogeographers. Founder dispersal is likely to be common in species that colonize remote habitats by means of rafting (e.g. seahorses), as long-distance dispersal events are likely to be rare and subsequent additional recruitment from the source habitat is unlikely. In the present study, the relative importance of vicariance and founder dispersal as causes of cladogenesis in a circumglobally distributed seahorse lineage was investigated using molecular dating. A phylogeny was reconstructed using sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear markers, and the well-documented closure of the Central American seaway was used as a primary calibration point to test whether other bifurcations in the phylogeny could also have been the result of vicariance events. The feasibility of three other vicariance events was explored: a) the closure of the Indonesian Seaway, resulting in sister lineages associated with the Indian Ocean and West Pacific, respectively; b) the closure of the Tethyan Seaway, resulting in sister lineages associated with the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, respectively, and c) continental break-up during the Mesozoic followed by spreading of the Atlantic Ocean, resulting in pairs of lineages with amphi-Atlantic distribution patterns. RESULTS Comparisons of pairwise genetic distances among the seahorse species hypothesized to have diverged as a result of the closure of the Central American Seaway with those of published teleost sequences having the same distribution patterns show that the seahorses were among the last to diverge. This suggests that their cladogenesis was associated with the final closure of this seaway. Although two other divergence events in the phylogeny could potentially have arisen as a result of the closures of the Indonesian and Tethyan seaways, respectively, the timing of the majority of bifurcations in the phylogeny differed significantly from the dates of vicariance events suggested in the literature. Moreover, several divergence events that resulted in the same distribution patterns of lineages at different positions in the phylogeny did not occur contemporaneously. For that reason, they cannot be the result of the same vicariance events, a result that is independent of molecular dating. CONCLUSION Interpretations of the cladogenetic events in the seahorse phylogeny based purely on vicariance biogeographic hypotheses are problematic. We conclude that the evolution of the circumglobally distributed seahorse lineage was strongly influenced by founder dispersal, and suggest that this mode of speciation may be particularly important in marine organisms that lack a pelagic dispersal phase and instead disperse by means of rafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Teske
- Molecular Ecology and Systematics Group, Botany Department, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Healy Hamilton
- Research Division, California Academy of Sciences, 875 Howard St., San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Conrad A Matthee
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Nigel P Barker
- Molecular Ecology and Systematics Group, Botany Department, Rhodes University, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa
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Sanders JG, Cribbs JE, Fienberg HG, Hulburd GC, Katz LS, Palumbi SR. The tip of the tail: molecular identification of seahorses for sale in apothecary shops and curio stores in California. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Teske PR, Lourie SA, Matthee CA, Green DM. Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne, 2001 - a new seahorse species or yet another synonym? AUST J ZOOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/zo07021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the past six years, 15 new seahorse species (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus) have been described on the basis of morphological characters. This approach is known to be problematic, and most species names in Hippocampus are now considered to be synonyms. Genetic methods have great potential to resolve the confused taxonomy of the genus, but none have yet been incorporated into species descriptions. In the present study, mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b DNA sequences, as well as morphological data from the recently described Queensland seahorse, Hippocampus queenslandicus Horne, 2001, were compared with corresponding data from closely related seahorse species to determine whether there is strong support for distinction of this taxon. The haplotypes of H. queenslandicus were nested among haplotypes belonging to two of the three major Southeast Asian lineages of H. spinosissimus Weber, 1913. Although incomplete lineage sorting characteristic of very recently diverged species cannot be ruled out, the genetic results suggest that H. queenslandicus is paraphyletic. Morphometric analysis further fails to provide strong support for the species status of H. queenslandicus. We conclude that support for the distinctness of H. queenslandicus is weak, and indicate that it is a synonym of H. spinosissimus. The taxonomic validity of other recently described seahorse species should be similarly scrutinised using combined genetic and detailed morphological methods.
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Lourie SA, Green DM, Vincent ACJ. Dispersal, habitat differences, and comparative phylogeography of Southeast Asian seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus). Mol Ecol 2005; 14:1073-94. [PMID: 15773937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four distinct phylogeographical patterns across Southeast Asia were observed for four species of seahorse (genus Hippocampus) with differing ecologies. For all species, genetic differentiation (based on cytochrome b sequence comparisons) was significantly associated with sample site (Phi(ST) = 0.190-0.810, P < 0.0001) and with geographical distance (Mantel's r = 0.37-0.59, P < 0.019). Geographic locations of genetic breaks were inconsistent across species in 7/10 comparisons, although some similarities across species were also observed. The two shallow-water species (Hippocampus barbouri and Hippocampus kuda) have colonized the Sunda Shelf to a lesser degree than the two deeper-water species (Hippocampus spinosissimus and Hippocampus trimaculatus). In all species the presence of geographically restricted haplotypes in the Philippines could indicate past population fragmentation and/or long-distance colonization. A nested clade analysis (NCA) revealed that long-distance colonization and/or fragmentation were likely the dominant forces that structure populations of the two shallow-water species, whereas range expansion and restricted dispersal with isolation by distance were proportionally more important in the history of the two deeper-water species. H. trimaculatus has the most widespread haplotypes [average clade distance (D(c)) of nonsingleton haplotypes = 1169 km], indicating potentially high dispersal capabilities, whereas H. barbouri has the least widespread haplotypes (average D(c) = 67 km) indicating potentially lower dispersal capabilities. Pleistocene separation of marine basins and postglacial flooding of the Sunda Shelf are extrinsic factors likely to have contributed to the phylogeographical structure observed, whereas differences among the species appear to reflect their individual ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lourie
- Project Seahorse, Department of Biology, 1205 Avenue Dr Penfield, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada.
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