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Richdon S, Menchaca Rodriguez A, Price E, Wormell D, McCabe G, Jones G. Thirty years of conservation breeding: Assessing the genetic diversity of captive Livingstone's fruit bats. Zoo Biol 2024. [PMID: 38837463 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Fruit bats (genus Pteropus) are typically island-endemic species important in seed dispersal and reforestation that are vulnerable to increased extinction risk. An effective method of reducing extinction risk in vulnerable species that cannot be conserved in their native habitat is establishing an ex-situ captive breeding programme. Due to anthropogenic threats and low population numbers, in the early 1990s, a captive breeding programme was established at Jersey Zoo, British Isles, for Critically Endangered Livingstone's fruit bats (Pteropus livingstonii). Here we use six polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity in the captive breeding population of Livingstone's fruit bats (P. livingstonii), 30 years after the programme's establishment, investigating change over generations and comparing our findings with published data from the wild population. We found no significant difference between the genetic diversity in the captive and wild populations of Livingstone's fruit bats (P. livingstonii), in both expected heterozygosity and allelic richness. The captive population has retained a comparable level of genetic diversity to that documented in the wild, and there has been no significant decline in genetic diversity over the last 30 years. We advise that a full pedigree of the paternal lineage is created to improve the management of the captive breeding programme and further reduce the possibility of inbreeding. However, it appears that the captive breeding programme is currently effective at maintaining genetic diversity at levels comparable to those seen in the wild population, which suggests reintroductions could be viable if genetic diversity remains stable in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Richdon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Zoological Society, Clifton, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Eluned Price
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, La Profonde Rue, Jersey, UK
| | - Dominic Wormell
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, La Profonde Rue, Jersey, UK
| | | | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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2
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Mandl I, Houmadi A, Said I, Abdou BBA, Mohamed N, Fardane A, Soulaïmana S, Mohamed M, Anthoy M B, Doulton H. Seasonal trends and population status of the highly threatened Pteropus livingstonii in the Comoros archipelago. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:64. [PMID: 38764016 PMCID: PMC11103843 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Flying foxes of the genus Pteropus, especially those inhabiting islands, face increasing pressure from anthropogenic threats. A first step to implementing effective conservation actions is to establish monitoring projects to understand a species' population status and trend. Pteropus species are highly affected by seasonality which further requires regular, repeated, and long-term data to understand population trends, and reactions to severe weather events. In the present case study, a regular, bi-annual population census was implemented on Comoros between 2016 and 2023 for the highly threatened Livingstone's fruit bat, Pteropus livingstonii, and compared the results of standardized monitoring to historical population data. Seasonality had a large impact on the number of bats found at roost sites, with more bats present in the wet season, but the data over the past eight years revealed no significant in- or decrease in the number of bats counted on the island Anjouan. We estimated around 1,200-1,500 bats on Anjouan and 300-400 bats on Mohéli, and found that landcover type has no measurable effect on population distribution at roost sites. Our study highlights the need for long-term surveys to understand past population trends and that single counts are not sufficient to draw final conclusions of a species' status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mandl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Ishaka Said
- NGO Dahari, Hombo - Mutsamudu, Anjouan, Comoros
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3
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Predicted impacts of climate change and extreme temperature events on the future distribution of fruit bat species in Australia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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4
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Tsang SM, Wiantoro S, Veluz MJ, Sugita N, Nguyen YL, Simmons NB, Lohman DJ. Dispersal out of Wallacea spurs diversification of Pteropus flying foxes, the world's largest bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2020; 47:527-537. [PMID: 33041434 PMCID: PMC7546435 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM Islands provide opportunities for isolation and speciation. Many landmasses in the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) are oceanic islands, and founder-event speciation is expected to be the predominant form of speciation of volant taxa on these islands. We studied the biogeographic history of flying foxes, a group with many endemic species and a predilection for islands, to test this hypothesis and infer the biogeographic origin of the group. LOCATION Australasia, Indo-Australian Archipelago, Madagascar, Pacific Islands. TAXON Pteropus (Pteropodidae). METHODS To infer the biogeographic history of Pteropus, we sequenced up to 6169 bp of genetic data from 10 markers and reconstructed a multilocus species tree of 34 currently recognized Pteropus species and subspecies with 3 Acerodon outgroups using BEAST and subsequently estimated ancestral areas using models implemented in BioGeoBEARS. RESULTS Species-level resolution was occasionally low because of slow rates of molecular evolution and/or recent divergences. Older divergences, however, were more strongly supported and allow the evolutionary history of the group to be inferred. The genus diverged in Wallacea from its common ancestor with Acerodon; founder-event speciation out of Wallacea was a common inference. Pteropus species in Micronesia and the western Indian Ocean were also inferred to result from founder-event speciation. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Dispersal between regions of the IAA and the islands found therein fostered diversification of Pteropus throughout the IAA and beyond. Dispersal in Pteropus is far higher than in most other volant taxa studied to date, highlighting the importance of inter-island movement in the biogeographic history of this large clade of large bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Tsang
- Biology Department, City College, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY 10034, USA
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, NY 10024, USA
- Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Sigit Wiantoro
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences-LIPI, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Maria Josefa Veluz
- Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Norimasa Sugita
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tokyo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Y-Lan Nguyen
- Biology Department, City College, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, City University of New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, NY 10024, USA
| | - David J. Lohman
- Biology Department, City College, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY 10034, USA
- Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines
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Haplotype and network analysis of island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) using D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA to confirm subspecies designation. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Olival KJ, Latinne A, Islam A, Epstein JH, Hersch R, Engstrand RC, Gurley ES, Amato G, Luby SP, Daszak P. Population genetics of fruit bat reservoir informs the dynamics, distribution and diversity of Nipah virus. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:970-985. [PMID: 31652377 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The structure and connectivity of wildlife host populations may influence zoonotic disease dynamics, evolution and therefore spillover risk to people. Fruit bats in the genus Pteropus, or flying foxes, are the primary natural reservoir for henipaviruses-a group of emerging paramyxoviruses that threaten livestock and public health. In Bangladesh, Pteropus medius is the reservoir for Nipah virus-and viral spillover has led to human fatalities nearly every year since 2001. Here, we use mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers to measure the population structure, demographic history and phylogeography of P. medius in Bangladesh. We combine this with a phylogeographic analysis of all known Nipah virus sequences and strains currently available to better inform the dynamics, distribution and evolutionary history of Nipah virus. We show that P. medius is primarily panmictic, but combined analysis of microsatellite and morphological data shows evidence for differentiation of two populations in eastern Bangladesh, corresponding to a divergent strain of Nipah virus also found in bats from eastern Bangladesh. Our demographic analyses indicate that a large, expanding population of flying foxes has existed in Bangladesh since the Late Pleistocene, coinciding with human population expansion in South Asia, suggesting repeated historical spillover of Nipah virus likely occurred. We present the first evidence of mitochondrial introgression, or hybridization, between P. medius and flying fox species found in South-East Asia (P. vampyrus and P. hypomelanus), which may help to explain the distribution of Nipah virus strains across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Hersch
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel C Engstrand
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - George Amato
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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7
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The contrasting genetic patterns of two sympatric flying fox species from the Comoros and the implications for conservation. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Warren BH, Hagen O, Gerber F, Thébaud C, Paradis E, Conti E. Evaluating alternative explanations for an association of extinction risk and evolutionary uniqueness in multiple insular lineages. Evolution 2018; 72:2005-2024. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben H. Warren
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRSSorbonne Université EPHE, CP 51, 57 Rue Cuvier 75005 Paris France
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of Zurich Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Oskar Hagen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Landscape EcologyInstitute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Florian Gerber
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of Zurich 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174 CNRS‐Université Paul Sabatier‐ENFA 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | | | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of Zurich Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich Switzerland
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Van Damme K, Benda P, Van Damme D, De Geest P, Hajdas I. The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat. J NAT HIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1510996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Van Damme
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Natural History Museum Frankfurt (SGN) and Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (SBIK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Petr Benda
- Department of Zoology, National Museum (Natural History), Praha 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Van Damme
- Department of Paleontology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Irka Hajdas
- Department of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Phalen DN, Hall J, Ganesh G, Hartigan A, Smith C, De Jong C, Field H, Rose K. Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the Christmas Island flying fox (Pteropus melanotus natalis). J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Russell AL, Brown VA, Utzurrum RCB, Brooke AP, Wolf LA, Mccracken GF. Comparative Phylogeography of Pteropus samoensis and P. tonganus (Pteropodidae: Chiroptera) in the South Pacific. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2016.18.2.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Russell
- Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, USA
| | - Veronica A. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Ruth C. B. Utzurrum
- Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96899, USA
| | - Anne P. Brooke
- Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96899, USA
| | - Lisa A. Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Gary F. Mccracken
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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12
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Bat Systematics in the Light of Unconstrained Analyses of a Comprehensive Molecular Supermatrix. J MAMM EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Richards LR, Rambau RV, Goodman SM, Taylor PJ, Schoeman MC, Yang F, Lamb JM. Karyotypic Evolution in Malagasy Flying Foxes (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera) and Their Hipposiderid Relatives as Determined by Comparative Chromosome Painting. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 148:185-98. [PMID: 27256929 DOI: 10.1159/000446297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pteropodidae and Hipposideridae are 2 of the 9 chiropteran families that occur on Madagascar. Despite major advancements in the systematic study of the island's bat fauna, few karyotypic data exist for endemic species. We utilized G- and C-banding in combination with chromosome painting with Myotismyotis probes to establish a genome-wide homology among Malagasy species belonging to the families Pteropodidae (Pteropus rufus 2n = 38; Rousettus madagascariensis, 2n = 36), Hipposideridae (Hipposideros commersoni s.s., 2n = 52), and a single South African representative of the Rhinolophidae (Rhinolophus clivosus, 2n = 58). Painting probes of M. myotis detected 26, 28, 28, and 29 regions of homology in R. madagascariensis, P. rufus, H. commersoni s.s, and R. clivosus, respectively. Translocations, pericentric inversions, and heterochromatin additions were responsible for karyotypic differences amongst the Malagasy pteropodids. Comparative chromosome painting revealed a novel pericentric inversion on P. rufus chromosome 4. Chromosomal characters suggest a close evolutionary relationship between Rousettus and Pteropus. H. commersoni s.s. shared several chromosomal characters with extralimital congeners but did not exhibit 2 chromosomal synapomorphies proposed for Hipposideridae. This study provides further insight into the ancestral karyotypes of pteropodid and hipposiderid bats and corroborates certain molecular phylogenetic hypotheses.
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Cunhaalmeida F, Giannini NP, Simmons NB. The Evolutionary History of the African Fruit Bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2016.18.1.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vidgen ME, de Jong C, Rose K, Hall J, Field HE, Smith CS. Novel paramyxoviruses in Australian flying-fox populations support host-virus co-evolution. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1619-25. [PMID: 25701824 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversity of henipaviruses and related viruses is important in determining the viral ecology within flying-fox populations and assessing the potential threat posed by these agents. This study sought to identify the abundance and diversity of previously unknown paramyxoviruses (UPVs) in Australian flying-fox species (Pteropus alecto, Pteropus scapulatus, Pteropus poliocephalus and Pteropus conspicillatus) and in the Christmas Island species Pteropus melanotus natalis. Using a degenerative reverse transcription-PCR specific for the L gene of known species of the genus Henipavirus and two closely related paramyxovirus genera Respirovirus and Morbillivirus, we identified an abundance and diversity of previously UPVs, with a representative 31 UPVs clustering in eight distinct groups (100 UPVs/495 samples). No new henipaviruses were identified. The findings were consistent with a hypothesis of co-evolution of paramyxoviruses and their flying-fox hosts. Quantification of the degree of co-speciation between host and virus (beyond the scope of this study) would strengthen this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda E Vidgen
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia 2School of Health and Sports Science, University of Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Down Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Carol de Jong
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- 3Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, PO Box 20, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia 4School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jane Hall
- 3Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, PO Box 20, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Hume E Field
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia 5EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Craig S Smith
- 1Queensland Centre of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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Larsen PA, Hayes CE, Wilkins MA, Gomard Y, Sookhareea R, Yoder AD, Goodman SM. Population Genetics of the Mauritian Flying Fox,Pteropus niger. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.3161/150811014x687251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Each flying fox on its own branch: A phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 77:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Eldridge MDB, Meek PD, Johnson RN. Taxonomic uncertainty and the loss of biodiversity on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:572-579. [PMID: 24283832 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The taxonomic uniqueness of island populations is often uncertain which hinders effective prioritization for conservation. The Christmas Island shrew (Crocidura attenuata trichura) is the only member of the highly speciose eutherian family Soricidae recorded from Australia. It is currently classified as a subspecies of the Asian gray or long-tailed shrew (C. attenuata), although it was originally described as a subspecies of the southeast Asian white-toothed shrew (C. fuliginosa). The Christmas Island shrew is currently listed as endangered and has not been recorded in the wild since 1984-1985, when 2 specimens were collected after an 80-year absence. We aimed to obtain DNA sequence data for cytochrome b (cytb) from Christmas Island shrew museum specimens to determine their taxonomic affinities and to confirm the identity of the 1980s specimens. The Cytb sequences from 5, 1898 specimens and a 1985 specimen were identical. In addition, the Christmas Island shrew cytb sequence was divergent at the species level from all available Crocidura cytb sequences. Rather than a population of a widespread species, current evidence suggests the Christmas Island shrew is a critically endangered endemic species, C. trichura, and a high priority for conservation. As the decisions typically required to save declining species can be delayed or deferred if the taxonomic status of the population in question is uncertain, it is hoped that the history of the Christmas Island shrew will encourage the clarification of taxonomy to be seen as an important first step in initiating informed and effective conservation action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D B Eldridge
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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19
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Heinicke MP, Daza JD, Greenbaum E, Jackman TR, Bauer AM. Phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of a circum-Indian Ocean clade of leaf-toed geckos (Reptilia: Gekkota), with a description of two new genera. SYST BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2013.877999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Samonds KE, Godfrey LR, Ali JR, Goodman SM, Vences M, Sutherland MR, Irwin MT, Krause DW. Imperfect isolation: factors and filters shaping Madagascar's extant vertebrate fauna. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62086. [PMID: 23626770 PMCID: PMC3633922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyses of phylogenetic topology and estimates of divergence timing have facilitated a reconstruction of Madagascar's colonization events by vertebrate animals, but that information alone does not reveal the major factors shaping the island's biogeographic history. Here, we examine profiles of Malagasy vertebrate clades through time within the context of the island's paleogeographical evolution to determine how particular events influenced the arrival of the island's extant groups. First we compare vertebrate profiles on Madagascar before and after selected events; then we compare tetrapod profiles on Madagascar to contemporary tetrapod compositions globally. We show that changes from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic in the proportions of Madagascar's tetrapod clades (particularly its increase in the representation of birds and mammals) are tied to changes in their relative proportions elsewhere on the globe. Differences in the representation of vertebrate classes from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic reflect the effects of extinction (i.e., the non-random susceptibility of the different vertebrate clades to purported catastrophic global events 65 million years ago), and new evolutionary opportunities for a subset of vertebrates with the relatively high potential for transoceanic dispersal potential. In comparison, changes in vertebrate class representation during the Cenozoic are minor. Despite the fact that the island's isolation has resulted in high vertebrate endemism and a unique and taxonomically imbalanced extant vertebrate assemblage (both hailed as testimony to its long isolation), that isolation was never complete. Indeed, Madagascar's extant tetrapod fauna owes more to colonization during the Cenozoic than to earlier arrivals. Madagascar's unusual vertebrate assemblage needs to be understood with reference to the basal character of clades originating prior to the K-T extinction, as well as to the differential transoceanic dispersal advantage of other, more recently arriving clades. Thus, the composition of Madagascar's endemic vertebrate assemblage itself provides evidence of the island's paleogeographic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Samonds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States of America.
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Fuchs J, Parra JL, Goodman SM, Raherilalao MJ, Vanderwal J, Bowie RCK. Extending ecological niche models to the past 120 000 years corroborates the lack of strong phylogeographic structure in the Crested Drongo (Dicrurus forficatus forficatus) on Madagascar. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fuchs
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; 3101 Valley Life Science Building Berkeley CA 94720-3160 USA
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Juan L. Parra
- Instituto de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 USA
- Association Vahatra; BP 3972 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Marie Jeanne Raherilalao
- Association Vahatra; BP 3972 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
- Département de Biologie Animale; Université d'Antananarivo; BP 906 Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Jeremy Vanderwal
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity & Climate Change; School of Marine and Tropical Biology; James Cook University; Townsville QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Rauri C. K. Bowie
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; 3101 Valley Life Science Building Berkeley CA 94720-3160 USA
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Goodman SM, Puechmaille SÉJ, Friedli-Weyeneth N, Gerlach J, Ruedi M, Schoeman MC, Stanley WT, Teeling EC. Phylogeny of the Emballonurini (Emballonuridae) with descriptions of a new genus and species from Madagascar. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-271.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Biogeography of Old World emballonurine bats (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) inferred with mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 64:204-11. [PMID: 22510308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extant bats of the genus Emballonura have a trans-Indian Ocean distribution, with two endemic species restricted to Madagascar, and eight species occurring in mainland southeast Asia and islands in the western Pacific Ocean. Ancestral Emballonura may have been more widespread on continental areas, but no fossil identified to this genus is known from the Old World. Emballonura belongs to the subfamily Emballonurinae, which occurs in the New and Old World. Relationships of all Old World genera of this subfamily, including Emballonura and members of the genera Coleura from Africa and western Indian Ocean islands and Mosia nigrescens from the western Pacific region, are previously unresolved. Using 1833 bp of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, we reconstructed the phylogenetic history of Old World emballonurine bats. We estimated that these lineages diverged around 30 million years ago into two monophyletic sister groups, one represented by the two taxa of Malagasy Emballonura, Coleura and possibly Mosia, and the other by a radiation of Indo-Pacific Emballonura, hence, rendering the genus Emballonura paraphyletic. The fossil record combined with these phylogenetic relationships suggest at least one long-distance dispersal event across the Indian Ocean, presumably of African origin, giving rise to all Indo-Pacific Emballonura species (and possibly Mosia). Cladogenesis of the extant Malagasy taxa took place during the Quaternary giving rise to two vicariant species, E. atrata in the humid east and E. tiavato in the dry west.
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Jan C, Dawson DA, Altringham JD, Burke T, Butlin RK. Development of conserved microsatellite markers of high cross-species utility in bat species (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera, Mammalia). Mol Ecol Resour 2012; 12:532-48. [PMID: 22260443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparative ecological and behavioural studies of the widespread and diverse Vespertilionidae, which comprise almost 400 of the 1100 bat species, have been limited by the availability of markers. The potential of new methods for developing conserved microsatellite markers that possess enhanced cross-species utility has recently been illustrated in studies of birds. We have applied these methods to develop enhanced microsatellite markers for vespertilionid bats, in particular for the genus Myotis (103 species). We compared published bat microsatellites with their homologues in the genome sequence of the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, to create consensus sequences that were used to design candidate primer sets. Primer sets were then tested for amplification and polymorphism in 22 species of bat from nine of the largest families (including 11 Vespertilionidae). Of 46 loci tested, 33 were polymorphic, on average, in each of seven Myotis species tested, 20 in each of four species in other vespertilionid genera, and two in 11 nonvespertilionid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jan
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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25
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Cheke AS. Was the Flying-FoxPteropus comorensison Mafia Island (Tanzania) Introduced by Humans? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.2982/028.100.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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O'Brien J. Bats of the Western Indian Ocean Islands. Animals (Basel) 2011; 1:259-90. [PMID: 26486500 PMCID: PMC4513465 DOI: 10.3390/ani1030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural colonisation of many remote oceanic islands by bats, including those of the western Indian Ocean, has been facilitated by their unique capability among mammals for powered flight. In the western Indian Ocean region, only the Malagasy islands of Madagascar and the Comoros archipelago have been naturally colonised by non-volant mammals. Despite their greater potential for inter-island dispersal, and thus gene transfer, endemicity of Chiroptera in the western Indian Ocean islands is high. Given their vulnerability to stochastic and anthropogenic disturbances, greater focus needs to be placed on investigating the demographic and ecological history of bats on Western Indian Ocean islands to safeguard not only their future, but also the ecosystem functioning on these islands, for which they are undoubtedly such an integral part. Here, I summarise the taxonomic and life history information available on bats from Western Indian Ocean islands and highlight knowledge gaps and conservation issues that threaten the continued persistence of some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O'Brien
- Department of Zoology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Chan LM, Goodman SM, Nowak MD, Weisrock DW, Yoder AD. Increased population sampling confirms low genetic divergence among Pteropus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) fruit bats of Madagascar and other western Indian Ocean islands. PLOS CURRENTS 2011; 3:RRN1226. [PMID: 21479256 PMCID: PMC3064450 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fruit bats of the genus Pteropus occur throughout the Austral-Asian region west to islands off the eastern coast of Africa. Recent phylogenetic analyses of Pteropus from the western Indian Ocean found low sequence divergence and poor phylogenetic resolution among several morphologically defined species. We reexamine the phylogenetic relationships of these taxa by using multiple individuals per species. In addition, we estimate population genetic structure in two well-sampled taxa occurring on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands (P. rufus and P. seychellensis comorensis). Despite finding a similar pattern of low sequence divergence among species, increased sampling provides insight into the phylogeographic history of western Indian Ocean Pteropus, uncovering high levels of gene flow within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Chan
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, and Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas 8005-139, Faro, Portugal and Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 TH Morgan Building, Lexington KY 40506
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Brown VA, Brooke A, Fordyce JA, McCracken GF. Genetic analysis of populations of the threatened bat Pteropus mariannus. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Riskin DK, Iriarte-Díaz J, Middleton KM, Breuer KS, Swartz SM. The effect of body size on the wing movements of pteropodid bats, with insights into thrust and lift production. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:4110-22. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.043091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In this study we compared the wing kinematics of 27 bats representing six pteropodid species ranging more than 40 times in body mass (Mb=0.0278–1.152 kg), to determine whether wing posture and overall wing kinematics scaled as predicted according to theory. The smallest species flew in a wind tunnel and the other five species in a flight corridor. Seventeen kinematic markers on the midline and left side of the body were tracked in three dimensions. We used phylogenetically informed reduced major axis regression to test for allometry. We found that maximum wingspan (bmax) and maximum wing area (Smax) scaled with more positive allometry, and wing loading (Qs) with more negative allometry (bmax∝Mb0.423; Smax∝Mb0.768; Qs∝Mb0.233) than has been reported in previous studies that were based on measurements from specimens stretched out flat on a horizontal surface. Our results suggest that larger bats open their wings more fully than small bats do in flight, and that for bats, body measurements alone cannot be used to predict the conformation of the wings in flight. Several kinematic variables, including downstroke ratio, wing stroke amplitude, stroke plane angle, wing camber and Strouhal number, did not change significantly with body size, demonstrating that many aspects of wing kinematics are similar across this range of body sizes. Whereas aerodynamic theory suggests that preferred flight speed should increase with mass, we did not observe an increase in preferred flight speed with mass. Instead, larger bats had higher lift coefficients (CL) than did small bats (CL∝Mb0.170). Also, the slope of the wingbeat period (T) to body mass regression was significantly more shallow than expected under isometry (T∝Mb0.180), and angle of attack (α) increased significantly with body mass [α∝log(Mb)7.738]. None of the bats in our study flew at constant speed, so we used multiple regression to isolate the changes in wing kinematics that correlated with changes in flight speed, horizontal acceleration and vertical acceleration. We uncovered several significant trends that were consistent among species. Our results demonstrate that for medium- to large-sized bats, the ways that bats modulate their wing kinematics to produce thrust and lift over the course of a wingbeat cycle are independent of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Riskin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - José Iriarte-Díaz
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kevin M. Middleton
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | | | - Sharon M. Swartz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Richards LR, Rambau RV, Lamb JM, Taylor PJ, Yang F, Schoeman MC, Goodman SM. Cross-species chromosome painting in bats from Madagascar: the contribution of Myzopodidae to revealing ancestral syntenies in Chiroptera. Chromosome Res 2010; 18:635-53. [PMID: 20596765 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-010-9139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The chiropteran fauna of Madagascar comprises eight of the 19 recognized families of bats, including the endemic Myzopodidae. While recent systematic studies of Malagasy bats have contributed to our understanding of the morphological and genetic diversity of the island's fauna, little is known about their cytosystematics. Here we investigate karyotypic relationships among four species, representing four families of Chiroptera endemic to the Malagasy region using cross-species chromosome painting with painting probes of Myotis myotis: Myzopodidae (Myzopoda aurita, 2n = 26), Molossidae (Mormopterus jugularis, 2n = 48), Miniopteridae (Miniopterus griveaudi, 2n = 46), and Vespertilionidae (Myotis goudoti, 2n = 44). This study represents the first time a member of the family Myzopodidae has been investigated using chromosome painting. Painting probes of M. myotis were used to delimit 29, 24, 23, and 22 homologous chromosomal segments in the genomes of M. aurita, M. jugularis, M. griveaudi, and M. goudoti, respectively. Comparison of GTG-banded homologous chromosomes/chromosomal segments among the four species revealed the genome of M. aurita has been structured through 14 fusions of chromosomes and chromosomal segments of M. myotis chromosomes leading to a karyotype consisting solely of bi-armed chromosomes. In addition, chromosome painting revealed a novel X-autosome translocation in M. aurita. Comparison of our results with published chromosome maps provided further evidence for karyotypic conservatism within the genera Mormopterus, Miniopterus, and Myotis. Mapping of chromosomal rearrangements onto a molecular consensus phylogeny revealed ancestral syntenies shared between Myzopoda and other bat species of the infraorders Pteropodiformes and Vespertilioniformes. Our study provides further evidence for the involvement of Robertsonian (Rb) translocations and fusions/fissions in chromosomal evolution within Chiroptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh R Richards
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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