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Chumová Z, Záveská E, Mandáková T, Krak K, Trávnícek P. The Mediterranean: the cradle of Anthoxanthum (Poaceae) diploid diversity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:285-302. [PMID: 28444200 PMCID: PMC5737530 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Knowledge of diploid phylogeny and ecogeography provide a foundation for understanding plant evolutionary history, diversification patterns and taxonomy. The genus Anthoxanthum (vernal grasses, Poaceae) represents a taxonomically intricate polyploid complex with large phenotypic variation and poorly resolved evolutionary relationships. The aims of the study were to reveal: (1) evolutionary lineages of the diploid taxa and their genetic differentiation; (2) the past distribution of the rediscovered 'Mediterranean diploid'; and (3) possible migration routes of diploids in the Mediterranean. Methods A combined approach involving sequencing of two plastid regions ( trnL-trnF and rpl32-trnL ), nrDNA ITS, rDNA FISH analyses, climatic niche characterization and spatio-temporal modelling was used. Key Results Among the examined diploid species, only two well-differentiated evolutionary lineages were recognized: Anthoxanthum gracile and A. alpinum . The other taxa - A. aristatum, A. ovatum, A. maderense and the 'Mediterranean diploid' - form a rather intermixed group based on the examined molecular data. In situ rDNA localization enabled identification of the ancestral Anthoxanthum karyotype, shared by A. gracile and two taxa from the crown group. For the studied taxa, ancestral location probabilities for six discrete geographical regions in the Mediterranean were proposed and likely scenarios of gradual expansion from them were suggested. Modelling past and present distributions shows that the 'Mediterranean diploid' has already been occurring in the same localities for 120 000 years. Conclusions Highly congruent results were obtained and dated the origin and first diversification of Anthoxanthum to the Miocene. The later divergence probably took place in the Pleistocene and started polyploid evolution within the genus. The most recent diversification event is still occurring, and incomplete lineage sorting prevents full diversification of taxa at the molecular level, despite clear separation based on climatic niches. The 'Mediterranean diploid' is hypothesized to be a possible relic of the most recent common ancestor of Anthoxanthum due to their sharing of ancestral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Záveská
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Plant Cytogenomics Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Krak
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávnícek
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic
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Chumová Z, Krejčíková J, Mandáková T, Suda J, Trávníček P. Evolutionary and Taxonomic Implications of Variation in Nuclear Genome Size: Lesson from the Grass Genus Anthoxanthum (Poaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133748. [PMID: 26207824 PMCID: PMC4514812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Anthoxanthum (sweet vernal grass, Poaceae) represents a taxonomically intricate polyploid complex with large phenotypic variation and its evolutionary relationships still poorly resolved. In order to get insight into the geographic distribution of ploidy levels and assess the taxonomic value of genome size data, we determined C- and Cx-values in 628 plants representing all currently recognized European species collected from 197 populations in 29 European countries. The flow cytometric estimates were supplemented by conventional chromosome counts. In addition to diploids, we found two low (rare 3x and common 4x) and one high (~16x-18x) polyploid levels. Mean holoploid genome sizes ranged from 5.52 pg in diploid A. alpinum to 44.75 pg in highly polyploid A. amarum, while the size of monoploid genomes ranged from 2.75 pg in tetraploid A. alpinum to 9.19 pg in diploid A. gracile. In contrast to Central and Northern Europe, which harboured only limited cytological variation, a much more complex pattern of genome sizes was revealed in the Mediterranean, particularly in Corsica. Eight taxonomic groups that partly corresponded to traditionally recognized species were delimited based on genome size values and phenotypic variation. Whereas our data supported the merger of A. aristatum and A. ovatum, eastern Mediterranean populations traditionally referred to as diploid A. odoratum were shown to be cytologically distinct, and may represent a new taxon. Autopolyploid origin was suggested for 4x A. alpinum. In contrast, 4x A. odoratum seems to be an allopolyploid, based on the amounts of nuclear DNA. Intraspecific variation in genome size was observed in all recognized species, the most striking example being the A. aristatum/ovatum complex. Altogether, our study showed that genome size can be a useful taxonomic marker in Anthoxathum to not only guide taxonomic decisions but also help resolve evolutionary relationships in this challenging grass genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Chumová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčíková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Central-European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Sramkó G, Attila MV, Hawkins JA, Bateman RM. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Eurasiatic orchid genus Himantoglossum s.l. (Orchidaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1609-26. [PMID: 25294871 PMCID: PMC4649687 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lizard orchids of the genus Himantoglossum include many of Eurasia's most spectacular orchids, producing substantial spikes of showy flowers. However, until recently the genus had received only limited, and entirely traditional, systematic study. The aim of the current work was to provide a more robust molecular phylogeny in order to better understand the evolutionary relationships among species of particular conservation concern. METHODS All putative species of Himantoglossum s.l. were sampled across its geographical range. A large subsample of the 153 populations studied contributed to an initial survey of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) ribotypes. Smaller subsets were then sequenced for four plastid regions and the first intron of the low-copy-number nuclear gene LEAFY. Rooted using Steveniella as outgroup, phylogenetic trees were generated using parsimony and Bayesian methods from each of the three datasets, supplemented with a ribotype network. KEY RESULTS The resulting trees collectively determined the order of branching of the early divergent taxa as Himantoglossum comperianum > H. robertianum group > H. formosum, events that also involved significant morphological divergence. Relaxed molecular clock dating suggested that these divergences preceded the Pleistocene glaciations (the origin of the H. robertianum group may have coincided with the Messinian salinity crisis) and occurred in Asia Minor and/or the Caucasus. Among more controversial taxa of the H. hircinum-jankae clade, which are only subtly morphologically divergent, topological resolution was poorer and topological incongruence between datasets was consequently greater. CONCLUSIONS Plastid sequence divergence is broadly consistent with prior, morphologically circumscribed taxa and indicates a division between H. hircinum-adriaticum to the west of the Carpathians and H. jankae-caprinum (plus local endemics) to the east, a distinction also suggested by nrITS ribotypes. LEAFY phylogenies are less congruent with prior taxonomic arrangements and include one likely example of paralogy. Himantoglossum metlesicsianum fully merits its IUCN Endangered status. Potentially significant genetic variation was detected within Steveniella satyrioides, H. robertianum and H. hircinum. However, confident circumscription of the more derived species of Himantoglossum s.s., including local endemics of hybrid origin, must await future morphometric and population-genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sramkó
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Molnár V Attila
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Julie A Hawkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Richard M Bateman
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
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Pimentel M, Sahuquillo E, Torrecilla Z, Popp M, Catalán P, Brochmann C. Hybridization and long-distance colonization at different time scales: towards resolution of long-term controversies in the sweet vernal grasses (Anthoxanthum). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1015-30. [PMID: 23912698 PMCID: PMC3783235 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Repeated hybridization and/or polyploidization confound classification and phylogenetic inference, and multiple colonizations at different time scales complicate biogeographical reconstructions. This study investigates whether such processes can explain long-term controversies in Anthoxanthum, and in particular its debated relationship to the genus Hierochloë, the evolution of its conspicuously diverse floral morphology, and the origins of its strikingly disjunct occurrences. A hypothesis for recurrent polyploid formation is proposed. METHODS Three plastid (trnH-psbA, trnT-L and trnL-F) and two nuclear (ITS, ETS) DNA regions were sequenced in 57 accessions of 17 taxa (including 161 ETS clones) and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Divergence times were inferred in *BEAST using a strict molecular clock. KEY RESULTS Anthoxanthum was inferred as monophyletic and sister to one species of Hierochloë based on the plastid data, whereas the nuclear data suggested that one section (Anthoxanthum section Anthoxanthum) is sister to a clade including the other section (Anthoxanthum section Ataxia) as sister to the genus Hierochloë. This could explain the variation in floral morphology; the aberrant characters in Ataxia seem to result from a Miocene hybridization event between one lineage with one fertile and two sterile florets (the Anthoxanthum lineage) and one which probably had three fertile florets as in extant Hierochloë. The distinct diploid A. gracile lineage originated in the Miocene; all other speciation events, many of them involving polyploidy, were dated to the Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene. Africa was apparently colonized twice in the Late Pliocene (from the north to afro-alpine eastern Africa, and from south-east Asia to southern Africa), whereas Macaronesia was colonized much later (Late Pleistocene) by a diploid Mediterranean lineage. The widespread European tetraploid A. odoratum originated at least twice. CONCLUSIONS Many of the controversies in Anthoxanthum can be explained by recurring hybridization and/or polyploidization on time scales ranging from the Miocene to the Late Pleistocene. All but one of the extant species shared most recent common ancestors in the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. The disjunct occurrences in Africa originated in the Late Pliocene via independent immigrations, whereas Macaronesia was colonized in the Late Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pimentel
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva (GIBE), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira sn. 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elvira Sahuquillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva (GIBE), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira sn. 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Zeltia Torrecilla
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioloxía Evolutiva (GIBE), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira sn. 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Magnus Popp
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pilar Catalán
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Universidad de Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte km 1, 22071 Huesca, Spain
| | - Christian Brochmann
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
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Hensen I, Kilian C, Wagner V, Durka W, Pusch J, Wesche K. Low genetic variability and strong differentiation among isolated populations of the rare steppe grass Stipa capillata L. in Central Europe. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:526-536. [PMID: 20522190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stipa capillata L. (Poaceae) is a rare grassland species in Central Europe that is thought to have once been widespread in post-glacial times. Such relict species are expected to show low genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation between populations due to bottlenecks, long-term isolation and ongoing habitat fragmentation. These patterns should be particularly pronounced in selfing species. We analysed patterns of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation in the facultatively cleistogamous S. capillata to examine whether genetic diversity is associated with population size, and to draw initial conclusions on the migration history of this species in Central Europe. We analysed 31 S. capillata populations distributed in northeastern, central and western Germany, Switzerland and Slovakia. Estimates of genetic diversity at the population level were low and not related to population size. Among all populations, extraordinarily high levels of genetic differentiation (amova: phi(ST) = 0.86; Bayesian analysis: theta(B) = 0.758) and isolation-by-distance were detected. Hierarchical amova indicated that most of the variability was partitioned among geographic regions (59%), or among populations between regions when the genetically distinct Slovakian populations were excluded. These findings are supported by results of a multivariate ordination analysis. We also found two different groups in an UPGMA cluster analysis: one that contained the populations from Slovakia, and the other that combined the populations from Germany and Switzerland. Our findings imply that S. capillata is indeed a relict species that experienced strong bottlenecks in Central Europe, enhanced by isolation and selfing. Most likely, populations in Slovakia were not the main genetic source for the post-glacial colonization of Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hensen
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Díaz-Pérez A, Sequeira M, Santos-Guerra A, Catalán P. Multiple Colonizations, In Situ Speciation, and Volcanism-Associated Stepping-Stone Dispersals Shaped the Phylogeography of the Macaronesian Red Fescues (Festuca L., Gramineae). Syst Biol 2008; 57:732-49. [DOI: 10.1080/10635150802302450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Díaz-Pérez
- Department of Agriculture (Botany), High Polytechnic School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza Ctra. Cuarte km 1, 22071 Huesca, Spain; E-mail: (A.D.-P.); (P.C.)
| | - Miguel Sequeira
- Department of Biology (CEM), Universidade da Madeira Alto da Penteada, 9000 Funchal, Portugal; E-mail:
| | - Arnoldo Santos-Guerra
- Botanic Garden of La Orotava (ICIA) Retama 2, 38400 Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain; E-mail:
| | - Pilar Catalán
- Department of Agriculture (Botany), High Polytechnic School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza Ctra. Cuarte km 1, 22071 Huesca, Spain; E-mail: (A.D.-P.); (P.C.)
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Ortiz MA, Tremetsberger K, Terrab A, Stuessy TF, García-Castaño JL, Urtubey E, Baeza CM, Ruas CF, Gibbs PE, Talavera S. Phylogeography of the invasive weed Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae): from Moroccan origin to worldwide introduced populations. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:3654-67. [PMID: 18662226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to delineate the area of origin and migratory expansion of the highly successful invasive weedy species Hypochaeris radicata, we analysed amplified fragment length polymorphisms from samples taken from 44 populations. Population sampling focused on the central and western Mediterranean area, but also included sites from Northern Spain, Western and Central Europe, Southeast Asia and South America. The six primer combinations applied to 213 individuals generated a total of 517 fragments of which 513 (99.2%) were polymorphic. The neighbour-joining tree presented five clusters and these divisions were supported by the results of Bayesian analyses: plants in the Moroccan, Betic Sierras (Southern Spain), and central Mediterranean clusters are all heterocarpic. The north and central Spanish, southwestern Sierra Morena, and Central European, Asian and South American cluster contain both heterocarpic (southwestern Sierra Morena) and homocarpic populations (all other populations). The Doñana cluster includes two homocarpic populations. Analyses of fragment parameters indicate that the oldest populations of H. radicata are located in Morocco and that the species expanded from this area in the Late Quaternary via at least three migratory routes, the earliest of which seems to have been to the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, with subsequent colonizations to the central Mediterranean area and the Betic Sierras. Homocarpic populations originated in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula and subsequently spread across north and central Spain, Central Europe and worldwide, where they became a highly successful weed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo-1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain.
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